Tomas del Rosario College

Capitol Drive, San Jose, Balanga City, Bataan

College of Accountancy

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AWARENESS

OF THE ADOLESCENT STUDENTS IN

TOMAS DEL ROSARIO COLLEGE

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for GE-3,

The Contemporary World

Romin, Angelika Rose P.

Guardian, Michaella P. Laygo, Francine M.

Marcelo, Pherlyn Glenn T. Medina, Angel Mhaye A.

November 2019
 APPROVAL SHEET

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for GE-3, The Contemporary World, this

research entitled HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AWARENESS OF THE

ADOLESCENT STUDENTS IN TOMAS DEL ROSARIO COLLEGE, has been

prepared and submitted by Angelika Rose P. Romin, Michaella P. Guardian, Francine M.

Laygo, Pherlyn Glenn T. Marcelo, and Angel Mhaye A. Medina.

Accepted and approved as a partial requirement for GE-3, The Contemporary

World with a grade of ________.

AUREA G. PARBO

Instructor
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It would not have been possible for us to write this research paper without the help

and support of the kind people around us, so we would like to extend our deepest gratitude

to all individuals who contributed in making this research paper possible.

Above all, we are very grateful to our Almighty God for giving us healthy mind

and body, strength and intelligence. We are also thankful to him for guiding and

establishing us to finish this research paper.

Our appreciation also extends to the adolescent students for actively participating

and contributing in our research through answering our questionnaires gladly and

completely.

We would like to acknowledge also our research adviser who has been there to

support and guide us from the beginning up to the end. Thank you Mrs. Aurea G. Parbo,

without your advice and judgment this research would not have a good result.

We would like also to express our sincere gratitude to our parents for their

continuous support financially and morally and for encouraging us to strive harder.

We are also thankful to our fellow researchers for letting us use their extra time to

accomplish all the necessary information needed to finish this research.

 CHAPTER I

PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

We all know something about certain diseases. Like how bad they are, when there’s

a breakout or what it means when a friend or family member gets sick. But that’s mostly

all we know – the face value, doom and gloom of it all. Raising awareness of health issues

is important because many of our societies are directly affected by it, and yet hugely

misinformed. (Sa-Holistic-Health.co.za, 2018)

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks cells that help the body

fight infection, making a person more vulnerable to other infections and diseases. It is

spread by contact with certain bodily fluids of a person with HIV, most commonly during

unprotected sex (sex without a condom or HIV medicine to prevent or treat HIV), or

through sharing injection drug equipment. If left untreated, HIV can lead to the disease

AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). The human body can’t get rid of HIV and

no effective HIV cure exists. So, once you have HIV, you have it for life.

However, by taking HIV medicine (called antiretroviral therapy or ART), people

with HIV can live long and healthy lives and prevent transmitting HIV to their sexual

partners. In addition, there are effective methods to prevent getting HIV through sex or

drug use, including pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and post-exposure prophylaxis

(PEP). (hiv.gov, 2019)

They believe that the chimpanzee version of the immunodeficiency virus (called

Simian Immunodeficiency Virus or SIV) most likely was transmitted to humans and
mutated into HIV when humans hunted these chimpanzees for meat and came into contact

with their infected blood. Over decades, the virus slowly spread across Africa and later into

other parts of the world. The earliest known case of infection with HIV-1 in a human was

detected in a blood sample collected in 1959 from a man in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic

of the Congo. (How he became infected is not known.) Genetic analysis of this blood

sample suggested that HIV-1 may have stemmed from a single virus in the late 1940s or

early 1950s.

We know that the virus has existed in the United States since at least the mid- to

late 1970s. From 1979–1981 rare types of pneumonia, cancer, and other illnesses were

being reported by doctors in Los Angeles and New York among a number of male patients

who had sex with other men. These were conditions not usually found in people with

healthy immune systems.

The first case of HIV infection in the Philippines was reported in January 1984. In

January 2019, there were 1,249 newly confirmed HIV-positive individuals reported to the

HIV/AIDS & ART Registry of the Philippines. Sixteen percent had clinical manifestations

of advanced HIV infection at the time of diagnosis.

One of the most important things to do to prevent transmission is knowing your

status. HIV is a very controllable disease as long as it is detected early and has not yet done

major damage to your organs most specially the Liver, Kidneys and the Brain.

In Bataan, HIV cases is also undeniable specially among the youth. As a youth, the

researchers are aware of this situation that takes place in the province. This awareness led

the researchers to think of a possible way by helping the government in giving awareness

about HIV.
 Therefore, the researchers conducted this research to determine the Human

Immunodeficiency Virus awareness of the adolescent students in Tomas del Rosario

College.

The main purpose of this research is to enlighten the government about the

awareness of the adolescent students in HIV. This enable them to know whether they need

to make an action or not in giving knowledge to people regarding HIV.

Statement of the Problem

The research aims to indicate the general problem of the study: What is the Human

Immunodeficiency Virus Awareness of the Adolescent Students in Tomas del Rosario

College?

Specifically, the study seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What are the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Sex;

1.2 Age;

1.3 Year level?

2. How may the awareness of the adolescent students regarding Human

Immunodeficiency Virus be described in terms of:

2.1 Causes;

2.2 Symptoms;

2.3 Transmission;

2.4 Prevention;

2.5 Treatments?
 3. Is there an adequate knowledge among the adolescent students regarding Human

Immunodeficiency Virus?

Significance of the Study

The purpose of this study is to determine the Human Immunodeficiency Virus

awareness of the adolescent students in Tomas del Rosario College.

The results of this study could be beneficial to the following:

Government. As the study focuses on the consciousness of the youth today

regarding HIV, the government will most benefit from this research since they oversee the

prevention of the rapid growth of HIV cases in the country. Through this research, they can

identify whether the people, specifically adolescents, are well informed about this kind of

virus or they still need to make another course of action to disseminate all the information

needed by the people which may result to drop of HIV cases.

Teachers. This study benefits the teachers since nowadays, giving awareness to

students regarding HIV in the school is one of the strategies used by the government to

reduce HIV cases among the youth. Since there are subjects wherein HIV can be taught,

they can use this research to identify what knowledge are still needed to imply in the mind

of the students.

Parents. Parents are the one who mold their children. They are every child’s first

teacher. This study will benefit them since this will lead them to guide and educate their

children about HIV at an early age.

Teenagers. Despite the presence of internet today, it’s undeniable that everyone is

not using it for enlightenment. That’s why this study benefit the teenagers for it will be an
eye-opener for them to be more conscious in the viruses and diseases that takes place in

their surroundings.

Future Researchers. This will also be a big help to future researchers, because

they are the ones searching for practical research topics that can contribute to the

improvement of the society. The output of this study can help them determine more and

better research topics that they can perform to have continuous discovery of facts and

improvement of the quality of life.

Scope and Delimitation

This study focuses on the knowledge of the adolescents about Human

Immunodeficiency Virus. This research is conducted to determine the Human

Immunodeficiency Virus awareness of the adolescent students in Tomas del Rosario

College.

The respondents of this research will be adolescent students (from Junior High

School up to College), giving the required data needed answering a questionnaire

containing related questions to acquire information about their knowledge on Human

Immunodeficiency Virus. They are narrowed to a total of 50 respondents due to time

impediment.

The researchers will then evaluate the results collected using statistical

measurements to know if the students are really aware about this kind of virus. Through

this survey questionnaire, the researchers will conclude whether adolescents are

knowledgeable enough about Human Immunodeficiency Virus or not. The locale of this
research is only within the vicinity of Tomas del Rosario College. The researchers only

have a minimal amount of time which is approximately two weeks to conduct this study.

Definition of Terms

Adolescents - as any person between ages 10 and 19.

AIDS - byname and acronym of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, transmissible

disease of the immune system caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).

Awareness – knowledge that something exists or understanding of a situation or subject at

the present time based on information or experience.

Cancer - group of more than 100 distinct diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth

of abnormal cells in the body.

Chimpanzees - species of ape that, along with the bonobo, is most closely related

to humans.

Immune system - the complex group of defense responses found in humans and other

advanced vertebrates that helps repel disease-causing organisms (pathogens).

Immunodeficiency - defect in immunity that impairs the body’s ability to resist infection.

Genetic - relating to the biological process by which the characteristics of living things are

passed from parents to children.

Pneumonia - inflammation and consolidation of the lung tissue as a result of infection,

inhalation of foreign particles, or irradiation.

Virus - an infectious agent of small size and simple composition that can multiply only in

living cells of animals, plants, or bacteria. The name is from a Latin word meaning “slimy

liquid” or “poison.”
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES

Related Theories

Related theory is a framework for the study of cognition, proposed primarily in

order to provide a psychologically realistic account of communication.

Disease Progression Theory by Kalichman.

The Disease Progression Theory by Kalichman 1995 states that HIV transmission

is propelled by behavioral factors, theories about how individuals change their behavior

have provided the foundation for most HIV prevention efforts worldwide. Behavioral

changes occur by altering potential risk-producing situations and social relationships, risk

perceptions, attitudes, self-efficacy beliefs, intentions and outcome expectations.

Individuals disclose their HIV diagnosis as they become ill because when HIV progresses

to AIDS, they can no longer keep it a secret. Disease progression often results in

hospitalizations and physical deterioration, which, in some cases, mandates individuals to

explain their illness.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus is a latent virus that should not be ignored by any

individual. Every individual should have a proper awareness and behavior towards this

virus. Getting tested for HIV is very important to decrease the spread of the virus and save

many lives. The affected persons should start treatment as soon as possible to help their
health circumstances and strengthen their immune system, as this virus destroy the cells in

our immune system that fight off other infections in the human body.

Theory of Reasoned Action by Fishbein and Ajzen.

The theory of reasoned action by Fishbein and Ajzen mid-1960s is based on the

assumptions that human beings are usually quite rational and make systematic use of the

information available to them. This theory focuses of personal intention in determining

whether a behavior will occur.

‘Normative beliefs’ play a central role in the theory, and generally focus on what

an individual believes other people, especially influential people, would expect him/her to

do. One example is, a person to start using condoms, his attitude might be “having a sex

with condoms is just as good as having sex without condoms” and subjective norms could

be “most of my peers are using condoms, they would expect me to do so as well”.

It is very important that proper and useful information are generally recognized by

individual. The information about HIV, its causes, symptoms, how could it be prevented,

and other information should be disseminated to everyone. With this information, an

individual will understand a certain behavior or actions and be able to examine if those

should be performed or not. The theory suggests that stronger intentions lead to increased

effort to perform the behavior, which also increases the likelihood for the behavior to be

performed. This means that, if everyone is knowledgeable and doing the proper preventive

measures of having an HIV, this virus will be prevented by an individual and will not

spread continuously.

Theory of Looking-glass Self by Cooley.

 The Theory of Looking-glass Self by Cooley (1902) believed that we form our self-

images through interaction with other people. He was particularly interested in how

significant others shape us as individuals. A Significant Other is someone whose opinions

matter to us and who is in a position to influence our thinking, especially about ourselves. A

significant other can be anyone, such as a parent, sibling, spouse, or best friend.

This theory is also about socialization that defines as the process by which children

and adults learn from others. It is how we learn to fit into the world in which we live. The

two main agents of socialization can be seen as Primary and Secondary. Primary agents

include family and friends. The secondary agents of socialization are those institutions or

places that help an individual find his place within the society. These include religious

institutions, schools, workplaces, etc.

These agents are very important to people and have a big impact on everyone’s life.

Education starts within our home; it is not only about the lessons that one can gain from

the subjects in school but also the awareness and knowledge about what is happening in

the community. The agents of socialization play an important role in shaping the life and

behavior of an individual within the society. It is very important that everyone in the society

knows everything about that so called ‘HIV’ to help every individual to be aware and guide

each other to prevent and stop this epidemic virus.

Related Literature

HIV vs. AIDS

According to Daniel Murrell, MD (2018), it can be easy to confuse HIV and AIDS.

They are different diagnoses, but they do go hand-in-hand: HIV is a virus that can lead to
a condition called AIDS, also known as stage 3 HIV. HIV is a virus that can lead to immune

system deterioration. The term “HIV” stands for human immunodeficiency virus. The

name describes the virus: only humans can contract it, and it attacks the immune system.

As a result, the immune system is unable to work as effectively as it should. While HIV is

a Virus that may cause an infection, AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is a

condition. Contracting HIV can lead to the development of AIDS.

This article explains the difference between HIV and AIDS. HIV is an infection

that can lead to an AIDS which is a serious condition. It is very important that every

individual knows the difference between the two to avoid misconceptions. Both are illness

that should be avoided, and every individual should have sufficient knowledge on how

these can be transmitted and how they can protect themselves.

Causes

Malani, MD, MSJ (2016) article explained the causes of HIV. Malani stated that,

you can get HIV only through certain activities and not from touching an infected person,

being in the same room as someone with HIV, or through contact with surfaces like toilet

seats. Instead, you can get it from certain fluids, including semen, vaginal secretions, rectal

fluids and blood. It was said that anal sex is the riskiest type of sexual activity. One can be

infected by sharing needles or other equipment to inject drugs with someone who has HIV.

Women with HIV infection can transmit the virus to their babies during pregnancy, at the

time of birth, or through breastfeeding. HIV infection is not transmitted through saliva.

The above article stated the different causes that leads to having an HIV. Health

and diseases have always been a concern in the society. Understanding the cause of virus
is the key to begin the process of finding remedy that could cure them. Through knowing

the causes, individual will be aware and cautious to their actions to avoid having certain

diseases.

Symptoms

According to HIV GOV, a website managed by United States Department of Health

& Human Services and supported by the minority HIV/AIDS fund, there are several

symptoms of HIV and not everyone will have the same symptoms. During acute HIV

infection, within 2 to 4 weeks after infection with HIV, about two-thirds of people will

have a flu-like illness. This is the body’s natural response to HIV infection flu-like

symptoms can include: Fever, chills, rash, night sweats, muscle aches, sore throat, fatigue,

swollen lymph nodes and mouth ulcers. These symptoms can last anywhere from a few

days to several weeks. But some people do not have any symptoms at all during this early

stage of HIV.

This article will be helpful, but no one should assume that they have HIV just

because they have any of these symptoms for these can be similar to symptoms of other

illnesses. So, it is suggested that individuals may consult a medical specialist and have an

HIV test especially those who are exposed to HIV. This article is a reference only of the

symptoms experienced by certain infected persons that anyone should not only rely on. It

is necessary that one should get tested and seek medical assistance to get assured of his

status and condition.

Transmission

The Center for Disease Control and Prevention an agency stated that, you can get

or transmit HIV only through specific activities. Most commonly, people get or transmit

HIV through sexual behaviors and needle or syringe use. Only certain body fluids—blood,

semen (cum), pre-seminal fluid (pre-cum), rectal fluids, vaginal fluids, and breast milk—

from a person who has HIV can transmit HIV. These fluids must come in contact with a

mucous membrane or damaged tissue or be directly injected into the bloodstream (from a

needle or syringe) for transmission to occur. Mucous membranes are found inside the

rectum, vagina, penis, and mouth. In the United States, HIV is spread mainly by having

anal or vaginal sex with someone who has HIV without using a condom or taking

medicines to prevent or treat HIV. Less commonly, HIV may be spread from mother to

child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding and other certain activities who have a direct

contact with the infected person.

This article will help the individual to learn more about how to lower the HIV risk

and getting transmitted by infected persons. Understanding of mechanisms of disease

transmission provide greatest opportunities for further reductions and implementing proper

infection control measures.

Prevention

Agarwal stated on his article that health is the greatest assets a person possesses. It

is an important gift by nature to us. Health is precious and everyone must look after it

carefully. Diseases are the worst enemies of good health. There are various kinds of
bacteria and viruses in the atmosphere which can attack man and make him ill. How could

diseases be kept away? The best way to do so is by preventing these diseases from affecting

us. It is wise to prevent a disease rather than trying to cure it once it has already affected a

person. Many medicines have been invented for the cure of almost every disease.

Prevention is always better than cure. It is better to prevent disease rather than to

try to find cures after they occur. Prevention of diseases is our investment to ourselves. No

one wants to pay a large sum of money in future to get treated by any illnesses. HIV is a

virus that can be prevented with enough knowledge and awareness in the surroundings.

Treatments

Amanda B. Keener (2015) article stated that researchers design antibody-like

proteins to awaken and destroy HIV holdouts. millions of people living with HIV

worldwide, a life-long commitment to antiretroviral drugs is a must. Without these

drugs, reservoirs of HIV hiding within resting T cells throughout the body can easily

resurge and cause disease. In a study published yesterday (October 20) in Nature

Communications, researchers from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious

Diseases (NIAID) in Bethesda, Maryland, described a bispecific antibody-like protein that

attacks those reservoirs by coaxing HIV out of hiding and targeting infected cells for

destruction.

Health is people’s wealth. Staying healthy and getting proper treatment is very

important. However, human body can’t get rid of HIV and no effective HIV cure exists.

So, once you have HIV, you have it for life. But being aware of the treatments they can

have may extend their life.

Related Studies

“Study of knowledge, perception and attitude of adolescent girls towards STIs/HIV,

safer sex and sex education: (A cross sectional survey of urban adolescent school girls in

South Delhi, India)” conducted by Alexandra McManus and Lipi Dhar.

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI's), including HIV (Human

Immunodeficiency Virus) mainly affects sexually active young people. Young adults aged

15–29 years, account for 32% of AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) cases

reported in India and the number of young women living with HIV/AIDS is twice that of

young men. The aim of the study was to evaluate adolescent school girls' knowledge,

perceptions and attitudes towards STIs/HIV and safer sex practice and sex education and

to explore their current sexual behaviour in India.

A cross sectional study was carried out in 2007 in South Delhi, India to investigate

the perception, knowledge and attitude of adolescent urban schoolgirls towards sexually

transmitted Infections (STIs), HIV/AIDS, safer sex practice and sex education. the self-

administered questionnaire was completed by 251 female students from two senior

secondary schools.

More than one third of students in this study had no accurate understanding about

the signs and symptoms of STIs other than HIV/AIDS. About 30% of respondents

considered HIV/AIDS could be cured, 49% felt that condoms should not be available to

youth, 41% were confused about whether the contraceptive pill could protect against HIV

infection and 32% thought it should only be taken by married women.

 Though controversial, there is an immense need to implement gender-based sex

education regarding STIs, safe sex options and contraceptives in schools in India

(McManus & Dhar, 2008).

“Knowledge About HIV/AIDS Among Secondary School Students” by Pratibha

Gupta, Fatima Anjum, Pankaj Bhardwaj, JP Srivastav, and Zeashan Haider Zaidi.

HIV/AIDS has emerged as the single most formidable challenge to public health.

School children of today are exposed to the risk of HIV/AIDS.

The study was conducted to determine the knowledge among secondary school

students regarding HIV/AIDS and provide suggestions for HIV/AIDS education in

schools.

A cross-sectional study was conducted among students of tenth to twelfth standard

in the intermediate schools of Lucknow, India, from July to October 2011. A total of 215

students, both boys and girls, were enrolled in the study.

In this study, for majority of the students (85%), the source of information about

HIV/AIDS was the television. Regarding knowledge about modes of transmission of

HIV/AIDS among girl students, 95.1% of them told that it is through unprotected sex. A

total of 75.8% students said that it was transmitted from mother to child.

It was observed that the knowledge of the school students was quite satisfactory for

most of the variables like modes of transmission, including mother-to-child transmission

of the disease. However, schools should come forward to design awareness campaigns for

the benefit of the students (Gupta et. al., 2013).

 “HIV/AIDS knowledge and sexual behavior of female young adults in the

Philippines” conducted by Michael R.M. Abrigo.

The impact of sex education on various behavioral outcomes has been well-studied

in the literature. However, these studies fail to account for the simultaneity between

knowledge demand and sexual behavior, leading to inconsistent effect estimates using

simple comparison of means from randomized control interventions. A theoretical model

of sexual behavior and STI information demand is proposed to motivate the discussion.

We show that the effect of STI knowledge on sexual behavior depends on how information

affects the expected cost from sexual activity. We provide empirical evidence using

Philippine data that increasing HIV/AIDS knowledge delays sexual initiation, limits sexual

activity, and increases condom-use among some sub-population of female young adults

(Abrigo, 2017).

“Knowledge and Attitude on HIV and AIDS: Standpoint of College Students of the

University of the Immaculate Conception” by Maribeth Q. Galindo.

HIV/AIDS has been a global concern. According to UNAIDS, the Philippines is

one of the seven countries in the world and the only country in Southeast Asia which

reported an increasing trend in the number of people infected with HIV. Thus, this

investigation determined the knowledge and attitude of college students of the University

of the Immaculate Conception on Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired

Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). This is a correlation study which examined

whether their knowledge on HIV/AIDS has something to do with their attitude towards it,

basing on the premise that the more informed a person is on matters related to HIV/AIDS,
the more appropriate his or her attitude towards it is formed. A survey using an adapted

questionnaire was conducted to 380 randomly selected college students of the University

of the Immaculate Conception, Davao City, Philippines. Findings of the study revealed a

high level of knowledge on HIV/ AIDS and a moderately positive attitude towards all the

aspects involved in dealing with these health issues. Subjecting the data to Pearson r

analysis, it was found that there is a significant moderate relationship between the

knowledge and attitude on HIV/AIDS from the standpoint of the college students (Galindo,

2014).

Sexually transmitted diseases are the major health problem affecting mostly young

people, not only in developing, but also in developed countries.

Adolescents are exposed to the risk of being victims of HIV/AIDS, mostly because of a

low level of awareness of HIV and inadequate access to HIV prevention and treatment

services. The studies above show that youth’s understanding about HIV is still not enough

and still need to be improve. It also shows that having a high level of awareness among

some youth change their perspective in sexual aspects wherein they tend to delay sexual

initiation and limit sexual activity which will eventually prevent the increase of HIV cases

among them. It is interconnected on this paper for this aims to examine the understanding

of the students regarding HIV which will be use as an enlightenment for the society that

HIV is not just a simple virus, people must be cautious about it.
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the techniques or methods that the researchers used to gather

necessary data and information that will be use in the entire study. The researchers show

the respondents of the study, data gathering procedure, and statistical analysis of the data.

Through this, researchers described the procedure that they used in data collection.

Researchers gathered data to assess the awareness of the adolescent students

regarding Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

Research Design

The researchers will use quantitative design to find out the awareness of the

adolescent students of Tomas Del Rosario College regarding the Human

Immunodeficiency Virus. In this design, the researchers aimed on how many people think,

act or feel in a specific way and it focuses on emotional insight.

Research Locale

The researchers conducted the study in Tomas del Rosario College. Since this study

aims to assess the knowledge of students about HIV, Tomas del Rosario College was

chosen to be a research locale for it is one of the schools located in Balanga City wherein

this city and two other big towns in Bataan are reported to have a number of HIV cases that

need to be addressed immediately. Owing to this, the public is urged to have a “Safe and

protected intercourse and is strongly advised as three localities in Bataan are classified into

Category A in HIV cases. To protect the public from this alarming virus, 100% testing,
increased condom use, and awareness of youth about HIV are some of the ways to reverse

the trend of AIDS,” according to Joseph Michael Manlutac, regional program coordinator

on Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Tomas del Rosario College as a research locale can

give information to the governing agency on HIV about the awareness of the youth

nowadays with regard to Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of the study are the adolescent students of Tomas Del Rosario

College composed of both male and female. The proponent had come up with 30

respondents with an age ranging from twelve to nineteen years old. It comprises the Junior

High School, Senior High School and College.

Table 1: Respondents of the Study

Population Sample

Junior High School 10

Senior High School 908 10

College 10

Total 30

The researchers will gather related information using simple random sampling and

further evaluate it through statistical measurements.

Research Instrument
 The researchers will apply self-completion survey questionnaire to gather all the

necessary information because the study is intended to attain its purpose of determining

the knowledge of the adolescents’ students in Tomas Del Rosario with respect to Human

Immunodeficiency Virus.

This survey contains questions about the cause, symptoms, treatment, and other

things about Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

The respondents are requested to shade the circle that corresponds to their answers.

The results will be further evaluated and computed by the researchers using relevant

formula to statistics.

Sex: _____ Age: _____ Year Level: _____

Kindly shade (●) the circle that corresponds to your answers. This questionnaire is

only intended for research purposes of Accountancy students of Tomas del Rosario College

(TRC) conducting a quantitative research with the title: ‘Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Awareness of the Adolescent Students in Tomas del Rosario College’.

1. Is Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) same with Acquired Immunodeficiency

Syndrome (AIDS)?

○ Yes

○ No

2. What is the cause of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)?

○ From Chimpanzees

○ Unprotected sex

○ Many sexual partners

 3. What are the symptoms of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)?

○ Fever

○ Sore throat

○ Headache

○ Muscle aches and joint pain

○ Swollen glands/swollen lymph nodes

○ Skin rash

○ Coughing up blood

○ Extreme tiredness

4. Is Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) contagious?

○ Yes

○ No

If yes, in what ways it can be transmitted?

○ Saliva

○ Blood transfusion/contact

○ Body fluids like semen

○ Air/Water

○ Vaginal or anal sex

○ Sharing drug needles/syringe

○ Skin-to-skin contact

○ Breast milk

5. Is there a way to prevent Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)?

○ Yes
 ○ No

6. Is Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) curable?

○ Yes

○ No

7. Is Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) fatal?

○ Yes

○ No

8. Can you distinguish people having Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) by just

looking at them?

○ Yes

○ No

9. Why does the number of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) cases is

continuously growing?

○ Lack of awareness

○ No government actions

○ Irresponsibility of people

○ Having unprotected sex

10. Why does Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) among the youth becomes

epidemic?

○ Engaging in premarital/extramarital sex

○ Having unprotected sex

○ Blood transfusion/contact with a person having HIV

○ Skin-to-skin contact with a person having HIV

Statistical Analysis

After collecting the data needed, the researchers tabulated the gathered data. In

order to ensure the accuracy of all the data gathered, we have used the following statistical

tools:

Frequency

In statistics, the frequency (or absolute frequency) of an event is the number

of times the event occurred in an experiment or study.

Percentage

Percentage is number or ratio expressed as a fraction of 100. It is often

denoted using the percent sign, “%”. The researchers used the percentage in order

for them to prove that all information gathered are complete, exact and accurate.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers followed some procedures in order to achieve the objectives of this

study. They used survey questionnaire in a form of shading which covered all variables in

the statement of the problem in collecting data for this research. The survey was created by

First Year Bachelor of Science in Accountancy student researchers of Tomas del Rosario

College. The survey was composed of 10 questions which were related to the

comprehension of students in respect to Human Immunodeficiency Virus. As the

researchers presented the questionnaire to their research adviser, Mrs. Aurea Parbo and it

has been validated, these were distributed to the adolescent students of Tomas del Rosario

College using simple random sampling. In gathering the data, the researchers made it clear

that the information that will be collected will be merely used for research purposes.
Guidance of the researchers was given to the respondents so they can answer the questions

properly where the instructions were clarified and queries about the terms presented on the

surveys were answered promptly. After they answered the questionnaire, the researchers

collected the sheets and give thanks to them for participating and contributing in the said

research. After obtaining all the data, the researchers then calculated the awareness of

students about HIV using statistical measurements. It is tallied, analyzed, and interpreted

accordingly.
 CHAPTER IV

ANAYLYSIS, PRESENTATION, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter represents the presentation, analysis and interpretation of data

obtained in the study. Its findings were based on the data gathered through the survey

questionnaires retrieved from the respondents. Those data were carefully analyzed to be

presented and interpret precisely. This shed light on assessing the awareness of the

adolescent students regarding Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

Demographic Profile of the Respondents

Table 2: Frequency Distribution of the Respondents According to their Sex

Junior Senior Percentage

Sex High High College Frequency (Relative

School School Frequency)

Male 5 5 5 15 50

Female 5 5 5 15 50

Total 10 10 10 30 100%

Table 2 shows the frequency distribution of the respondents which is the adolescent

students of Tomas del Rosario College according to their sex. It shows that the respondents

are equally distributed so that the different awareness of male and female can be

determined.
Table 2.1: Frequency Distribution of the Respondents According to Age

Junior Senior Percentage

Age High High College Frequency (Relative

School School Frequency)

12 1 0 0 1 3.33

13 2 0 0 2 6.67

14 4 0 0 4 13.33

15 2 0 0 2 6.67

16 1 0 0 1 3.33

17 0 7 0 7 23.33

18 0 3 1 4 13.33

19 0 0 9 9 30

Total 10 10 10 30 100%

Table 2.1 shows that our respondents are mostly 19 years of age which is 30% of

our 30 respondents. This is followed by students who are 17 years old which is 23.33% of

our respondents. Next are the respondents who are aged 14 and 18 which has the percentage

of 13.33%. The other 6.67% of our respondents are made up of students who are aged 13

and 15. The remaining 3.33% of our respondents are 12 and 16 years old which makes

them the lowest percentage of our respondents.

Table 2.2: Frequency Distribution of the Respondents According to Year Level

Percentage

Year Level Frequency (Relative Frequency)

Grade 7 1 3.33

Grade 8 5 16.67

Grade 9 3 10

Grade 10 1 3.33

Grade 11 6 20

Grade 12 4 13.33

1st Year College 8 26.67

2nd Year College 2 6.67

Total 30 100%

Table 2.2 presents the frequency distribution of the respondents according to their

year level. As shown above, first year college has the biggest sample consisting 26.67% of

the respondents. However, grade 7 and 10 has the least having 3.33% of the total

respondents.
Table 3: Frequency Distribution of the Respondents According to their Awareness of

Human Immunodeficiency Virus vs. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Junior Senior Percentage

HIV vs.
High High College Frequency (Relative
AIDS
School School Frequency)

Yes 0 4 4 8 26.67

No 10 6 6 22 73.33

Total 10 10 10 30 100%

HIV VS. AIDS

Yes No

27%

73%

Figure 1

The data gathered in table 3 and figure 1 clearly presents that 26.67% of the

respondents believed that HIV and AIDS is the same. However, majority of them, which
consist of 73.33%, are aware that they are different. This result determines that respondents

are at least knowledgeable enough regarding what is HIV and AIDS.

Table 4: Frequency Distribution of the Respondents According to the Cause of

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Junior Senior Percentage

Cause of HIV High High College Frequency (Relative

School School Frequency)

From
6 1 0 7 23.33
Chimpanzees

Unprotected
3 1 4 8 26.67
sex

Many sexual
1 8 6 15 50
partners

Total 10 10 10 30 100%
 Causes of HIV

From Chimpanzees Unprotected sex Many sexual partners

Figure 2

Table 4 and figure 2 shows the frequency distribution of the respondents regarding

the cause of Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Furthermore, 26.67% of the respondents

believed that the cause of HIV is the chimpanzees, 26.67% is due to unprotected sex and

half of them answered many sexual partners.

Table 5: Frequency Distribution of the Respondents According to the Symptoms of

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Junior Senior Percentage

Symptoms of HIV
High High College Frequency (Relative

School School Frequency)

 Fever 8 5 2 15 50

Sore throat 6 0 1 7 23.33

Headache 5 4 6 15 50

Muscle aches and

11 36.67
joint pain 9 0 2

Swollen

glands/swollen lymph 9 10 8 27 90

nodes

Skin rash 8 3 4 15 50

Coughing up blood 0 3 3 6 20

Extreme tiredness 1 0 2 3 10

Symptoms of HIV

Fever Sore throat

Headache Muscle aches and joint pain
Swollen glands/swollen lymph nodes Skin rash
Coughing up blood Extreme tiredness

Figure 3
 Table 5 and figure 3 presents the data of the respondent’s comprehension of the

symptoms of HIV. As the findings show that 90% of them are conscious that swollen

glands/ lymph nodes is one the symptoms of HIV.

Table 6: Frequency Distribution of the Respondents According to the

Contagiousness of Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Junior Senior Percentage

Contagiousness
High High College Frequency (Relative
of HIV
School School Frequency)

Yes 9 9 10 28 93.33

No 1 1 0 2 6.67

Total 10 10 10 30 100%

Contagiousness of HIV

Yes No

Figure 4
 Table 6 and figure 4 shows the frequency distribution of the respondents who

thought that HIV is contagious. Comprising 93.33% of the total respondents, the adolescent

students knew that HIV is communicable disease. This means that 6.67% aren’t conscious

that people with HIV can transmit it to them.

Table 6.1: Frequency Distribution of the Respondents According to their Awareness

on the Ways Human Immunodeficiency Virus can be Transmitted

Junior Senior Percentage

Ways HIV can be High High College Frequency (Relative

Transmitted School School Frequency)

Saliva 5 2 2 9 30

Blood 9 9 8 86.67
26
transfusion/contact

Body fluids like 56.67

17
semen 4 8 5

Air/Water 0 0 0 0 0

Vaginal or anal 8 9 9 86.67

26
sex

Sharing drug 9 8 6 76.67

23
needles/syringe
 Skin-to-skin 6 0 0 20
6
contact

Breast Milk 8 8 8 24 80

Ways HIV can be Transmitted

Saliva Blood transfusion/contact Body fluids like semen

Air/Water Vaginal or anal sex Sharing drug needles/syringe
Skin-to-skin contact Breast Milk

Figure 4.1

The data gathered in table 6.1 and figure 4.1 presents that 86.67% of the

respondents are aware that blood transfusion/contact and vaginal/ anal sex can really

transmit HIV to an uninfected person. However, there are still adolescents who mistakenly

thought that skin-to-skin contact and saliva is a way of transmitting the Human

Immunodeficiency Virus.

Table 7: Frequency Distribution of the Respondents According to their Awareness on

the Prevention of Human Immunodeficiency Virus

 Junior Senior Percentage
Awareness on the
High High College Frequency (Relative
Prevention of HIV
School School Frequency)

Yes 10 9 9 28 93.33

No 0 1 1 2 6.67

Total 10 10 10 30 100%

Awareness on the Prevention of HIV

Yes No

Figure 5

Table 7 and figure 5 presents the data about the respondents’ understanding

regarding the prevention of HIV. As shown above, 93.33% of the respondents answered

yes and 6.67% answered no. This validate that most of the adolescent students are informed

that there are ways to prevent HIV.

Table 8: Frequency Distribution of the Respondents According to their Awareness on

whether Human Immunodeficiency Virus is Curable or Not

Junior Senior Percentage

High High College Frequency (Relative

HIV is Curable
School School Frequency)

Yes 0 0 0 0 0

No 10 10 10 30 100

Total 10 10 10 30 100%

HIV is Curable

Yes No

Figure 6

Table 8 and figure 6 shows the data about the idea of the respondents on whether

HIV is curable or not. Base on the findings, all of them are well-informed that HIV cannot

be cured as it constitutes 100% of the respondents. This is a good thing because it means
that the students will be more cautious in their surroundings for they are much aware of the

consequence of having an HIV.

Table 9: Frequency Distribution of the Respondents According to their Awareness on

whether Human Immunodeficiency Virus is Fatal or Not

Junior Senior Percentage

HIV is Fatal High High College Frequency (Relative

School School Frequency)

Yes 4 5 3 12 40

No 6 5 7 18 60

Total 10 10 10 30 100%

HIV is Fatal

Yes No

Figure 7
 Table 9 and figure 7 shows the frequency distribution of the respondents who are

enlightened about HIV being fatal or not. Consisting 60% of the total respondents,

teenagers knew that HIV isn’t fatal. However, 40% thought that it can result to death of

infected person which is not impossible specially when left untreated and turned into an

AIDS.

Table 10: Frequency Distribution of the Respondents According to their Awareness

on Whether They Can Distinguish People Having Human Immunodeficiency Virus

by Just Looking at Them

Distinguish People Junior Senior Percentage

having HIV by looking High High College Frequency (Relative

at them School School Frequency)

Yes 5 2 0 7 23.33

No 5 8 10 23 76.67

Total 10 10 10 30 100%
 Distinguish People having HIV by looking at them

Yes No

Figure 8

Table 10 and figure 8 clearly presents the data which shows that respondents consist

of 76.67% knew that they cannot distinguish those people who have HIV through their

physical aspects. However, 23.33% think of the other way.

Table 11: Frequency Distribution of the Respondents According to the Reasons of the

Continuous Growth of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Cases

Reasons of the Junior Senior Percentage

Continuous Growth of High High College Frequency (Relative

HIV Cases School School Frequency)

Lack of awareness 4 8 9 21 70

No government 1 0 3 4 13.33

actions
 Irresponsibility of 7 7 8 22 73.33

people

Having unprotected 4 6 4 14 46.67

sex

Reasons of the Continuous Growth of HIV Cases

Lack of awareness No government actions Irresponsibility of people Having unprotected sex

Figure 9

Table 11 and figure 9 clearly presents the data regarding the reasons of the

continuous growth of HIV cases. Base on the results, adolescents thought that the

irresponsibility of people really contribute to the continuous increase of HIV carrier.

Table 12: Frequency Distribution of the Respondents According to the Reasons of

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Epidemic Among the Youth

 Junior Senior Percentage
Reasons of HIV
High High College Frequency (Relative
Epidemic Among the
School School Frequency)
Youth

Engaging in 4 8 2 14 46.67

premarital/extramarital

sex

Having unprotected sex 3 3 9 15 50

Blood 9 4 10 23 76.67

transfusion/contact with

a person having HIV

Skin-to-skin contact with 0 0 0 0 0

a person having HIV

Reasons of HIV Epidemic Among the Youth

Engaging in premarital/extramarital sex

Having unprotected sex
Blood transfusion/contact with a person having HIV
Skin-to-skin contact with a person having HIV
 Figure 10

Table 12 and figure 10 shows the data about the idea of the students on the reasons

why HIV cases among them is increasing. Base on the findings, majority of them thought

that it is because of the blood transfusion/contact with a person having HIV as it constitutes

76.67% of the respondents while none of them answered skin-to-skin contact to HIV carrier

meaning they’re much aware that it wouldn’t increase HIV cases among them.

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

This final chapter presents the summary of the whole research, conclusion and

recommendations derived from the analysis and interpretation of data.

Summary

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks cells that help the body

fight infection, making a person more vulnerable to other infections and diseases. It is

spread by contact with certain bodily fluids of a person with HIV. The human body can’t

get rid of HIV and no effective HIV cure exists. So, once you have HIV, you have it for

life.

They believe that the chimpanzee version of the immunodeficiency virus (called

Simian Immunodeficiency Virus or SIV) most likely was transmitted to humans and

mutated into HIV when humans hunted these chimpanzees for meat and came into contact

with their infected blood.

 Throughout the years, Human Immunodeficiency Virus have been spread around

the world. And it is undeniable that HIV already reach the Philippines, specifically the

Province of Bataan wherein Balanga City and two other big towns are reported to have a

number of HIV cases that need to be addressed immediately.

The main purpose of this research is to enlighten the government about the

awareness of the adolescent students in HIV. This enable them to know whether they need

to make an action or not in giving knowledge to people regarding HIV.

The research is supported with different theories, literatures and studies. A

quantitative design of research has been used to conduct this study. The respondents are

the adolescent students (Junior High School up to College) of Tomas del Rosario College

wherein they have been given a survey questionnaire to answer that will convey their

knowledge regarding Human Immunodeficiency Virus. The data is gathered using simple

random sampling and this will be evaluated using statistical measurements.

The result shows that majority of the adolescent students are knowledgeable enough

on what does HIV can do to people. However, there are still youth who have

misconceptions on HIV and need to be educate so that they can prevent this disease.

Conclusion

The research was used to sought answers for our topic “Human Immunodeficiency

Virus Awareness of the Adolescent Students in Tomas del Rosario College”.

After conducting this research, we have come up with several conclusions

regarding our topic.

1. The awareness of the students was derived from the selected variables:
 1.1. Cause

The researchers found out that only 26.67% of the respondents have the

knowledge that the said HIV came from the chimpanzee version of Simian

Immunodeficiency Virus SIV which was believed the main cause of Immunodeficiency

Virus to humans. The said information about the cause of HIV is not that transparent to

everyone since it is not taught in school, you can only discover it by doing a deep research

on the information about HIV.

1.2. Symptoms

Based on the result, majority are aware of the flu-like symptoms of having an

HIV. Hence, the medical specialist said that these symptoms cannot directly determine that

a person has an HIV, since these symptoms are similar to other illnesses.

1.3. Transmission

In terms of transmission, 86.67% of the respondents are aware that HIV can

be transmitted through blood transfusion/contact and vaginal/anal sex. Nevertheless, there

are still few mistakenly thought that it can be transmitted by skin-to-skin contact and

through saliva.

1.4. Prevention

A computed value of 93.33% of the respondents are aware that HIV can be

prevented. Knowing the preventive measures and having enough awareness is a good thing

and an advantage to avoid the said virus from occurring and spreading.

1.5. Treatment

The result come up that 100% of the respondents know that HIV is not

curable. The researchers conclude that the students are more cautious to their surroundings
and will be very careful on doing unnecessary activities that the virus can occur and be

transmitted.

2. Knowledge of the adolescent students regarding Human Immunodeficiency

Virus.

Overall, the researchers found out that majority of the students are knowledgeable

on the right information about HIV. Therefore, the students have an adequate knowledge

regarding HIV. Consequently, there are still few who are lacking in knowledge and enough

awareness.

Recommendations

The Government should double their effort in providing the information with

respect to Human Immunodeficiency Virus to reduce and/or eliminate HIV cases in the

country. They should also promote health awareness all over the country.

The Teachers should continue educating the students so that they will acquire the

information needed for them to be more conscious about HIV and other diseases that are

circulating in the atmosphere.

The Parents should advocate their children at their very young age to bear in mind

the importance of an individual’s health.

The Teenagers should be more observant in their environment and more cautious

about the viruses and diseases they may get specially if they have a weak immune system.

The Future Researchers may use this as a reference on their topic related to our

research. With the findings and conclusions of this thesis, the researchers suggest future

researchers who choose to pursue this kind of topic to gather data from a sample size larger

than 30 and a more unconstrained location not only in Tomas del Rosario College as it will
increase the reliability and validity of the study. They should also improve the research

done and share their knowledge to other people that serve as the beginning of making the

country a better one.