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40 7T3 40
28 7T3 50
14 7T3 60
5 7T3 70
2 7T3 80
? 7T3 90

‫دوج‬W‫ول ا‬e‫ا‬
(J
0 &9  C?! )3 6J
6% B%  0
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6J


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6J
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0 &/3

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- 137 -
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6 (  0?(A $G( 0(3 8% J
 
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- 138 -
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- 139 -
 
" .
% 
4@

9 4 5
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11 6 5
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20 10 10 .

‫ـت‬‫(ـ‬A!
(‫ـ‬ ‫ـ‬A ‫ـض ا‬ ‫ـ‬# ‫ ا‬:  H‫)( ـ‬

.<‫ا‬
&(!% , %7
% /# &!% )!% >" %"
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B‫ـ‬C ‫(ـت ا‬A! 2‫ـ‬A ‫ض ا‬# ‫ ا‬:  G‫أو‬
: .7+A3

    
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J &!%%


. % %
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: .,RA ‫ ا‬.(A ‫ اة ا‬."S (1)

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- 140 -

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i B% !% 

A
?? 3 J +# 
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550 350 400 500 650 +B



‫د ا
ب‬
‫د ا
ب‬
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
‫ار‬ ‫اع‬ ‫ا م‬ ‫اا‬ !"#!‫ا‬

: hRA ‫ ا‬2A ‫ ا‬pXF‫ ا‬."S (2)

&
  

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07
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(J
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9 0 6% B! 89   J
 
9 07

( 7 &
  
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B,% B! H 0 

- 141 -
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 ( (9 >"%(% +B

 DI  ) 0

B 
,% &!% E4 >  B
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iB% 2!% )!!

?? 3 J +# 
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550 350 400 500 650 +B



‫د ا
ب‬
‫د ا
ب‬
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
‫ار‬ ‫اع‬ ‫ا م‬ ‫اا‬ !"#!‫ا‬

: RgF‫ ا‬2A ‫ ا‬hV‫ ا‬."S (3)

&
  

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9 0 6% B! 89   J
 
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- 142 -
 
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i!
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?? 3 J +# 
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550 350 400 500 650 +B



‫د ا
ب‬ ‫د ا
ب‬

700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
‫ار‬ ‫اع‬ ‫ا م‬ ‫اا‬ !"#!‫ا‬

: .(A ‫ ا ا<ة ا‬."S (4)

(
9 0 B9  G ! 7 /
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)( ! )( /
( 0,
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./

: 9+" 6
$G B9  G !
$G )"?  
360 × (((((((((((((((( = $G B9  G
&   


- 143 -
 : ‫*ل‬3

 ( (9 >"%(% +B

 DI  ) 0

B 
,% &!% E4 >  B
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i !% /

?? 3 J +# 
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550 350 400 500 650 +B



: b‫ا‬
550+350+400+500+650 = &   

!
2450 = &   


650
5
95.5 = 360 × (((((((( = N B9  G
2450

500
5
73.5 = 360 × ((((((( = 
 B9  G
2450
400
5
58.7 = 360 × (((((((( = +# B9  G
2450
350
5
51.4 = 360 × (((((((( = 3 J B9  G
2450

- 144 -
 550
5
80.8 = 360 × ((((((((( = ?? B9  G
2450

‫ار‬

‫اع‬

‫ا م‬

‫اا‬

!"#!‫ا‬

: .5‫ ا‬.(A ‫ اة ا‬."S (5)

)4  
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A B% I B E4 )

6(


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i +
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?? 3 J +# 
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300 250 300 250 300 B

- 145 -
 600 300 500 300 200 %B

: b‫ا‬
700

600

500

400 $%
300 &%
200

100

0
‫ار‬ ‫اع‬ ‫ا م‬ ‫اا‬ !"#!‫ا‬

: ‫أة‬Wq‫ ا‬.(A ‫ اة ا‬."S (6)

  6 B% !% 

A B :%@ B E4
)9(%%

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B 
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?? 3 J +# 
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300 250 300 250 300 B
600 300 500 300 200 %B

: b‫ا‬

- 146 -
 ‫‪1000‬‬
‫‪900‬‬
‫‪800‬‬
‫‪700‬‬
‫‪600‬‬
‫‪&%‬‬
‫‪500‬‬
‫‪400‬‬
‫‪$%‬‬
‫‪300‬‬
‫‪200‬‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫ار‬ ‫اع‬ ‫ا م‬ ‫اا‬ ‫ا!‪!"#‬‬

‫ ‪ :‬ا ‪#‬ــض ا ‪A‬ــ‪(A! 2‬ــت‬ ‫)(ــ‪H‬‬

‫ا‪: .7+A‬‬
‫ 

‪H!4 &/3 )* 

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‫
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‫)‪ (1‬ارج ا ‪g‬ارى ‪:‬‬
‫
‪0(

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‫‪ 

" 
9 )4 /? 0 B 6  <% 1 4  /3‬‬
‫‪)( A (/? 0(%9 ' n 3 H 0I? 1

" ? 4‬‬
‫‪6 3

" '!
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"% ,R n 3‬‬
‫‪. /? G
4‬‬
‫‪*3‬ل ‪:‬‬
‫ >   
‪i   V

 
,% K !% 0‬‬
‫‪S45‬‬ ‫‪S40‬‬ ‫‪S35‬‬ ‫‪S30‬‬ ‫‪S25‬‬ ‫‪S20‬‬ ‫‪
" &/3‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫

"
‪0‬‬

‫‪- 147 -‬‬

 : b‫ا‬
/? G
H '
22.5 2 S20
27.5 6 S25
32.5 9 S30
37.5 11 S35
42.5 7 S40
47.5 3 S45

‫د ا(ل‬

15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20-22.5 27.5
25- 32.5
30- 37.5
35- 42.5
40- 47.5
45-

: ‫ارى‬g ‫!; ا‬r‫( ا‬2)

)!( )7
 6  <% 1 B! 4  /3 0 ,
1  ( (4 (  
 )7
 
!% /? G
4  
 ( ,A /?  /3 ) A /? % /3 >?!

- 148 -
(
B(,% 6
6B! 0 0 ! 7 1 ? 
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0
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%
: .s+X!3
&( 0(@ (
=   V

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.   8I


: ‫*ل‬3
i   8I
 
,% K !% 0
   >

S45 S40 S35 S30 S25 S20 

" &/3
3 7 11 9 6 2 0
"


: b‫ا‬

‫د ا(ل‬
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 20- 22.5
25- 27.5
30- 32.5
35- 37.5
40- 42.5
45- 47.550-

- 149 -
 : ‫ارى‬g ‫ ا‬pXF‫( ا‬3)
6(B! 0( 0( ! %( B )3 
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"%
.
% )!!
% 6

: ‫*ل‬3
i   )!!
 
,% K !% 0
   >
S45 S40 S35 S30 S25 S20 
" &/3
3 7 11 9 6 2 0
"



: b‫ا‬

‫د ا(ل‬
12

10

0
0 22.5 27.5 32.5 537.5 42.5 47.5 10

- 150 -
 ‫‪c‬ر"^‬

‫‪1 ;3 -1‬د ‪ 6‬ا‪9:‬ب ‪+6 /7‬دة ا‪+3 4‬ء ‪ /01‬ار‪+.‬ت ا‪: +,‬‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪4 5‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫ا‪"0:‬ب ‪. ">? :‬ول ?>

ارى ‪ CDE B‬ار‪+.‬ت‪.‬‬

‫‪ ;J? -2‬ا‪+I+‬ت ا‪

H? +,‬ات ‪
G1‬ون ‪+K6 /7 ++L‬دة ‪ K01‬ا‪MNK‬‬
‫وا‪"0:‬ب و‪. /7 +EO‬ول ?>
ارى ‪ P0, B‬ا‪
H,‬ات ‪.‬‬

‫‪+,6‬ز‬ ‫‪"H6‬ل‬ ‫‪. .‬ا‬ ‫‪"H6‬ل‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫‪. .‬ا‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪RO‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪"H6‬ل‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪+,6‬ز‬ ‫‪"H6‬ل‬ ‫‪RO‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪. .‬ا‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪"H6‬ل‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪"H6‬ل‬

‫‪ -3‬ه‪ CD‬در‪+.‬ت ‪ /7 ++L 50‬ا‪+,V‬ر ذآ‪+‬ء ‪ ،‬وا‪"0:‬ب و‪ WO‬ه‪CD‬‬

‫ار‪+.‬ت ‪. /7‬ول ?>
ارى ‪+XN0‬ت ‪.‬‬

‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪39‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪27‬‬ ‫‪55‬‬ ‫‪37‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪37‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬
‫‪29‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪51‬‬ ‫‪29‬‬ ‫‪51‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬ ‫‪44‬‬ ‫‪29‬‬ ‫‪34‬‬
‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪47‬‬ ‫‪38‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪41‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪42‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬
‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪34‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪46‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬ ‫‪27‬‬ ‫‪27‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬
‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪27‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪46‬‬

‫‪ -4‬ار‪+.‬ت ا‪ ;J? +,‬در‪+.‬ت ‪ /7 ++L 50‬أ  ا‪+,VZ‬رات‪:‬‬

‫‪- 151 -‬‬
 ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬

‫وا‪"0:‬ب ‪ :‬و‪ WO‬ه‪ CD‬ار‪+.‬ت ‪. /7‬ول ?>

ارى ‪+XN0‬ت ‪.‬‬

‫‪ /7 ++L 80 ;3 -5‬ا‪+,V‬ر ذآ‪+‬ء ‪ /01‬ار‪+.‬ت ا‪:+,‬‬

‫‪46‬‬ ‫‪38‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪46‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪46‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬
‫‪47‬‬ ‫‪39‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪29‬‬ ‫‪49‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬
‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪43‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪51‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪48‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬
‫‪49‬‬ ‫‪41‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪27‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪37‬‬ ‫‪29‬‬ ‫‪27‬‬ ‫‪55‬‬ ‫‪37‬‬
‫‪51‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪27‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪48‬‬
‫‪52‬‬ ‫‪42‬‬ ‫‪37‬‬ ‫‪26‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪38‬‬ ‫‪26‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬
‫‪53‬‬ ‫‪44‬‬ ‫‪34‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪47‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪26‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬
‫‪48‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪31‬‬ ‫‪29‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬

‫وا‪"0:‬ب ‪:‬‬

‫• و‪ WKO‬ه‪ CDK‬ا‪K‬ر‪+.‬ت ‪K. /K7‬ول ?>‪

K‬ارى ‪+KXN0‬ت \‪"K> [K‬ن‬
‫‪1‬د ا‪+XN‬ت ‪.‬‬
‫• ?>" ‪.‬ول ا‪
>,‬ار ا‪ W],‬ا‪. 1+3‬‬
‫• ?>" ‪.‬ول ا‪
>,‬ار ا‪ W],‬ا‪. B+E‬‬

‫‪- 152 -‬‬

‫‪ -6‬ا]ول ا‪ ;J /+,‬أ‪K1‬اد ا>‪ K,> ^K,‬ا>‪ K6 K1"]6 /K7 K0‬‬
‫ا‪+33_,‬ت ‪:‬‬
‫ا]‪
c‬ا‪+7‬‬ ‫ا‪ c0‬ا
‬ ‫ا‪+,‬ر‪b‬‬ ‫‪ 01‬ا‪MN‬‬ ‫‪ 01‬ا‪+,.Z‬ع‬ ‫ا‪`3_,‬‬
‫‪300‬‬ ‫‪600‬‬ ‫‪400‬‬ ‫‪350‬‬ ‫‪550‬‬ ‫‪1‬د ا>‪^,‬‬

‫وا‪"0:‬ب ‪
1‬ض ه‪ CD‬ا]ول ‪_,#+ +ً I+‬ام ا‪
:‬ق ا‪: +,‬‬

‫• ا‪1g‬ة ا‪ I+‬ا‪. :‬‬

‫• ا_‪ B‬ا‪. hI+‬‬
‫• ا_‪ B‬ا>
‪.‬‬
‫• اا‪
i‬ة ا‪. I+‬‬

‫‪ -7‬ا]‪KK‬ول ا‪ ;KKJ /+KK,‬أ‪KK1‬اد ا‪DKK‬آ"ر وا‪+KKI4‬ث ‪ kKK‬إدارات أ ‪KK‬‬

‫ا‪+XE‬ت ا\>"‪. 6‬‬
‫ا‪+m+‬ت‬ ‫ا‪+3 4‬ء‬ ‫ا‪I+3‬‬ ‫ا‪"XG‬ن ا‪4‬دار‬ ‫ا‪4‬دارة‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪1‬د ا‪D‬آ"ر‬
‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪1‬د ا‪+I4‬ث‬

‫وا‪"0:‬ب ‪
1‬ض ه‪ CD‬ا]ول ‪_,#+ +ً I+‬ام ا‪
:‬ق ا‪: +,‬‬

‫• ا‪1g‬ة ا‪ I+‬ا‪. H9,‬‬

‫• ا‪1g‬ة ا‪ I+‬ا]‪n‬أة ‪.‬‬

‫‪- 153 -‬‬

‫‪ -8‬ا]ول ا‪+X7 ;J /+,‬ت در‪+.‬ت ‪ 6 1"]6‬ا‪9:‬ب ‪ /K7‬ا‪+K,V‬ر‬
‫‪ ;3\,0‬و?>
ارا?‪: E‬‬

‫‪-40‬‬ ‫‪-35‬‬ ‫‪-30‬‬ ‫‪-25‬‬ ‫‪-20‬‬ ‫‪-15‬‬ ‫‪-10‬‬ ‫‪-5‬‬ ‫ا‪+XN‬ت‬

‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫ا‪
>,‬ار‬

‫ 
‪:  FB 
,% K !% 0
 4 > 4  B‬‬
‫• 

‪.   V‬‬
‫• 
‪.   8I‬‬
‫• 
!!)   ‪.‬‬

‫‪- 154 -‬‬

- 155 -
 D3V‫ا  ا‬
."W‫ اآ‬.WF ‫ ا‬D"3

. )% B  : K 
. B  : K !7
. 0 !
 : K 77
. 0 !
 B  B  6% 9+" : K "% 
.G
 G! C
6
8G  $ 

 : K 
,

- 156 -
- 157 -
 ."W‫ اآ‬.WF ‫ ا‬D"3

(
 4 (- ( 
0( 23 2!%  A 6*

(9
) :9
23

" 1 &9+" &4 /,
( 6
/, ', 
% H% :?! 2!% 07

)(* $  0I3A 6
:!U3 : 14- C?! ,R )*
(I B <% 
, < 12
 C FB
.C 23

(G
 (G! C(

, 6
2A '
3
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2(3 &!% , 4 &@ C

&(@ 
(
(4G
)( '" FB 6  ? 
0+(, 6
(&!% C! 
) G
 4 0  &!%

(9 4(-
("%  3 6
<% 6
 6@;
 64
. 


( * >"!( 2( G

 G! C
4 6

>"!( 
 1 0 !
 B  2% B   
%
((% %
J ) 
?
 &!% 6
 !
0   
%
. % %
 &!% 6

(h>+‫ )ا‬tRb‫ ا‬h>+ ‫ ا‬: 

G‫أو‬
- 158 -
0 &B  ) 
 4  6


 2% B 
o (

(
 &
?
 9 

6 

 )3 
?

. A & J

 9 


4

( )( K

&
4@
 9 

:!T% I '"
(  ) G
%  ( /C ) G
% : G

.‫ـ‬7+A3 BC ‫(ت ا‬A ‫^ ا‬3 tRb‫ ا‬h>+ ‫ب ا‬R
( ‫) ادة‬

(9+" 6(
% %
J &!% 6
)% B 
 
:
C (

/
((((((( =  = C
6
-: E
)% B  =  = /C


= (


 = C

3A

 = 6
-: ‫*ل‬3
2 $# 

23 +B 8 &
 )% B  
: )  !% 6
9–8–8–7–6–5–3–2

: b‫ا‬

- 159 -
 48 9+8+8+7+6+5+3+2
&
6 = (((( = (((((((((((((( = /C
8 8

.7+A‫(ت ا‬A ‫^ ا‬3 tRb‫ ا‬h>+ ‫ب ا‬R

(% %
 &!% 6
)% B 
  FB <+7
 
: )4

‫ت‬j ‫ ا‬W‫اآ‬3 .",7 tRb‫ ا‬h>+ ‫ ا‬-1

( H × C ) (

(((((((((( = /C
H (

-: E
)% B  = /C


= (

2 / (  /? 
% + /? 
% ) = /? G

= C
  = H

: ‫*ل‬3


 8!

T% 0,
 &/3 6% 9+" DI  ) 0

)% B   0
 &!% 89 6
 B
 0
"
. &/? G 
B%
800S700 S600 S500 S400 S300 S200 S100 0,
 &/3
6 8 16 28 20 12 10 0
"


: b‫ا‬
- 160 -
 : ) 0
 6 !

H×C C H '
1500 150 10 S100
3000 250 12 S200
7000 350 20 S300
12600 450 28 S400
8800 550 16 S500
5200 650 8 S600
4500 750 6 800S700
42600 .
100 .

42600
:! 426 = (((((((((( = /C
100
‫ات‬u‫ ا‬.",7 tRb‫ ا‬h>+ ‫ ا‬-2

( H × P ) (

(((((((((((( +  = /C
H (

-: E
)% B  = /C


= (

- 161 -
  S C = ' ! = P
  = H
  %  % ) /? G
= 
: ‫*ل‬3


 8!

T% 0,
 &/3 6% 9+" DI  ) 0

)% B   0
 &!% 89 6
 B
 0
"
. &3 ! B%

800S700 S600 S500 S400 S300 S200 S100 0,
 &/3

6 8 16 28 20 12 10 0
"



: b‫ا‬
: ) 0
 6 !

H×P P C H '
3000S 300S 150 10 S100
2400S 200S 250 12 S200
2000S 100S 350 20 S300
? ? 450 28 S400
1600 100 550 16 S500
1600 200 650 8 S600

- 162 -
1800 300 750 6 800S700
2400S .
100 .

2400S
:! 426 = 24 – 450 = (((((( + 450 = /C
100

- 163 -
 ‫ات‬u‫ ا‬.",7
7Rb‫ ا‬h>+ ‫ ا‬-3
‫ة‬O‫ا‬

( H × /P ) (

0 × (((((((((((((( +  = /C
H (

-: E
)% B  = /C


= (

0 / (  – C ) = ,
 ' ! = /P
  = H
  %  % ) /? G
= 
/? 0 B = 0
: ‫*ل‬3


 8!

T% 0,
 &/3 6% 9+" DI  ) 0

)% B   0
 &!% 89 6
 B
 0
"
. ,
 &3 ! B%

800S700 S600 S500 S400 S300 S200 S100 0,
 &/3

6 8 16 28 20 12 10 0
"



: b‫ا‬

- 164 -
 : ) 0
 6 !

H × /P /
P C H '
30S 3S 150 10 S100
24S 2S 250 12 S200
20S 1S 350 20 S300
? ? 450 28 S400
16 1 550 16 S500
16 2 650 8 S600
18 3 750 6 800S700
24S .
100 .

24S
426 = 24 – 450 = 100 × (((((( + 450 = /C
100

. :! 426 = /C

- 165 -
 ‫ ‪ :‬ا ‪h>+‬‬ ‫)(‪H‬‬
‫"'  ‪ *  6


B  ) 
 :! ) B‬‬
‫‪. K G!  K 
 K % &%‬‬
‫‪R‬ب ا ‪ ^3 h>+‬ا ‪(A‬ت ا ‪.7+A3 BC‬‬
‫) ادة (‬
‫"

  ‪H(

( )( % %
J &!% 6
B‬‬
‫ ‪: 
4 6 H! 3 &!%‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬إذا آن د ادات دى ) ن‬
‫د"‪( .‬‬
‫ 
‪:9+" 6
:%  B  07

 9‬‬
‫) ‪2 / (1+6‬‬
‫‪*3‬ل ‪:‬‬
‫   ‪ &!% 6
B‬‬
‫‪61 – 80 – 40 – 10 – 15 – 12 – 20‬‬
‫ا‪: b‬‬
‫! 
‪: K  5‬‬

‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪61‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬

‫!   ‪B(   1 4 = 2 / ( 1 + 7 ) = B‬‬

‫‪. 8%  4‬‬
‫  ‪. 20 = B‬‬
‫)‪ (2‬إذا آن د ادات زو? ) ن‬
‫زو (‬

‫‪- 166 -‬‬

B( 
(* FB 6  B  6+7
 6
9
 
: 9+" 6
:%  
 )%
{1+2/612/6 }
: ‫*ل‬3
:  &!% 6
B  
40 S 33 – 20 – 18 – 14 – 15 – 12 – 15
: b‫ا‬
: K  5
 !

40 33 20 18 15 15 14 12

1 ( 5 1 4 ) = (1 + 2/8 1 2/8) = B(

(  (
( (
(!
6(
 B 
B  
9 C
, 8%  B  
. C
, 8%  
% 6

. 16.5 = 2 / ( 18 + 15 ) = B 

- 167 -
 .7+A‫(ت ا‬A ‫^ ا‬3 h>+ ‫ب ا‬R
: )4 % %
 &!% 6
B   FB C
,
 
‫ارى‬g ‫ول ا‬e‫ام ا‬O>7 h>+ ‫ ا‬-1
 ‫; ا‬Y‫ا‬
F%   H – B  
0 × (((((((((((((((((( + B  /? )!
A
 = B 
F%   H – F+   H
S: <
2 / H (
= B  
B  /? F%
 8

   = F%   H
B  /? F+
 8

   = F+   H
. /? 0 B = 0

: ‫*ل‬3


 8!

T% 0,
 &/3 6% 9+" DI  ) 0

B(  ( 0
( &(!% 8(9 6
 B
 0
"
.
 8

   0
 
,%

70S60 S50 S40 S30 S20 0,
 &/3

10 30 100 40 20 0
"



: b‫ا‬
: ) 0
 6 !

- 168 -
 H &/? !


 H '
? 20 6
09 20 S20
20 30 6
09 40 S30
F%   H 60 40 6
09 100 S40 )!
A

F+   H 160 50 6
09 30 S50 )A

190 60 6
09 10 70S60
200 70 6
09 200 .

100 = 2/200 = B   ! 7

(! )( 6(
 6 (   H )

 0,
<%! 7
100 = B(  ( (
9 6
(!3 B   
!%
. ( 160 – 60 ) 6%  

400 60 – 100
44 = 4 + 40 = (((( + 40 = 10 × ((((((( + 40 = B 
100 60 – 160

- 169 -
 ‫ارى‬g ‫ول ا‬e‫ام ا‬O>7 h>+ ‫ ا‬-2
h76‫; ا‬Y‫ا‬
F+ (4  H – B  
0 × (((((((((((((((((( S B  /? )A
 = B 
F+ (4  H – F% (4  H
S: <
2 / H (
= B  
B  /? F% B%  8

   = F% (4  H
B  /? F+ B%  8

   = F+ (4  H
. /? 0 B = 0

: ‫*ل‬3


 8!

T% 0,
 &/3 6% 9+" DI  ) 0

B(  ( 0
( &(!% 8(9 6
 B
 0
"
. B%  8

   0
 
,%

70S60 S50 S40 S30 S20 0,
 &/3

10 30 100 40 20 0
"



: b‫ا‬
: ) 0
 6 !

- 170 -
 "


H H '
&/?
200 7T3 20 20 S20
180 7T3 30 40 S30
F% (4  H 140 7T3 40 100 S40 )!
A

F+ (4  H 40 7T3 50 30 S50 )A

10 7T3 60 10 70S60
? 7T3 70 200 .

100 = 2/200 = B   ! 7

(! )( 6(
 6 ( (4  H )

 0,
<%! 7
(140 – 40) 6%  
100 6
!3 B   
!%

600 40 – 100
44 = 6 S 50 = (((( S 50 = 10 × ((((((( S 50 = B 
100 40 – 140

‫اري‬g ‫ول ا‬e‫^ ا‬3 > 7 h>+ ‫ ا‬-3

 ‫; ا‬Y‫ا‬
: ‫*ل‬3

- 171 -


 8!

T% 0,
 &/3 6% 9+" DI  ) 0

(% B   0
 &!% 89 6
 B
 0
"
.
 8

   0
 6

70S60 S50 S40 S30 S20 0,
 &/3

10 30 100 40 20 0
"


: b‫ا‬
: ) 0
 6 !

H &/? !




? 20 6
09
20 30 6
09
60 40 6
09
160 50 6
09
190 60 6
09
200 70 6
09
8(

  ( &!(  
) &/?

 ! 7
0( ! B! 8
 89 %  ! &
  
)

. 0@% 

% )!!
B,%  !%

- 172 -
 250 ‫ك‬

200

150

100

50
‫ا!*ت‬
0
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
20 30 40 50 60 70

100 = 2/200 = 2 / H ((

= B(  ( ! 7
(
B,  !
! &
  
) B! E4 89 !
8B( (B! 6


 BU%  ! B! 23 )!!
 8B
. 4
! B  
9 ) 0! &!  
)* 0
. 44 = B 

- 173 -
 ‫اري‬g ‫ول ا‬e‫^ ا‬3 > 7 h>+ ‫ ا‬-4
h76‫; ا‬Y‫ا‬
: ‫*ل‬3


 8!

T% 0,
 &/3 6% 9+" DI  ) 0

(% B   0
 &!% 89 6
 B
 0
"
. B%  8

   0
 6

70S60 S50 S40 S30 S20 0,
 &/3

10 30 100 40 20 0
"


: b‫ا‬
: ) 0
 6 !

(4  H &/? "


200 7T3 20
180 7T3 30
140 7T3 40
40 7T3 50
10 7T3 60
? 7T3 70

- 174 -
250 ‫ك‬

200

150

100

50

0
7 6 20 5 30 440 350 260 70
1 0
‫ا!*ت‬

100 = 2/200 = 2 / H ((

= B(  ( ! 7
(
B,  !
! &
  
) B! E4 89 !
8B( (B! 6


 BU%  ! B! 23 )!!
 8B
. 4
! B  
9 ) 0! &!  
)* 0
. 44 = B 

- 175 -
‫ـاري‬g ‫ول ا‬e‫^ ا‬3 > 7 h>+ ‫ ا‬-5

H#3 h76‫; ا  وا‬Y‫ا‬
: ‫*ل‬3


 8!

T% 0,
 &/3 6% 9+" DI  ) 0

(% B   0
 &!% 89 6
 B
 0
"
. K "
B% 
 8

   0
 6

70S60 S50 S40 S30 S20 0,
 &/3

10 30 100 40 20 0
"


: b‫ا‬
: K "
B% 
 6
 6 !

(4  H &/? "

   H &/? !




200 7T3 20 ? 20 6

09
180 7T3 30 20 30 6
09
140 7T3 40 60 40 6
09
40 7T3 50 160 50 6
09
10 7T3 60 190 60 6
09
? 7T3 70 200 70 6
09

250 ‫ك‬

200 - 176 -

150

100

50

‫ف‬
 20 30 40 50 60 70

B! E4 B! )3 "B B% 
 6!!

 
"%
) 0! &!  
) K   !


 BU% !
9 
. 44 = B  
9
 (
8B 8B B! 6
23 
B, % !
9 
. 100 = B   
9 ) 0! &


- 177 -
 : ‫ال‬+F‫ ا‬:  H* )
. K   K  @ 7A 
 4 0 !

.7+A3 BC ‫(ت ا‬A ‫^ ا‬3 ‫ال‬+F‫ب ا‬R
 (  )3 
 0 !
 E, 
 9    23
* 
 0 !
 K "

4,    & 


 C?!% 6
9

  )3 %A    ,  , 6 
4

G
. 0 !

    $2@ :
9 0 !
 6  9 5  
‫ت‬b‫^ ا‬3 ‫ آ‬w ‫ال‬+F‫[ ا‬R‫ ا‬: ‫*ل‬3
-: .  ‫ا‬

8 = 0 !
 12 S 8 – 10 – 8 – 9 – 8 – 7
10 = 0 !
 10 – 12 – 15 – 10 – 12 S10
16 1 15 = 0 !
 30 – 16 S 20 – 15 – 16 – 15

   = 0 !
 60S 50 – 140 – 40 – 30 – 20
.7+A‫(ت ا‬A ‫^ ا‬3 ‫ال‬+F‫ب ا‬R
6(B % %
 &!% 6
0 !
  FB "%
 
. ) 
3 P@% 
 !! 6!% 6B 6%
. ‫ن‬+>BA ‫ ا وق‬.",7 ‫ال‬+F‫ ا‬- 
G‫أو‬

1'
0 × (((((((( +  = 0 !

2' + 1'

:<

- 178 -
 .  
%

  !
 /? !

 = 
1H – H = 1'
2H – H = 2'
 !
 /?   = H
 !
 /? F% ) /?   = 1H
 !
 /? ) ) /?   = 2H
/? 0 B = 0
: ‫*ل‬3
: ) 0
 6
6 % B% 0 !

 
80S70 S60 S50 S40 S30 S20 S10 0,
 &/3
5 12 22 38 22 12 5 0
"


: b‫ا‬
H '
5 S10
12 S20
1H 22 S30
H 38 S40 
2H 22 S50
12 S60
5 80S70
(7  (

 )3 9 % 0+, 6
 !
 /?

! 7
(7 1 40 =  (4  
(% (4 /? E  )!
A


!
.(2H 1 1H 1 H )

((!

- 179 -
 16 = 22 – 38 = 1H – H = 1' !
16 = 22 – 38 = 2H – H = 2' !
10 = 0 !
: ‫ن‬+( ‫ ا‬T ‫ض‬+#( x
16
10 × (((((((( + 40 = 0 !

16 + 16

45 = 5 + 40 = 0 !

‫ام‬O>7 (7 ‫ال‬+F‫ ا‬-  H()
. ‫ن‬+>BA ‫ ا وق‬."S
: ‫*ل‬3
0
 6
6 % F ? B 
,% K !% 0 !

 
: )
80S70 S60 S50 S40 S30 S20 S10 0,
 &/3
5 12 22 38 22 12 5 0
"


: b‫ا‬

(
 0 (B 6 <%! 7 ) 0@% F% 0
 !
8B ) 0!3 2 F%

" 23% :3 0 !
. 0 !
 4
45 = 0 !


- 180 -
40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

."S ‫ام‬O>7 ‫ال‬+F‫ ا‬: 

H* )
. yF‫ آ‬.#‫ا ا‬

1H
0 × (((((((( +  = 0 !

2H + 1H
:<
.  
%

  !
 /? !

 = 
 !
 /? F% ) /?   = 1H
 !
 /? ) ) /?   = 2H
/? 0 B = 0
: ‫*ل‬3

- 181 -
 : ) 0
 6
.! "3  B% 0 !

 
80S70 S60 S50 S40 S30 S20 S10 0,
 &/3
5 12 22 38 22 12 5 0
"


: b‫ا‬
H '
5 S10
12 S20
1H 22 S30
38 S40 
2H 22 S50
12 S60
5 80S70

(7  (

 )3 9 % 0+, 6
 !
 /?

! 7
(7 1 40 =  (4  
(% (4 /? E  )!
A


!
. (2H 1 1H)

((!
22 = 1H
22 = 2H
10 = 0 !

: ‫ن‬+( ‫ ا‬T ‫ض‬+#( x

22
10 × (((((((( + 40 = 0 !


- 182 -
 22 + 22

45 = 5 + 40 = 0 !


‫ام‬O>7 (7 ‫ال‬+F‫ ا‬-  H#7‫را‬

. yF‫ آ‬.#‫ ا ا‬."S
: ‫*ل‬3
0
( 6(
.! "3  B 
,% K !% 0 !

 
:)
80S70 S60 S50 S40 S30 S20 S10 0,
 &/3
5 12 22 38 22 12 5 0
"



: b‫ا‬

(
 0 (B 6 <%! 7 ) 0@% F% 0
 !
8B( ) 0!3 2 F%

" 23% :3 0!
. 0 !
 4

45 = 0 !


- 183 -
‫‪40‬‬

‫‪35‬‬

‫‪30‬‬

‫‪25‬‬

‫‪20‬‬

‫‪15‬‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫‪5‬‬

‫‪0‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬

‫ا ‪ z7 .95#‬ا ‪ h>+‬وا ‪ h>+‬وا‪+F‬ال‬

‫ 
! ‪B  × 2 – B  × 3 = 0‬‬
‫‪*3‬ل ‪:‬‬
‫* 
& ‪
9  10 = B  
9 5 = B  
9 6‬‬
‫ 
! ‪. 0‬‬
‫ ‪: 0‬‬
‫ 
! ‪B  × 2 – B  × 3 = 0‬‬
‫ 
! ‪5 × 2 – 10 × 3 = 0‬‬
‫ 
! ‪20 = 10 – 30 = 0‬‬
‫‪ "Z‬ا ‪+‬اء ا ‪+‬ز"; ‪LA3‬ة ‪^3‬‬
‫‪ D"3‬ا ‪ .WF‬اآ‪: ."W‬‬

‫‪- 184 -‬‬

 : 8G  0
"
)!!
 S1
: 6  

!
0 !
 = B  = B 
: 
$   
)!!
 S2
: 6  

!
0 !
 < B  < B 
:  $   
)!!
 S3
: 6  

!
0 !
 > B  > B 
‫*ل‬3

9  10 = B  
9 5 = B  
9 6 &
 *
. 8G  $   !

 7 1 0 !

: 0
B  × 2 – B  × 3 = 0 !

5 × 2 – 10 × 3 = 0 !

20 = 10 – 30 = 0 !

6 -+!
0 !
 > B  > B 
.  $  5 
8G 

- 185 -
 ^"‫ر‬c

:  , &
 B  )% B   S1

10 ( 4 ( 17 ( 8 ( 2 ( 3 ( 5
$ (

( (7 0 !
 
9  B  B  
9 6

. 8G 

&( 6(
 0 )3 B  )% B 
  S2
. 8G  $ 

 7 0 !
 
9
   !


8 S 11 S 9 S 12 S 7 •
111 S 102 – 103 S 104 S 107 S 105 •
24 - 20 - 9 - 18 - 35 - 3 - 39 - 3623 S 22 •

: & 6
 0 0 !
 B   S3
6 ( 10 ( 9 ( 4 ( 2 ( 8 ( 5 •
8 ( 5 ( 4 ( 10 ( 7 ( 9 ( 6 •
20 – 15 – 15 – 12 – 15 – 10 – 12 – 10 •
70 – 60 – 40 – 20 – 30 – 25 – 20 •
18 – 15 – 18 – 10 – 12 – 18 – 15 – 13 •

- 186 -
 . 8!
0
" ) %A A &/3 07
 ) 0
 S4

S10
S8 S6 S4 S2 ) %A A
12
30 50 70 40 10 0
"



:  B

&/? G 
B% 2% B   S
&3 ! B% 2% B   S
,
 &3 ! B% 2% B   S

 8

   0
 
,% B   S
B%  8

   0
 
,% B   S

 8

   )!!

,% K!% B   S
B%  8

   )!!

,% K!% B   S
B% 
 8

   )!!

,% K!% B   S
6 % B% 0 !
 S
6 % B% K!% 0 !
 S
.! "3  B% 0 !
 S
.! "3  B% K!% 0 !
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- 187 -
 S: 2 0
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S5

S60
S50 S40 S30 S20 '
70
10 30 100 40 20 H

&/? G 
B% 2% B   •
&3 ! B% 2% B   •
,
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   0
 
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- 188 -
 S: 2 0
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S6

S700 S600 S500 S400 S300 S200 S100 '

6 8 16 28 20 12 10 H

&/? G 
B% 2% B   •
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6 % B% 0 !
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- 189 -
 S: 2 0
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5 S10
12 S20
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22 S50
12 S60
5 80S70
116 


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B% 2% B   •
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- 190 -
 S: 2 0
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H '
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B% 2% B   •
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- 191 -
 S: 2 0
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100 



&/? G 
B% 2% B   •
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- 192 -
 S: 2 0
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H '
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&/? G 
B% 2% B   •
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- 194 -
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3 +
K
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8 8 8 8 8 1 !
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- 196 -
 . 
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.7+A3 BC ‫(ت ا‬A ‫^ ا‬3 ‫ب اى‬R

9 J – 
9 % = 


: ‫*ل‬3
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– 150 – 90 – 110 – 300 – 250 – 200 – 95
80 – 350 – 100
: b‫ا‬
S200S150S110S100S95S90S80 ) : K  (( ((!
( 350S300S250
270 = 80 – 350 = 


.7+A‫(ت ا‬A ‫^ ا‬3 ‫ب اى‬R
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A
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:07

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36S32 S28 S24 S20 S16 &/?
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: 0
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20 = 16 – 36 = 


‫رى‬#‫اف ا‬u‫"^ وا‬A ‫ ا‬:  H()
2
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% 6% G


- 197 -
  G
% "
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!%
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.7+A3 BC ‫(ت ا‬A ‫^ ا‬3 ^"A ‫ا‬
:% %
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6%  6B H!4
^‫ـ‬3 ‫ـم‬# ‫ن ا‬+(‫ام ا ـ‬O>7 : M‫او‬
= ‫م آ‬V‫ا رت ا‬

2 2
C (
C (

(((((( S (((((((( = 2
6 6

: ‫*ل‬3
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(  "
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. E
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 6
0 "
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18 19 19 21 23 C
15 14 18 19 19 

: b‫ا‬
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2
  2
C C
361 19 529 23
- 198 -
361 19 441 21
324 18 361 19
196 14 361 19
225 15 314 18
1467 85 2016 100

: 6%  " 6 ! )3 > "! 7

(C) J
 %!%

2 2
C (
C (

2
((((((( S (((((((( = C 
6 6

2
100 2016
2
3.2 = (((((( S (((((((( = C 
5 5

3.2 =2 = C J

 6% 
9 63 2%
6%  = "
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9 63  !

1.78 = 3.2 = 
() J
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2 2
 (
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2
((((((( S (((((((( =  
6 6

- 199 -
 ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪85‬‬ ‫‪1467‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫= ‪4.4‬‬ ‫= (((((((( ‪(((((( S‬‬ ‫‬ ‫‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬

‫‪4.4 =2 =  J

 6% 
9 63 2%‬‬
‫
!  ‪6%  = "
 ' ! 
9 63‬‬

‫ = ‪2.1 = 4.4‬‬

‫ا *(‪O>7 : .‬ام ا ‪ .",‬ا‪O‬ـة‬

‫"‪ ."S‬ا‪u‬ات"‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫
( ‪P‬‬
‫‪(((((((( = 2‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫< ‪ – C = ' ! 4 P‬‬

‫‪*3‬ل ‪:‬‬
‫  ! ' 
"   ‪:‬‬

‫‪20 19 13 48 19 32 22 17 35‬‬

‫ا‪: b‬‬
‫! ‪: ) 0
 6‬‬

‫‪- 200 -‬‬

 C P CP C
2

100 10 35
64 8S 17
9 3S 22
49 7 32
36 6S 19
529 23 48
144 12S 13
36 6S 19
25 5S 20
992 S 225

: B 
 
225 C (

25 = (((((( = (((((( = C
9 16

)(3 > ("! 7 2P ! :!

P

 ! C 
"%
: 6 !
2
P (

(((((((( = 2
6

- 201 -
 992
110.22 = (((((( = 2
9

. 10.5 = 110.22 =  ! :!

‫(ت‬A ‫^ ا‬3 ‫رى‬#‫اف ا‬u‫"^ وا‬A ‫ا‬

: .7+A‫ا‬
:  9+" 6
% %
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6% 

2
(H×P) (
( H × 2P ) (

(((((((( S (((((((((( × 20 = 2
H (
H (

: <
6% = 2
/? 0 B = 0
(
 E
(
 )3 ? 8I FB 6  ' ! = P
1 3 1 2 1 1) 0?( 6(
8I! 7   %  % ) /?
( 4 1 3S 1 2S 1 1S) 8I! ) 6
( 4
: ‫*ل‬3
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 6
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80S70 S60 S50 S40 S30 S20 S10 0,
 &/3
5 12 22 38 22 12 5 0
"


: b‫ا‬
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- 202 -
H × 2P H×P P H '
225 15S 3S 5 S10
576 24S 2S 12 S20
484 22S 1S 22 S30
0 0 0 38 S40
484 22 1 22 S50
576 24 2 12 S60
225 15 3 5 80S70
2570 ? S 116 .

: 6 ! )3 > "! 7

2
(H×P) (
( H × 2P ) (

(((((((( S (((((((((((( × 20 = 2
H (
H (

2
0 2570
(((( S (((((( × 2(10) = 2
116 116

2215.5 = 2

47.1 = 2215.5 = 
h>+‫اف ا‬u‫ ا‬: 
H* )
- 203 -
‫ـ‪B‬‬
‫ـت ا ‪C‬ـ‬
‫ـ^ ا ‪(A‬ـ‬
‫ـ‪3 h‬ـ‬
‫ـاف ا‪>+‬ـ‬
‫ا‪u‬ـ‬
‫‪ ) .7+A3‬ادة(‬

‫
( | ‪| /C – C‬‬
‫ ! ' 
 ‪(((((((((((( = B‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫< ‪:‬‬
‫‪
 = C‬‬
‫‪ B 
= /C‬‬
‫‪

 = 6‬‬
‫‪*3‬ل ‪:‬‬
‫

 ‪S:B 
 ' !   &!%‬‬
‫‪9–8–8–7–6–5–3–2‬‬
‫ا‪: b‬‬
‫! ‪6 = 8/48 = 8 / (9+8+8+7+6+5+3+2 ) = /C‬‬
‫! ‪: ) 0
 6‬‬

‫| ‪| /C – C‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬

‫‪- 204 -‬‬

 16 .

16
2 = ((((((( = B 
 ' !
8

.7+A‫(ت ا‬A ‫^ ا‬3 h>+‫اف ا‬u‫ا‬

( H × | /C – C | ) (

((((((((((((((((( = B 
 ' !
H (

: ‫*ل‬3
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 ' !  ) 0
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36S32 S28 S24 S20 S16 &/?

15 20 40 15 10 67 %




: b‫ا‬
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 6 !

H × | /C – C | | /C – C | H × /P /P C H '
86 8.6 20S 2S 18 10 S16
69 4.6 15S 1S 22 15 S20
24 0.6 0 0 26 40 S24
68 3.4 20 1 30 20 S28
111 7.4 30 2 34 15 36S32

- 205 -
 358 .
15 .
100 .

15
26.6 = 0.6 + 26 = 4 × ((((( + 26 = /C
100

358
3.58 = (((((((( = B 
 ' !
100
;"‫ز‬+ ‫ ا‬. ‫" اا‬Z‫اء و‬+ ‫ا‬
( – ) 3
((((((((( = $ 

: <
B 
 : 
B  :
. "
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: ‫*ل‬3
: ) 8G   !


10 S 40 – 60 – 50 – 20
: b‫ا‬
: B 
 

10+40+60+50+20 C (

- 206 -
 36 = (((((((((((((( = (((((( = 
5 6
: B  
: K 
  !
60 50 40 20 10

40 = B 

: "
 ' ! 

2
P (

(((((((( = 
6

: ) 0
 6 !

P
2
P C
256 16S 20
196 14 50
576 24 60
16 4 40
676 26S 10
1720 0 .

- 207 -
 2
1720 P (

18.54 = ((((( = (((((((( = 

5 6

(40 – 36) 3 ( – ) 3
0.64S = ((((((((( = ((((((((( = $ 
18.54 

.  8G  $  6 3 % :

9 $ 

- 208 -
 ^"‫ر‬c

: )4 &!% 

) 
3 S1
– 150 – 90 – 110 – 300 – 250 – 200 – 95
80 – 350 – 100
:   B



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6% •
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B 
 •
B  •
0 !
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B 
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$   !

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S: B 
 ' !   &!% 

 S2

9–8–8–7–6–5–3–2

- 209 -
%, )3 +B @   0 ) &
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3 S3
: )4 $# 


12 – 10 – 9 – 3 – 10 – 4 – 5 – 5 – 3 – 12
:   B



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6% •
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B 
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B  •
0 !
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B 
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$   !

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3 S4

– 18 – 17 – 22 – 20 – 18 – 17 – 19 – 18 – 17
19
:   B

B 
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$   !

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- 210 -
 S:  ) 0
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S5

36S32 S28 S24 S20 S16 &/?

15 20 40 15 10 67 %





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6% •
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B 
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B  •
0 !
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$   !

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- 211 -
- 212 -
;7R ‫ا  ا‬
^"A ‫! ا‬Z

: :



' %!  B : K 

. :

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' %! 




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- 213 -
- 214 -
 : 33
0( (
4 )( @3  % 9 ) /# <%A &

6 '@ )3 ,   " ?,
 6

 )3 6%
0 ( 
( 0 )*  %! 

&!" C! 

. 

"

"(/? %! " 6% 0 
,! 

 0; H!4 8%B%
6
!

,
9 6J
6% 9+" /# 
) 
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( 
 
,( "&" (%, 6 4   ) !
% %#
6( & J



G * 
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6% 9+"
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,! 0% "&" %, 
, 6
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. 7  6J
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C9 ) / ! :  )3 6% 0

"
C( :! E
"% 

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2,
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: 9+" 0+, 6
/? %!  !% %!% ! E4

% 6%
((((((((((( = ' %!
J 6%

(4 J 6% 
 )3 %A 4 % 6% 6 <
. 
 )3 JA

- 215 -
 ‫ ف‬.AR( ‫ب‬R ."S
&

 6% 6%  •

&

 6% &"%
 


(((((((((((((((((((((((( = &

 6% 6%
&

 6% 6%  

+ 3
2
F 36 + 2
2
F 26 + 1
2
F 16 = &(

 6% &"%
 


00000000000

: <
&


3

 )4 .... 1 36 1 26 1 16
2 2 2
0(
( B(
( 
' (! 8(
(%
)(4 .... 1 3 F1 2 F1 1 F
: 9+" 6
 &

 ) B 
 6 


2 2
(1 – ) = 1 F
. &

 3 )  )!G  B 
 4 "" <
1 – &



 = &

 6% 6%  

&

 0,
6%  •

&

 0,
&"%
 


((((((((((((((((((((((( = &

 0,
6%
&

 0,
6%  

- 216 -
+ 3
2
 36 + 2
2
 26 + 1
2
 16 = &

 0,
&"%
 


00000000000

: <
&


3

 )4 .... 1 36 1 26 1 16
2 2
6(
 

0 6% 4 .... 1 3 1 2  11 2
: 9+"
2 2
C (
C (

2
(((((( S (((((((( = 1 
6 6

8(

(3  (

= &

 0,
6%  

&



 – &



3 ^3 "‫ ف‬.AR(" . ‫ى د‬3 "Z

% (
 "'" )( "' %!" 6 !9 6
0! 0  )
: ) 8%! :
 "'" (%  !
%  !
%(!" 63 
 "'" 
9 < % 
 "'" 
9 &! *
. /* 
6  "'
6(3 (
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9 > % 
 "'" 
9 &! * 

. /* 
& "' %!"

: ‫*ل‬3

- 217 -
 18 19 19 21 23   &

15 14 18 19 19 <!# &

)(3 <(!* C(
,   C
, &
DI  F% 0

( 

(
6% /? %!   B
 
%,
0.01 
 

! H 0.05 
 

! /*
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: b‫ا‬
(7 "" )4 <!# &
"C" )4   &
6 >?!
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2
 C 2
C
361 19 529 23
361 19 441 21
324 18 361 19
196 14 361 19
225 15 314 18
1467 85 2016 100

: &B 
 
100 C (

20 = ((((((( = ((((((( = C 
5 16

- 218 -
 85  (

17 = ((((((( = ((((((( =  
5 26

: ) B 
 
17 + 20   + C 
18.5 = ((((((((( = (((((((( = 
2 2

: ) B 
 6 B 
0 ' ! 8%


2.25 = 2(1.5S) = 2(20 – 18.5) = 2(C – ) = C

2
F
2.25 = 2(1.5) = 2(17 – 18.5) = 2( – ) = 
2
F

: 6% 
2 2
C (
C (

2
(((((( S (((((((( = C 
6 6

2
100 2016
2
3.2 = ((((( S ((((((( = C 
5 5

2 2
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- 219 -
 2
(((((( S (((((((( =  
6 6

2
85 1467
2
4.4 = ((((( S ((((((( =  
5 5

: &

 6% &"%
 


2 2
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 6% &"%
 


2.25 × 5 + 2.25 × 5 = &


 6% &"%
 


22.5 = &

 6% &"%
 


: &

 0,
&"%
 


2 2
  26 + C  16 = &

 0,
&"%
 


4.4 × 5 + 3.2 × 5 = &


 0,
&"%
 


38 = &

 0,
&"%
 


:  &


1 – &



 = &

 6% 6%  

1 = 1 – 2 = &

 6% 6%  

8(

(3

( = &(

 0(,
6%  

&



 – &



- 220 -
 8 = 2 – 5 + 5 = &

 0,
6%  

: &

 6% 6% 

&

 6% &"%
 


(((((((((((((((((((( = &

 6% 6%
&

 6% 6%  

22.5
(%A ) 22.5 = ((((((( = &

 6% 6%
1
: &

 0,
6% 

&

 0,
&"%
 


((((((((((((((((((( = &

 0,
6%
&

 0,
6%  

38
(JA ) 4.75 = ((((((( = &

 0,
6%
8
: ‫ ف‬.AR( ‫ب‬R

% 6%
((((((((((( = ' %!
J 6%

- 221 -
 22.5
4.7368 = ((((((( = ' %!
4.75

: . ‫و‬e‫ب "ف" ا‬R

1 = (% 6(%  

,! 
 "'" 
%(! 0
( )(3 <%! 8 = J 6%  

: 6
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% /?
0.05 
 

! 5.32 = 
 "'"
0.01 
 

! 11.26 = 
 "'"
"‫ ف‬.AR(" . ‫ى د‬3 "Z
 

! 
 "'" > 4.7 = % 
 "' %!" •

(! 
& "' %!" 63  1 5.32 = 0.05 

. 0.05  

 

! 
 "'" > 4.7 = % 
 "' %!" •

! 
& "' %!" 63  1 11.26 = 0.01 

. 0.01  

: ~!# ‫ا‬
(  C <%   0 2 F ? 8
 6T% 0  6

E(4 6 (

 6%  !"
F 3
   /* 

. 3


* & F ?

: ‫*ل‬3
- 222 -
 S 11 9 7 5 4 C
22 13 11 8 6 3 
S S 16 13 9 7 (4

(
%, )3 +B 6
&

<+7 DI  F% 0


(! /*  


6% /? %!   B

i 0.01 
 

! H 0.05 
 

: b‫ا‬
: M ‫ول ا‬e‫ن ا‬+g(

2
(4 2
 2
C (4  C
49 9 16 7 3 4
81 36 25 9 6 5
169 64 49 13 8 7
256 121 81 16 11 9
S 169 121 S 13 11
484 S S 22 S
555 883 292 45 63 36

: ‫ت‬,>+‫ب ا‬R
36 C (

- 223 -
 7.2 = (((((( = ((((((( = C 
5 16

63  (

10.5 = ((((( = ((((((( =  

6 26

45 (4 (

11.25 = ((((( = (((((((( = (4 

4 36

: ) B 
 

11.25 + 10.5 + 7.2 (4  +   + C 

9.65 = ((((((((((((( = ((((((((((( = 
3 3
: ) B 
 6 B 
0 ' ! 8%


6 = 2(2.45) = 2(7.2 – 9.65) = 2(C – ) = C

2
F
0.7225 = 2(0.85S) = 2(10.5 – 9.65) = 2(–) = 
2
F
2.56 = 2(1.6S) = 2(11.25 – 9.65) = 2((4 – ) = (4
2
F

: 6% 

2 2
C (
C (

2
(((((( S (((((((( = C 
16 16

- 224 -
 2
36 292
2
6.56 = (((((( S ((((((( = C 
5 5

2 2
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 (

2
((((((( S (((((((( =  
26 26

2
63 883
2
36.92 = ((((((( S ((((((( =  
6 6

2 2
(4 (
(4 (

2
(((((( S (((((((( = (4 
36 36

2
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2 – 1
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2.33 = 
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"‫ "ت‬. ‫" د‬Z


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- 256 -
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- 296 -
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: ‫ƒان‬9‫ ا‬3#3 -1
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(× +
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- 297 -
  

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- 298 -
 (× +
×

1300 5×15 – 55×25

(((((( = ((((((((((( = 6 9 0
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1450 5×15 + 55×25

0.89 = 6 9 0
"

: B%  !


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P × G × × (4
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- 299 -
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P × G × × (4

5 × 15 – 55 × 25
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40 × 60 × 70 × 30

1300
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- 301 -
 2245

0.58 = 3 0
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- 302 -
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- 303 -
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= (
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× , ' 


2 2 2
(5) (17) (62)
((((((( + ((((((( + ((((((( = (
87 × 78 87 × 193 87 × 178

2 2 2
(176) (116) (3)
(((((((( + ((((((( + (((((( +
385 × 193 385 × 178 87 × 23

2 2
(20) (73)
(((((((( + ((((((( +
385 × 23 385 × 78
+ 0.196 + 0.005 + 0.004 + 0.017 + 0.248 = (((((
1.11 = 0.045 + 0.178 + 0.417

S 1.11
(((((((( = F3  0
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1.11

- 304 -
 0.32 = F3  0
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2 2
C ×C  C
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49 81 63 7 9
16 64 32 4 8
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126 183 143 24 27

: 6 % B% 0
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) – 2C (
6 ]

: % 
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24 × 27 – 143 × 5
=
[2(24) – 126 × 5 ] × [2(27) – 183 × 5 ]

0.668 =

- 306 -
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: ‫ن‬3BAR [$ ‫ط ا‬A$‫ ار‬3#3 -5

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0 0 1 1 3 2
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(1 – 26) 6

- 308 -
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21
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24 × 5

0.825 = 0.175 – 1 = 

: B%  !


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- 309 -
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C 

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= 
- 310 -
  (
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– (×C) (
6
=
[2( (
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6 ] × [2(C (
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6 ]

: 9+" 6
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2
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6

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2
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(((((((( = C 
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= C 
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=  

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- 311 -
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9 

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2 2
C ×C  C
25 4 10 5 2
49 9 21 7 3
36 49 42 6 7
144 324 216 12 18
100 400 200 10 20
354 786 489 40 50

 (
× C (
– (×C) (
6
=
[2( (
) – 2 (
6 ] × [2(C (
) – 2C (
6 ]

- 312 -
 40 × 50 – 489 × 5
=
[2(40) – 354 × 5 ] × [2(50) – 786 × 5 ]

0.9 =

: &B 
 

50 C (

10 = ((((( = (((((( = C 
5 6
40  (

8 = ((((( = (((((( =  
5 6

: 5"
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2
P  P C
2
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9 3S 64 8S 5 2

- 313 -
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4 2S 9 3S 6 7
16 4 64 8 12 18
4 2 100 10 10 20
34 286

2
286 C P (

7.56 = ((((( = (((((((( = C 

5 6

2
34  P (

2.61 = ((((( = (((((((( =  

5 6

: C/ 
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 +( C  – C ) ((((( ×  = 
C 

2.61
8 + ( 10 – C ) ((((( × 0.9 = 
7.56

8 + ( 10 – C) 0.31 = 

- 314 -
 8 + 3.1 – C 0.31 = 

)4 C/ 
! B, 
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4.9 + C 0.31 = 

: )  
% ;%! 8B! 10 = C 

!

8 = 4.9 + 10 × 0.31 = 

: ‫ص‬/‫ار س‬u‫ ا‬hI . ‫د‬#3 : 

H()

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C 
C  + (   –  ) ((((( ×  = C
 

: <
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 6 % B% 0
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= 

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– (×C) (
6
=
[2( (
) – 2 (
6 ] × [2(C (
) – 2C (
6 ]

9+" 6
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- 315 -
 2
P (


(((((((( =  
6

9+" 6
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2
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6

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: ‫*ل‬3
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10 12 6 7 5 

- 316 -
 : b‫ا‬
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2
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C ×C  C
25 4 10 5 2
49 9 21 7 3
36 49 42 6 7
144 324 216 12 18
100 400 200 10 20
354 786 489 40 50

 (
× C (
– (×C) (
6
=
[2( (
) – 2 (
6 ] × [2(C (
) – 2C (
6 ]

40 × 50 – 489 × 5
=
[2(40) – 354 × 5 ] × [2(50) – 786 × 5 ]

0.9 =
: &B 
 

- 317 -
 50 C (

10 = ((((( = (((((( = C 
5 6
40  (

8 = ((((( = (((((( =  
5 6

: 5"
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: ) 0
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2
P  P C
2
P C P  C
9 3S 64 8S 5 2
1 1S 49 7S 7 3
4 2S 9 3S 6 7
16 4 64 8 12 18
4 2 100 10 10 20
34 286

2
286 C P (

7.56 = ((((( = (((((((( = C 

5 6

2
34  P (

2.61 = ((((( = (((((((( =  

5 6

- 318 -
 : /C 
! B, 
"

C
C +(   –  ) ((((( ×  = C
 

7.56
10 + ( 8 –  ) ((((( × 0.9 = C
2.61
10 + ( 8 – ) 2.6 = C

10 + 20.8 – C 2.6 = C

)4 /C 
! B, 
"

10.8 –  2.6 = C

: ) C 
% ;%! 8B! 8 =  

!
10 = 10.8 – 8 × 2.6 = C

- 319 -
 ‫‪c‬ر"^‬

‫‪ (!

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9  S1‬‬
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‫هـ‬ ‫د‬ ‫‪.‬ـ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ا‪

7g‬اد‬

‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪ 01‬ا‪ MN‬س‬

‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫ا‪ \3‬ا‪ N‬ص‬

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7g‬اد ‪1‬‬
‫‪RO . .‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪RO‬‬ ‫‪"H6‬ل‬ ‫س ‪"H6 .‬ل ‪+,6 .‬ز‬
‫‪.‬ا ‪.‬ا ‪.‬ا‬ ‫‪.‬ا‬
‫‪RO‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪+,6‬ز ‪"H6‬ل ‪"H6‬ل ‪"H6‬ل ‪+,6 . .‬ز ‪RO‬‬ ‫ص‬
‫‪.‬ا‬ ‫‪.‬ا‬

‫‪- 320 -‬‬

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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ‫
اد‬7g‫ا‬
6 7 5 3 4 2 10 11 9 8 ‫ء س‬+3 4‫ت ا‬+.‫در‬
7 8 6 4 5 3 11 12 10 9 ‫ ص‬MN‫ ا‬01 ‫ت‬+.‫در‬

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40 15 25
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90 42 48 .

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- 321 -
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14 9 25 10 2 <!*

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7A B% B% 0
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 7

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27 23

- 322 -
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10 = C 

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9  7

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9  7

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9 7 6 3 5 ‫ص‬

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20 = C 

!  
9  7

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11 14 12 12 15 ‫ص‬

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- 323 -
 10 =  

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9  7

25 23 22 24 21 ‫س‬
11 14 12 12 15 ‫ص‬

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10 = C 

!  
9  7

5 2 4 3 6 ‫س‬
5 3 5 4 8 ‫ص‬

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20 =  

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9  7

5 2 4 3 6 ‫س‬
5 3 5 4 8 ‫ص‬

- 324 -
| ‫دي‬b‫ا  ا‬
‫ت وا ق‬A* ‫ا‬

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- 325 -
- 326 -
 : ‫ت‬A* ‫ ا‬p#3
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– (×C) (
6
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[2( (
) – 2 (
6 ] × [2(C (
) – 2C (
6 ]

: ‫ت‬A* ‫ ا‬3#3 ‫ب‬R ‫ق‬S

- 327 -
 : ‫ر‬AI‫ إدة ا‬."S -1
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C ×C  C

- 328 -
 16 9 12 4 3
36 25 30 6 5
49 81 63 7 9
16 64 32 4 8
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126 183 143 24 27

: ‫ن‬+>BA ‫ط‬A$‫ ار‬3#3 ‫ب‬R

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– (×C) (
6
=
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6 ] × [2(C (
) – 2C (
6 ]

: % 
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24 × 27 – 143 × 5
=
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0.668 =

0.668 × 2
((((((((( = &%7 0
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0.668 + 1

- 329 -
 0.8 = &%7 0
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: .F ‫ ا‬.<WY ‫ ا‬."S -2

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3A
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 2
0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 3
1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 4
0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 5
1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 6
0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 7
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 9
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10
:
  %, )3 +B @ &
DI  F% 0

&
( &(%7 0
"

9   B
 / 2!
7 )*
i ?! /G B 
,%  G 
? /A
: b‫ا‬
"C"  
(! 
( )( 
? /A &
8
%  !
(B 0( ""  
! E
 )  G /A &

: ) 0
 )3  "I! K
?!


2 2
C ×C  C

- 330 -
  G &
 
? &

4 9 6 2 3
9 9 9 3 3
4 4 4 2 2
9 16 12 3 4
4 4 4 2 2
9 9 9 3 3
4 9 6 2 3
9 16 12 3 4
4 4 4 2 2
16 16 16 4 4
72 96 82 26 30

: 6 % B% 0
"

 (
× C (
– (×C) (
6
=
[2( (
) – 2 (
6 ] × [2(C (
) – 2C (
6 ]

: % 
"
 )3 > "!

26 × 30 – 82 × 10
=
[2(26) – 72 × 10 ] × [2(30) – 96 × 10 ]

0.78 =

- 331 -
 0.78 × 2
(((((((( = &%7 0
"

0.78 + 1

0.88 = &%7 0
"

- 332 -
 : ‫ ا ق‬p#3
C  $ %,3 : 8I 
C F
 %,
:(9 )(3 (
 07
 H )3 :7
F
 %, +
K "3 $
6
G(  (9 )3  6 G [ :9 )3  0 B[
4
"%   % 9 K "%  9
 & 
)3 & %, ',
( $ %,3  9 )* '
 ) ? H 
 6

(4 )(3 F
( 0.8  

)* 
 H :9 )3 0
  (
 4 )* 0  $ ,R %,  6
C
)(* $( :(9 )3 0  %, 6
+
K 7
F
 :!
. 0.5  

,R C
./!% :/! !
% %, F
  

. 6 G
% C
 4 )
 ? H F9

: ‫س ا ق‬9
., ‫ ا‬.(‫ ار‬."S
)(3 $( 9A &(
B( 
!
) B E4  
%(!% 6 G
 H C?! )3 '"I &
B 
% 6 G

(4

 3B !
% &
  %, &
8G 
'B   6 G
 T% :
!    'B )
. '"I 6 G
  :
!  '"I
 (  (
  6% F? /# 
 
:  %!% 6"! '"I

- 333 -
 1
– 2
(((((((((((((( =  %!
2 2
2  1 
26 16

: <
'"I 6 G
  &
B 
= 1
  6 G
  &
B 
= 2
'"I  
  &
6% = 12
   
  &
6% = 22
1H (
= '"I 6 G
  &   

= 16
2H (
=   6 G
  &   

= 26

: 9+" 6
% %
 &!% )3 B 
 

( H × C ) (

(((((((((((((((((( = 
H (

: 9+" 6
 /? G
)4 "C" <
2/(/?  ! +) A /? 
%) = C •
  4 : H •
: 9+" 6
6% 

- 334 -
 2
(H×P) (
( H × 2P ) (

(((((((( S (((((((((((( × 20 = 2
H (
H (

: <
&  (/? (
 ? 8I FB 6  ' ! = P
1 1S ) ) 6
( ...... 1 3 1 2 1 1) 0? 6
7   %
. ( .... 1 3S 1 2S
. 6
6/3  2
% 6% F? = /? 0 B = 0

(3)
:

 6
%, F
  %! 





(= (%, 6 ( 1.96 >  %! &! * •
. 0.05 
 

! F

6 F
 %, 6  2.58 >  %! > 1.96 •
. 1.96 
 

! F
 %, 6  2.58 <  %! &! * •

. 0.01 
 

. J  %7 9 ( 2.58 1 1.96 ) 6

% !
 8%B%

: ‫*ل‬3

- 335 -
  
 &   &/3 6% 9+" DI  2 0

1 $( (%, )3 +B 6


" '"I   6 G


(
 (( %! ) F
 0
"

9   B

i 0.05 
 

! :

 6
%, F

31S29 28S26 25S23 22S20 19S17 16S14 &/?
0 0 0 8 3 4 '"I 6 G
  
9 7 5 0 0 0   6 G
  

: b‫ا‬
: ) 0
 6 !

2 2
2H× P 2H×P 1H× P 1H×P P C×2H C×1H C 2H 1H '
0 0 16 8S 2S 0 60 15 0 4 16S14
0 0 3 3S 1S 0 544 18 0 3 19S17
0 0 0 0 0 0 168 21 0 8 22S20
5 5 0 0 1 120 0 24 5 0 25S23
28 14 0 0 2 189 0 27 7 0 28S26
81 27 0 0 3 270 0 30 9 0 31S29
109 46 19 11S S 579 282 S 21 15 


: '"I 6 G
 A B 
 

( 1H × C ) (

- 336 -
 ((((((((((((((( = 1
1H (

282
18.8 = (((((((((( = 1
15

:   6 G
 A B 
 

( 2H × C ) (

(((((((((((((( = 2
2H (

579
27.5 = ((((((((( = 1
21

: /? 0 B 
6
6/3  2
% 6% 9? = 0
3 = 14 – 17 = 0

: '"I 6 G
 A 6% 

2
(1H×P) (
( 1H × 2P ) (

(((((((( S ((((((((((( × 20 = 12

- 337 -
 1H (
1H (

2
11S 19
(((((((( S ((((((((((( ×2(3) = 12
15 15

3.68 = 12

:   6 G
 A 6% 

2
(2H×P) (
( 2H × 2P ) (

(((((((( S ((((((((((( × 20 = 22

2H (
2H (

2
46 109
(((((((( S ((((((((((( ×2(3) = 12
21 21

33.29 = 12

- 338 -
 : 26 1 16 
9 
15 = 1H (
= 16
21 = 2H (
= 26
:  %! 
9 
1 – 2
(((((((((((((( =  %!
2 2
2  1 
26 16

18.8 – 27.5
((((((((((((((( =  %!
33.29 3.68
21 15

. 6.4 =  %!

: %, F



 0.05 
 

! 1.96 < (6.4)  %! 
9
. F
 %, 63

^"‫ر‬c


(
)(3 +(B 6(


) %, F%B% &
9 S1
)( &( 1 6(?,
6(
2
 $#
. 6%, )3  &


- 339 -
4 2 4 3 3 2 4 2 3 3 C
4 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 

:  B

. %, 
* B% &%7 0
"

9 

.  1 C 6%, )3 +B (5) &
) 

3 S2

22 16 5 4 3 C
11 12 6 8 3 

:  B

. %, 
* B% &%7 0
"

9 

- 340 -
 : / 10 6
I %, )3 +B (5) &
) 
3 S3

/A

3A
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
3 5 4 4 5 5 2 3 1 4 1
1 3 1 1 2 4 1 5 3 2 2
1 5 2 4 1 3 1 2 1 5 3
1 2 4 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 4
1 1 1 4 3 1 1 2 2 2 5
:  B

. ?! /G B% &%7 0
"

9 
(!
 (B% F
( 0
"
 ) 0
 6
S4
. :

 6
%, F
 

6% 3B

34S30 29S25 24S20 19S15 14S10 9S5 &/?

0 0 4 6 3 2 '"I 6 G
  
9 6 7 3 0 0   6 G
  

(!
 (B% F
( 0
"
 ) 0
 6
S5
. :

 6
%, F
 

6% 3B

35S31 30S26 25S21 20S16 15S11 10S6 &/?

0 0 0 5 6 3 '"I 6 G
  
6 7 6 5 0 0   6 G
  

- 341 -
- 342 -
‫ا‪e‬اول ا<‪.‬‬

‫‪- 343 -‬‬

- 344 -
 ‫‪2‬‬
‫ول ‬
‫‪",6‬ى ا‪ Z‬أو ا‪HJ‬‬
‫در‪ .‬ا\
‬
‫‪0.05‬‬ ‫‪0.01‬‬ ‫‪0.001‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪3.84‬‬ ‫‪6.64‬‬ ‫‪10.83‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪5.99‬‬ ‫‪9.21‬‬ ‫‪13.82‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪7.82‬‬ ‫‪11.35‬‬ ‫‪16.27‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪9.49‬‬ ‫‪13.28‬‬ ‫‪18.47‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪11.07‬‬ ‫‪15.09‬‬ ‫‪20.52‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪12.59‬‬ ‫‪16.81‬‬ ‫‪22.46‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪14.07‬‬ ‫‪18.48‬‬ ‫‪24.32‬‬
‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪15.51‬‬ ‫‪20.09‬‬ ‫‪26.13‬‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪16.92‬‬ ‫‪21.67‬‬ ‫‪27.88‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪18.31‬‬ ‫‪23.21‬‬ ‫‪29.59‬‬
‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪19.68‬‬ ‫‪24.73‬‬ ‫‪31.26‬‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪21.03‬‬ ‫‪26.22‬‬ ‫‪32.91‬‬
‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪22.36‬‬ ‫‪27.69‬‬ ‫‪34.53‬‬
‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪23.69‬‬ ‫‪29.14‬‬ ‫‪36.12‬‬
‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪25.00‬‬ ‫‪30.58‬‬ ‫‪37.70‬‬
‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪26.30‬‬ ‫‪32.00‬‬ ‫‪39.25‬‬
‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪27.59‬‬ ‫‪33.41‬‬ ‫‪40.79‬‬
‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪28.87‬‬ ‫‪34.81‬‬ ‫‪42.31‬‬
‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪30.14‬‬ ‫‪36.19‬‬ ‫‪43.82‬‬
‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪31.41‬‬ ‫‪37.57‬‬ ‫‪45.32‬‬
‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪32.67‬‬ ‫‪38.93‬‬ ‫‪46.80‬‬

‫‪- 345 -‬‬

22 33.92 40.29 48.27
23 35.17 41.64 49.73
24 36.42 42.98 51.18
25 37.65 44.31 52.62
26 38.89 45.64 54.05
27 40.11 46.96 55.48
28 41.34 48.28 56.89
29 42.56 49.59 58.30
30 43.77 50.89 59.70
31 44.99 52.19 61.10
32 46.19 53.49 62.49
33 47.40 54.78 63.87
34 48.60 56.06 65.25
35 49.80 57.34 66.62
36 51.00 58.62 67.99
37 52.19 59.89 69.35
38 53.38 61.16 70.71
39 54.57 62.43 72.06
40 55.76 63.69 73.41
41 56.94 64.95 74.75
42 58.12 66.21 76.09
43 59.30 67.46 77.42
44 60.48 68.71 78.75
45 61.66 69.96 80.08
46 62.83 71.20 81.40
- 346 -
47 64.00 72.44 82.72
48 65.17 73.68 84.03
49 66.34 74.92 85.35
50 67.51 76.15 86.66
51 68.67 77.39 87.97
52 69.83 78.62 89.27
53 70.99 79.84 90.57
54 72.15 81.07 91.88
55 73.31 82.29 93.17
56 74.47 83.52 94.47
57 75.62 84.73 95.75
58 76.78 85.95 97.03
59 77.93 87.17 98.34
60 79.08 88.38 99.62
61 80.23 89.59 100.88
62 81.38 90.80 102.15
63 82.53 92.01 103.46
64 83.68 93.22 104.72
65 84.82 94.42 105.97
66 85.97 95.63 107.26
67 87.11 96.83 108.54
68 88.25 98.03 109.79
69 89.39 99.23 111.06
70 90.53 100.42 112.31
71 91.67 101.62 113.56
- 347 -
72 92.81 102.82 114.84
73 93.95 104.01 116.08
74 95.08 105.20 117.35
75 96.22 106.39 118.60
76 97.35 107.58 119.85
77 98.49 108.77 121.11
78 99.62 109.96 122.36
79 100.75 111.15 123.60
80 101.88 112.33 124.84
81 103.01 113.51 126.09
82 104.14 114.70 127.33
83 105.27 115.88 128.57
84 106.40 117.06 129.80
85 107.52 118.24 131.04
86 108.65 119.41 132.28
87 109.77 120.59 133.51
88 110.90 121.77 134.74
89 112.02 122.94 135.96
90 113.15 124.12 137.19
91 114.27 125.29 138.45
92 115.39 126.46 139.66
93 116.51 127.63 140.90
94 117.63 128.80 142.12
95 118.75 129.97 143.32
96 119.87 131.14 144.55
- 348 -
 97 120.99 132.31 145.78
98 122.11 133.47 146.99
99 123.23 134.64 148.21
100 124.34 135.81 149

- 349 -
 ‫ول ت‬
‫در‪ .‬ا\
‬ ‫‪2"3‬ى ا‬
‫‪
L‬ف وا ‬ ‫‪0.1 0.05 0.01 0.005 0.001 0.0005 0.0001 0.00005‬‬
‫‪ 7
L‬‬ ‫‪0.2‬‬ ‫‪0.1 0.05 0.01 0.005 0.001 0.0005 0.0001‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1.89 2.92 4.30 9.92 14.09 31.60‬‬ ‫‪44.70‬‬ ‫‪100.14‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪1.64 2.35 3.18 5.84‬‬ ‫‪7.45‬‬ ‫‪12.92‬‬ ‫‪16.33‬‬ ‫‪28.01‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪1.53 2.13 2.78 4.60‬‬ ‫‪5.60‬‬ ‫‪8.61‬‬ ‫‪10.31‬‬ ‫‪15.53‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪1.48 2.02 2.57 4.03‬‬ ‫‪4.77‬‬ ‫‪6.87‬‬ ‫‪7.98‬‬ ‫‪11.18‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪1.44 1.94 2.45 3.71‬‬ ‫‪4.32‬‬ ‫‪5.96‬‬ ‫‪6.79‬‬ ‫‪9.08‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪1.41 1.89 2.36 3.50‬‬ ‫‪4.03‬‬ ‫‪5.41‬‬ ‫‪6.08‬‬ ‫‪7.89‬‬
‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪1.40 1.86 2.31 3.36‬‬ ‫‪3.83‬‬ ‫‪5.04‬‬ ‫‪5.62‬‬ ‫‪7.12‬‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪1.38 1.83 2.26 3.25‬‬ ‫‪3.69‬‬ ‫‪4.78‬‬ ‫‪5.29‬‬ ‫‪6.59‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪1.37 1.81 2.23 3.17‬‬ ‫‪3.58‬‬ ‫‪4.59‬‬ ‫‪5.05‬‬ ‫‪6.21‬‬
‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪1.36 1.80 2.20 3.11‬‬ ‫‪3.50‬‬ ‫‪4.44‬‬ ‫‪4.86‬‬ ‫‪5.92‬‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪1.36 1.78 2.18 3.05‬‬ ‫‪3.43‬‬ ‫‪4.32‬‬ ‫‪4.72‬‬ ‫‪5.70‬‬
‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪1.35 1.77 2.16 3.01‬‬ ‫‪3.37‬‬ ‫‪4.22‬‬ ‫‪4.60‬‬ ‫‪5.51‬‬
‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪1.35 1.76 2.14 2.98‬‬ ‫‪3.33‬‬ ‫‪4.14‬‬ ‫‪4.50‬‬ ‫‪5.36‬‬
‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪1.34 1.75 2.13 2.95‬‬ ‫‪3.29‬‬ ‫‪4.07‬‬ ‫‪4.42‬‬ ‫‪5.24‬‬
‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪1.34 1.75 2.12 2.92‬‬ ‫‪3.25‬‬ ‫‪4.01‬‬ ‫‪4.35‬‬ ‫‪5.13‬‬
‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪1.33 1.74 2.11 2.90‬‬ ‫‪3.22‬‬ ‫‪3.97‬‬ ‫‪4.29‬‬ ‫‪5.04‬‬
‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪1.33 1.73 2.10 2.88‬‬ ‫‪3.20‬‬ ‫‪3.92‬‬ ‫‪4.23‬‬ ‫‪4.97‬‬
‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪1.33 1.73 2.09 2.86‬‬ ‫‪3.17‬‬ ‫‪3.88‬‬ ‫‪4.19‬‬ ‫‪4.90‬‬
‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪1.33 1.72 2.09 2.85‬‬ ‫‪3.15‬‬ ‫‪3.85‬‬ ‫‪4.15‬‬ ‫‪4.84‬‬
‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪1.32 1.72 2.08 2.83‬‬ ‫‪3.14‬‬ ‫‪3.82‬‬ ‫‪4.11‬‬ ‫‪4.78‬‬
‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪1.32 1.72 2.07 2.82‬‬ ‫‪3.12‬‬ ‫‪3.79‬‬ ‫‪4.08‬‬ ‫‪4.74‬‬
‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪1.32 1.71 2.07 2.81‬‬ ‫‪3.10‬‬ ‫‪3.77‬‬ ‫‪4.05‬‬ ‫‪4.69‬‬

‫‪- 350 -‬‬

24 1.32 1.71 2.06 2.80 3.09 3.75 4.02 4.65
25 1.32 1.71 2.06 2.79 3.08 3.73 4.00 4.62
26 1.31 1.71 2.06 2.78 3.07 3.71 3.97 4.59
27 1.31 1.70 2.05 2.77 3.06 3.69 3.95 4.56
28 1.31 1.70 2.05 2.76 3.05 3.67 3.93 4.53
29 1.31 1.70 2.05 2.76 3.04 3.66 3.92 4.51
30 1.31 1.70 2.04 2.75 3.03 3.65 3.90 4.48
35 1.31 1.69 2.03 2.72 3.00 3.59 3.84 4.39
40 1.30 1.68 2.02 2.70 2.97 3.55 3.79 4.32
45 1.30 1.68 2.01 2.69 2.95 3.52 3.75 4.27
50 1.30 1.68 2.01 2.68 2.94 3.50 3.72 4.23
55 1.30 1.67 2.00 2.67 2.92 3.48 3.70 4.20
60 1.30 1.67 2.00 2.66 2.91 3.46 3.68 4.17
65 1.29 1.67 2.00 2.65 2.91 3.45 3.66 4.15
70 1.29 1.67 1.99 2.65 2.90 3.43 3.65 4.13
75 1.29 1.67 1.99 2.64 2.89 3.42 3.64 4.11
80 1.29 1.66 1.99 2.64 2.89 3.42 3.63 4.10
85 1.29 1.66 1.99 2.63 2.88 3.41 3.62 4.08
90 1.29 1.66 1.99 2.63 2.88 3.40 3.61 4.07
95 1.29 1.66 1.99 2.63 2.87 3.40 3.60 4.06
100 1.29 1.66 1.98 2.63 2.87 3.39 3.60 4.05
200 1.29 1.65 1.97 2.60 2.84 3.34 3.54 3.97
500 1.28 1.65 1.96 2.59 2.82 3.31 3.50 3.92
1000 1.28 1.65 1.96 2.58 2.81 3.30 3.49 3.91
∞ 1.28 1.64 1.96 2.58 2.81 3.29 3.48 3.89

- 351 -
 ‫ول ف‬
‫در‪.‬‬ ‫در‪ 
.‬ا‪ +,‬ا>
‬
‫
‬
‫ا‪ +,‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫∞‬
‫ا‪
c3‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪161‬‬ ‫‪200‬‬ ‫‪216‬‬ ‫‪225‬‬ ‫‪230‬‬ ‫‪234‬‬ ‫‪239‬‬ ‫‪244‬‬ ‫‪254‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪18.5‬‬ ‫‪19.0‬‬ ‫‪19.2‬‬ ‫‪19.3‬‬ ‫‪19.3‬‬ ‫‪19.3‬‬ ‫‪19.4‬‬ ‫‪19.4‬‬ ‫‪19.5‬‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪10.1‬‬ ‫‪9.6‬‬ ‫‪9.3‬‬ ‫‪9.1‬‬ ‫‪9.0‬‬ ‫‪8.9‬‬ ‫‪8.8‬‬ ‫‪8.7‬‬ ‫‪8.5‬‬

‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪7.7‬‬ ‫‪6.9‬‬ ‫‪6.6‬‬ ‫‪6.4‬‬ ‫‪6.3‬‬ ‫‪6.2‬‬ ‫‪6.0‬‬ ‫‪5.9‬‬ ‫‪5.6‬‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6.6‬‬ ‫‪5.8‬‬ ‫‪5.4‬‬ ‫‪5.2‬‬ ‫‪5.1‬‬ ‫‪5.0‬‬ ‫‪4.8‬‬ ‫‪4.7‬‬ ‫‪4.4‬‬

‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪6.0‬‬ ‫‪5.1‬‬ ‫‪4.8‬‬ ‫‪4.5‬‬ ‫‪4.4‬‬ ‫‪4.3‬‬ ‫‪4.2‬‬ ‫‪4.0‬‬ ‫‪3.7‬‬

‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪5.6‬‬ ‫‪4.7‬‬ ‫‪4.4‬‬ ‫‪4.1‬‬ ‫‪4.0‬‬ ‫‪3.9‬‬ ‫‪3.7‬‬ ‫‪3.6‬‬ ‫‪3.2‬‬

‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪5.3‬‬ ‫‪4.5‬‬ ‫‪4.1‬‬ ‫‪3.8‬‬ ‫‪3.7‬‬ ‫‪3.6‬‬ ‫‪3.4‬‬ ‫‪3.3‬‬ ‫‪2.9‬‬

‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪5.1‬‬ ‫‪4.3‬‬ ‫‪3.9‬‬ ‫‪3.6‬‬ ‫‪3.5‬‬ ‫‪3.4‬‬ ‫‪3.2‬‬ ‫‪3.1‬‬ ‫‪2.7‬‬

‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪5.0‬‬ ‫‪4.1‬‬ ‫‪3.7‬‬ ‫‪3.5‬‬ ‫‪3.3‬‬ ‫‪3.2‬‬ ‫‪3.1‬‬ ‫‪2.9‬‬ ‫‪2.5‬‬

‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪4.8‬‬ ‫‪4.0‬‬ ‫‪3.6‬‬ ‫‪3.4‬‬ ‫‪3.2‬‬ ‫‪3.1‬‬ ‫‪3.0‬‬ ‫‪2.8‬‬ ‫‪2.4‬‬

‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪4.8‬‬ ‫‪3.9‬‬ ‫‪3.5‬‬ ‫‪3.3‬‬ ‫‪3.1‬‬ ‫‪3.0‬‬ ‫‪2.9‬‬ ‫‪2.7‬‬ ‫‪2.3‬‬

‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪4.7‬‬ ‫‪3.8‬‬ ‫‪3.4‬‬ ‫‪3.2‬‬ ‫‪3.0‬‬ ‫‪2.9‬‬ ‫‪2.8‬‬ ‫‪2.6‬‬ ‫‪2.2‬‬

‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪4.6‬‬ ‫‪3.7‬‬ ‫‪3.3‬‬ ‫‪3.1‬‬ ‫‪3.0‬‬ ‫‪2.9‬‬ ‫‪2.7‬‬ ‫‪2.5‬‬ ‫‪2.1‬‬

‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪4.5‬‬ ‫‪3,7‬‬ ‫‪3.3‬‬ ‫‪3.1‬‬ ‫‪2.9‬‬ ‫‪2.8‬‬ ‫‪2.6‬‬ ‫‪2.5‬‬ ‫‪2.1‬‬

‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪4.5‬‬ ‫‪3.6‬‬ ‫‪3.2‬‬ ‫‪3.0‬‬ ‫‪2.9‬‬ ‫‪2.7‬‬ ‫‪2.6‬‬ ‫‪2.4‬‬ ‫‪2.0‬‬

‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪4.5‬‬ ‫‪3.6‬‬ ‫‪3.2‬‬ ‫‪3.0‬‬ ‫‪2.8‬‬ ‫‪2.7‬‬ ‫‪2.6‬‬ ‫‪2.4‬‬ ‫‪2.0‬‬

‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪4.4‬‬ ‫‪3.6‬‬ ‫‪3.2‬‬ ‫‪2.9‬‬ ‫‪2.8‬‬ ‫‪2.7‬‬ ‫‪2.5‬‬ ‫‪2.3‬‬ ‫‪1.9‬‬

‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪4.4‬‬ ‫‪3.5‬‬ ‫‪3.1‬‬ ‫‪2.9‬‬ ‫‪2.7‬‬ ‫‪2.6‬‬ ‫‪2.5‬‬ ‫‪2.3‬‬ ‫‪1.9‬‬

‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪4.4‬‬ ‫‪3.5‬‬ ‫‪3.1‬‬ ‫‪2.9‬‬ ‫‪2.7‬‬ ‫‪2.6‬‬ ‫‪2.5‬‬ ‫‪2.3‬‬ ‫‪1.8‬‬

‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪4.3‬‬ ‫‪3.5‬‬ ‫‪3.1‬‬ ‫‪2.8‬‬ ‫‪2.7‬‬ ‫‪2.6‬‬ ‫‪2.4‬‬ ‫‪2.3‬‬ ‫‪1.8‬‬

‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪4.3‬‬ ‫‪3.4‬‬ ‫‪3.1‬‬ ‫‪2.8‬‬ ‫‪2.7‬‬ ‫‪2.6‬‬ ‫‪2.4‬‬ ‫‪2.2‬‬ ‫‪1.8‬‬

‫‪- 352 -‬‬

23 4.3 3.4 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.2 1.8

24 4.3 3.4 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.2 1.7

25 4.2 3.4 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.2 1.7

26 4.2 3.4 3.0 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.2 1.7

27 4.2 3.4 3.0 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.1 1.7

28 4.2 3.3 3.0 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.1 1.7

29 4.2 3.3 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.1 1.6

30 4.2 3.3 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.1 1.6

40 4.1 3.2 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.0 1.5

60 4.0 3.2 2.8 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.4

120 3.9 3.1 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.3

∞ 3.8 3.0 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.8 1.0

- 353 -
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13- http://www.mohp.gov.eg/Sec/Heducation/tadrib/5.doc

14- http://www.arab-api.org/course13/c13_4.htm

15- http://dentarab.com/site/index.php?page=show_det&id=178

- 356 -
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