Flow Area,

Open Channels Geometrical A flow – Rectangular = 𝐵𝐷

Properties – Trapezoidal = 𝐵𝐷 + 𝑛𝐷 2
– Triangular = 𝑛𝐷 2
– Pipe more than half
𝑑2
& pipe less than half = (𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃)
8

Wetted
Parameter, P – Rectangular = 𝐵 + 2𝐷
– Trapezoidal = 𝐵 + 2𝐷√1 + 𝑛2
– Triangular = 2𝐷√1 + 𝑛2
– Pipe more than half
𝜃𝐷
& pipe less than half =
2

Hydraulic Mean 𝐴
Depth, m – 𝑚=
𝑃

Flowrate Value is given In Question

Chezy’s Q  Av, v  C mi
Equation
Calculate using Bazin Equation
 Q  AC mi
Ganguilet & Kutter
Optimum Cross-section @
Equation
Maximum Discharge 1 23 12
Manning’s Q  Av, v  m i
Equation N

A 23 12 Refer table
Q  m i
N
Key formula

– Rectangular , 𝐵 = 2𝐷
– Trapezoidal , 𝜃 = 60° 𝑜𝑟 𝐵 = 2𝐷(√1 + 𝑛2 − 𝑛)
– Triangular , 𝜃 = 45° 𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 1
– Pipe more than half & pipe less than half :- 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒, 𝐷 = 0.95𝑑
𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝐷 = 0.81𝑑
 3 𝑞2
Non-Uniform Rectangular Using this equation q2 𝐷𝑐 = √
Flow 1 𝑔 Specific energy
Section 3
gDc
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √𝑔𝐷𝑐3 𝑣2 𝑞2
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √𝑔𝐷𝑐3 𝐸=𝐷+ or 𝐸 = 𝐷 +
2𝑔 2𝑔𝐷2

𝑣𝑐 = √𝑔𝐷𝑐
Tranquil Critical Shooting 3
𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐷𝑐 2
Other name Subcritical - Supercritical 2 𝐷𝑐 = 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛
3
Depth D > Dc D = Dc D < Dc
Q 2T
Velocity v < vc v = vc v > vc
Non- Using this equation 1 Specific energy
Rectangular A3 g
Froude number Fr < 1 Fr = 1 Fr > 1 𝑄2
Section 𝐸 = 𝐷 + 2𝑔𝐴2
Channel slope Mild ( so < sc ) Critical ( so = sc ) Steep ( so > sc ) Q  Acvc  Av , vc  Q
Ac
Flow free fall over the weir.

Q  1.705BE 2
32
Broad Crested
, z  E1  E2 , D2  Dc , D  D1  D2  z
Weir Downstream leve
 E1 free
z Flow  E2fall D2 the
, over , D  D1  D2  z
Dcweir.
2 gh
l raised
Narrow Throat: (Free water surface does not pass through Dc) Q  B2 D2 2 , where as h = D1
Venturi Flume B D 
1   2 2 
 B1D1 
Very Narrow Throat: (Free water surface pass through Dc) Standing Wave

Q  1.705 B2 E2
32

1 1
D2  D1 (1  1  8Fr1 ) or D1  D2 (1  1  8Fr2 )
2 2
Hydraulic Jump 2 2
 v  
2
v 
2
( D  D1 )3
h j  E  E1  E2   D1  1    D2  2  or h j  2
 2g   2g  4 D1 D2

Pj  gQh j