FALL 2017

Laboratory Guide

PHS 3302
BIOMEDICAL LABORATORY II

PHS 3104
HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
LAB

Dr. Felicia Carvalho

PHS DEPARTMENT
ST JOHN’S UNIVERSITY
 PHS 3302: BIOMEDICAL LABORATORY II
PHS 3104: HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LAB

TABLE OF LAB EXERCISES

Lab# Title

1 Human Skeleton

2 Muscular System – Rat Dissection

3 Circulatory System – Sheep Heart and Rat Dissection

4 Urogenital System- Sheep Kidney and Rat Dissection

5 Eye/Ear Anatomy, Lymphatic/Endocrine Systems, Sheep Eye and Rat Dissection

6 Digestive & Respiratory Systems, Respiratory Physiology and Rat Dissection

Mid-Term Exam

7 Histology – Part 1 – Tissues: Epithelium, Muscle and Nervous Tissue

8 Histology – Part 2 – Connective Tissue

9 Neuroanatomy – Brain, Spinal Cord, Electroencephalography and Sheep Brain Dissection

10 PHS 3104 : Muscle & Nerve Physiology – Human & Frog Physiology & Simulation
PHS 3302 : Muscle & Nerve Physiology – Human Physiology & Simulation

PHS 3104 : Cardiac Physiology – Human Cardiovascular Physiology, ECG , Simulation &
11 Frog Heart Activity
PHS 3302 : Cardiac Physiology – Human Cardiovascular Physiology, ECG & Simulation

Final Exam

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GRADING:

PHS 3104 : HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LAB AND

PHS 3302: BIOMEDICAL LABORATORY II

Pre-assignments 7%
Quizzes (3%/quiz) 27%
Midterm 33%
Final Exam 33%
Total 100%

Teaching Fellows and Assistants will observe and evaluate your performance.
You will receive an infraction if you do not use good lab techniques and do not adhere to PHS Laboratory Rules
and Procedures.
You need 100% attendance to pass the course.
You must have the proper attire to attend all Labs including Midterm and final exams.

NEGATIVE POINTS FOR INFRACTIONS

 How points are deducted;

0.5 point from your final grade total per infraction.
Double points will be deducted for repeated infractions.

Example1: If your Semester total is 70 points out of 100 points

First time: Wearing skinny jeans/leggings - 0.5 point will be subtracted from 70
Second time: Wearing skinny jeans/leggings -1 point will be subtracted from 70
Third time: Wearing skinny jeans/leggings - 2 points will be subtracted from 70

Example 2:
First time: Using cell phone - 0.5 point will be subtracted from 70
Second time: Using cell phone -1 point will be subtracted from 70
Third time: Using cell phone - 2 points will be subtracted from 70

o No more than three infractions are allowed per semester.

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LAB EXERCISE 1 – Human Skeleton
REQUIRED:

Reading required:
• Laboratory manual: Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual with Rat Dissections, 3rd
Custom Edition for St. John's University, 2017. Read below for specific Exercises & Activities.

• Lab Guide - Laboratory Exercise # 1 (printout).

Personal Protective Equipment required:

• White Lab coat (full knee length & long sleeves)
PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENT: Memorize bone names and structures mentioned in the Lab Guide with
correct spelling.
In today’s lab, you will be provided with:
1. A box containing a disarticulated half human skeleton.
2. Two dissecting needles are provided in each box.
Important: You may be asked to sign out for the materials.
Do not use pencils or pens as pointers.
You must make sure that all bone models & needles are returned to their proper boxes before you
leave.
Directions for in-class activity:
1. Use the images and text depicted in the Lab Manual and place each individual bone along the Manual to
identify all the bones (pairs, right and left) and structures listed in the tables. You must be able to identify the
bones/ bone pair, bone features in several views.
2. Use the complete skeleton model to understand the bone location and bone joints. Draw your own figures or
use self test exercises in the Lab Manual.
3. Follow Lab Manual instructions for additional study materials.

I. ANATOMICAL ORIENTATION:
Read Exercise 1, pages 1-14, See Figures 1.1-1.9

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II. BONE SURFACE STRUCTURES & FEATURES:
Condyle – a large rounded articulating knob
Facet – a flattened or shallow articulating surface
Fovea – a small rounded depression or pit
Foramen – an opening through a bone
Fossa – a rounded depression
Head – a prominent, rounded, articulating proximal end
of a bone
Meatus – a passageway or tunnel through a bone
Pedicle – a stalk or base of a structure
Process – a projection on a bone
Ramus – part of a bone that forms an angle with the
main body of the bone
Suture – a junction between flat bone
Sinus – a cavity or hollow space in a bone
Tubercle – a lump on a bone for a muscle attachment

AXIAL SKELETON
Read Exercise 9, pages 121-148

The Bones of the axial skeleton are divided in three parts:

• The Bones of the skull, facial bones and the hyoid Bone
• The vertebral column and
• The thoracic cage.

See Figures 9.1-9.21 and Tables 9.1-9.3

SKULL & FACIAL BONES

Bone Structures Comments Notes

Page 123 Figure 9.1 Right Lateral View
ETHMOID (1) Bone
FRONTAL (1) Bone
LACRIMAL (1) Bone
MANDIBLE (1) Bone
MANDIBLE (1) Coronoid process Anterior
Condylar process
MANDIBLE (1) (Mandibular condyle) Posterior
MANDIBLE (1) Mental foramen
MAXILLA (2) Bone
NASAL (2) Bone
OCCIPITAL (1) Bone
OCCIPITAL (1) Lambdoid suture Between Occipital and Parietal bones
PARIETAL (2) Bone
PARIETAL (2) Coronal suture Between Frontal and Parietal bones
PARIETAL (2) Squamous suture Between Temporal and Parietal bones
SPHENOID (1) Bone Greater wing, lesser wing
TEMPORAL (2) Bone
TEMPORAL (2) External acoustic meatus
TEMPORAL (2) Mastoid process Posterior
TEMPORAL (2) Styloid process
TEMPORAL (2) Zygomatic process On temporal Bone
ZYGOMATIC (2) Bone

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 Bone Structures Comments Notes
Page 124 Figure 9.2 Inferior View Without Mandible
MAXILLA (2) Bone Part of hard palate
MAXILLA (2) Median palatine suture Between Palatine bones
MAXILLA (2) Palatine process of Maxilla Anterior portion of Hard Palate
OCCIPITAL (1)
External occipital
protuberance
OCCIPITAL (1) Foramen magnum Passage of spinal cord
OCCIPITAL (1) Occipital condyle
Posterior portion of Hard Palate (Horizontal
PALATINE (2) Bone plate)
PARIETAL (2) Bone
SPHENOID (1) Foramen ovale Also see Figures 9.3 & 9.4
SPHENOID (1) Foramen spinosum Also see Figures 9.3 & 9.4
TEMPORAL (2) Bone
TEMPORAL (2) Carotid canal
TEMPORAL (2) External acoustic meatus
TEMPORAL (2) Foramen lacerum Temporal /Sphenoid
TEMPORAL (2) Jugular Foramen
VOMER (1) Bone
ZYGOMATIC (2) Bone

Bone Structures Comments Notes

Page 125 Figure 9.3 Inferior Internal View
ETHMOID (1) Bone
ETHMOID (1) Cribriform plate
ETHMOID (1) Crista galli
ETHMOID (1) Cribriform foramina Passage of olfactory nerve bundles
FRONTAL (1) Bone
OCCIPITAL (1) Bone
OCCIPITAL (1) Foramen magnum Passage of spinal cord
OCCIPITAL (1) Jugular Foramen
PARIETAL (2) Bone
SPHENOID (1) Bone Also see Figures 9.2 & 9.4
SPHENOID (1) Foramen ovale Also see Figure 9.4
SPHENOID (1) Foramen rotundum Also see Figures 9.2 & 9.4
SPHENOID (1) Foramen spinosum See Fig. 9.2 for Inferior View
SPHENOID (1) Optic canal
SPHENOID (1) Sella turcica Hypophyseal fossa
TEMPORAL (2) Bone
TEMPORAL (2) Foramen lacerum

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 Bone Structures Comments Notes
Page 128 Figure 9.6 Posterior View
OCCIPITAL (1) Bone
External occipital
OCCIPITAL (1) protuberance
OCCIPITAL (1) Lambdoid suture Between Occipital and Parietal bones
PARIETAL (2) Bone
PARIETAL (2) Sagittal suture Between the Parietal Bones

Bone Structures Comments Notes

Page 129 Figure 9.7 Anterior View
ETHMOID (1) Bone
ETHMOID (1) Middle nasal concha
Perpendicular plate of the
ETHMOID (1) ethmoid bone
FRONTAL (1) Bone
FRONTAL (1) Supraorbital Foramen
INFERIOR NASAL
CONCHA (2) Bone
LACRIMAL (2) Bone
MANDIBLE (1) Mental Foramen
MAXILLA (2) Bone
MAXILLA (2) Infraorbital Foramen
NASAL (2) Bone
SPHENOID (1) Optic canal
TEMPORAL (2) Bone
VOMER (1) Bone
ZYGOMATIC (2) Bone

Bone Structures Comments Notes

Page 132 Figure 9.12 Right Lateral View
A floating Bone attached to the styloid process
HYOID (1) Bone of the skull. Serves as attachment for the tongue

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VERTEBRAL COLUMN: Consists of 24 single vertebrae, and two composite or fused vertebrae.

Bone Structures Comments Notes

Page 134 Figure 9.15 Superior View
TYPICAL VERTEBRA Centrum (Body)
TYPICAL VERTEBRA Lamina(e) Roof of vertebral arch
TYPICAL VERTEBRA Pedicles Walls of vertebral arch
TYPICAL VERTEBRA Spinous process Projection where vertical laminae fuse
TYPICAL VERTEBRA Superior articular facet Flat surface for articulation Also see fig 9.17(a)
TYPICAL VERTEBRA Superior articular process Projection with facet at end. Also see fig 9.17(a)
TYPICAL VERTEBRA Transverse process Projection where laminae join pedicles
TYPICAL VERTEBRA Vertebral (spinal) foramen Flat surface for articulation
TYPICAL VERTEBRA Vertebral arch Composed of pedicles, laminae, spinous process
Page 136 Figure 9.17 (a) Superior View
Flat surface for articulation (Typical vertebra, see fig
TYPICAL VERTEBRA Inferior articular facet 9.15)
Projection with facet for articulation (Typical vertebra,
TYPICAL VERTEBRA Inferior articular process see fig 9.15)
Page 135 Figure 9.16 (a & b) Inferior & Superior View
Rests against the occipital condyle – allows the head to
ATLAS (1) Bone move up and down.
Cervical vertebra, Rests against occipital condyle –
ATLAS (1) Anterior tubercle & arch allows the head to move up and down.
Compare with Typical & Cervical vertebra, Rests
against occipital condyle – allows the head to move up
ATLAS (1) Lateral masses and down.
Cervical vertebra, Rests against occipital condyle –
ATLAS (1) Posterior tubercle & arch allows the head to move up and down.
Page 135 Figure 9.16 (c) Superior View
Compare with typical and cervical vertebra, Held on by
a transverse ligament, allows the head to move side to
AXIS (1) Bone side
Held on by a transverse ligament, allows the head to
AXIS (1) Dens move from side to side
Page 136 Figure 9.17 (a) Superior & Lateral View
Cervical vertebrae have a transverse Foramen to allow
CERVICAL Compare with Typical, blood vessels and nerves to travel up to the head and
VERTEBRAE (7) Thoracic & Lumbar vertebra brain
Page 136 Figure 9.17 (b) Superior & Lateral View
The spinous process is more pointed and always faces
THORACIC Compare with Typical, downward; the superior and inferior articulating
VERTEBRAE (12) Cervical & Lumbar vertebra surfaces are above and below.
Page 136 Figure 9.17 (c) Superior & Lateral View
Compare with Typical
LUMBAR Cervical & Thoracic The spinous process is thicker and blunted; the centrum
VERTEBRAE (5) vertebra is thicker and the transverse process wider
Page 137 Figure 9.18 Anterior/Posterior View
SACRUM (1) Bone 5 fused bone
COCCYX (1) Bone Tail bone fused/composite
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THORACIC CAGE
Bone Structures Comments Notes
Page 138 Figure 9.19 Anterior View
STERNUM (1) Bone
Above the notch is the thyroid gland. In clinical application
to orient yourself to the thyroid, first find the suprasternal
STERNUM (1) Jugular notch notch and immediately above will be the thyroid.
STERNUM (1) Manubrium
STERNUM (1) Body
When administering CPR, the body of the sternum should
be pressed, not the xiphoid process because of the danger of
this snapping off and lacerating the liver. Likewise, follow
precaution with the sternal angle where the manubrium joins
STERNUM (1) Xiphoid process the body.
8- 10 are joined to the seventh rib and then to the sternum,
FALSE RIBS (5) Bones 11&12 (floating) are attached to the vertebrae only.
TRUE RIBS (7) Bones
Page 139 Figure 9.20 Anterior View
TRUE RIBS (7) Head
TRUE RIBS (7) Neck
TRUE RIBS (7) Tubercle
See Fig. 9.20 (a & c), lateral & posterior view. Place the rib
TRUE RIBS (7) Angle against a thoracic vertebra and note the angle of placement.
Fig. 9.20 (c), right posterior view. A depression in the
TRUE RIBS (7) Costal groove inferior surface of the rib

THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON

Read Exercise 10, pages 149-169
Appendicular skeleton includes Pectoral girdle, Bones of the upper limbs, Pelvic girdle and Bones of the
lower limbs (See Figures 10.1-10.9 and Tables 10.1-10.5)
PECTORAL GIRDLE
Bone Structures Comments Notes
Page 151 Figure 10.2 (a & b) Anterior/Posterior View
CLAVICLE (2) Bone
CLAVICLE (2) Acromial end
CLAVICLE (2) Sternal end
CLAVICLE (2) Conoid tubercle

Page 151 Figure 10.2 (c, d & e) Anterior/Posterior & Lateral View
SCAPULA (2) Bone
SCAPULA (2) Coracoid process
SCAPULA (2) Glenoid cavity (c & e)
SCAPULA (2) Infraglenoid tubercle (e)
SCAPULA (2) Lateral border (c & d)
SCAPULA (2) Suprascapular notch (c & d)
SCAPULA (2) Superior border (c)
SCAPULA (2) Medial border (c & d)
SCAPULA (2) Acromion
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UPPER LIMBS
Bone Structures Comments Notes
Page 153 Figure 10.3 Anterior/ Posterior view
HUMERUS (2) Bone
HUMERUS (2) Head (a & b)
HUMERUS (2) Greater tubercle (a & b)
HUMERUS (2) Lesser tubercle (a)
HUMERUS (2) Shaft (not labeled)
HUMERUS (2) Intertubercular sulcus (a)
HUMERUS (2) Deltoid tuberosity (a), On shaft
HUMERUS (2) Capitulum (a & c)
HUMERUS (2) Trochlea (a, b & c)
HUMERUS (2) Lateral epicondyle (b & d)
HUMERUS (2) Olecranon fossa (b & d)
HUMERUS (2) Medial epicondyle
Page 154 Figure 10.4 Anterior/ Posterior View
RADIUS (2) Bone Look for the circular head
RADIUS (2) Head
RADIUS (2) Radial tuberosity
RADIUS (2) Radial styloid process On the radius
ULNA (2) Bone Look for the U-shaped process
ULNA (2) Olecranon
ULNA (2) Trochlear notch Between Olecranon and Coronoid process
ULNA (2) Coronoid process
ULNA (2) Head
ULNA (2) Ulnar styloid process On the ulna
Page 155 Figure 10.5 Anterior View of the Right Hand
PHALANGES (14) Bones The Fingers-Proximal, middle and distal
METACARPALS (5) Bones The palm of the hand
CARPALS (8) Bones Bones of the wrist
CARPALS proximal Scaphoid Stop
CARPALS proximal Lunate Letting
CARPALS proximal Triquetrum Those
CARPALS proximal Pisiform People (Can be seen in anterior view only)
CARPALS distal Trapezium Touch
CARPALS distal Trapezoid The
CARPALS distal Capitate Cadaver’s
CARPALS distal Hamate Hand

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PELVIC GIRDLE
Page 156 Figure 10.6 Anterior/ Lateral & Medial View Notes
PELVIC GIRDLE Bone It is formed by 2 ossa coxae
PELVIC GIRDLE Acetabulum Made up from illium, ischium and pubis
PELVIC GIRDLE Obturator Foramen Opening ischium/pubis bones
ILIUM (2) Bone
ILIUM (2) Iliac crest
ILIUM (2) Anterior superior iliac spine
ILIUM (2) Anterior inferior iliac spine
ISCHIUM (2) Bone
ISCHIUM (2) Ischial spine
ISCHIUM (2) Ischial tuberosity
ISCHIUM (2) Ischial ramus Fusion of ischium/pubis
Page 156 Figure 10.6 Anterior/ Lateral & Medial View
PUBIS (2) Bone
PUBIS (2) Superior pubic ramus
PUBIS (2) Pubic body
PUBIS (2) Inferior pubic ramus
Page 159 Figure 10.7 (a) Anterior/ Posterior View Notes
PATELLA (2) Bone
PATELLA (2) Apex Anterior view
Surface for patellar
PATELLA (2) ligament Posterior view
Page 159 Figure 10.7 (b) Anterior/ Posterior view
FEMUR (2) Bone
FEMUR (2) Fovea capitis
FEMUR (2) Head
Weakest part of the femur and most common fracture
site. The neck and head of the femur is the replaced part
in the hip replacement operation along with an insert on
FEMUR (2) Neck the acetabulum for attachment.
FEMUR (2) Greater trochanter
FEMUR (2) Lesser trochanter
FEMUR (2) Gluteal tuberosity
FEMUR (2) Linea aspera On shaft
FEMUR (2) Lateral epicondyle
FEMUR (2) Medial epicondyle
FEMUR (2) Medial condyle
FEMUR (2) Intercondylar fossa
FEMUR (2) Lateral condyle

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 Page 160 Figure 10.8 Anterior/ Posterior View
TIBIA (2) Bone
TIBIA (2) Intercondylar eminence
TIBIA (2) Lateral condyle
TIBIA (2) Medial condyle
TIBIA (2) Tibial tuberosity
TIBIA (2) Medial malleolus
FIBULA (2) Bone
FIBULA (2) Head
FIBULA (2) Lateral malleolus
Page 161 Figure 10.9 Superior/ Lateral View

CALCANEUS (2)

Next Lab Quiz: You will move around the room for each question area.

1) Approximately 20 questions. You will be asked to identify a Bone or its structure, as indicated by with a
number/ indicator, name the bone and its structure based on the question. Spelling counts.
2) Before you begin, make sure you understand the order of the question areas. You will not be permitted to
return back to a question area. Once the quiz is completed, the teaching fellow will provide answers to all of
the questions.
3) Before you begin, indicate/circle on your answer sheet, the number of the question that you will start
answering.
4) Your instructor will ask you to move to the next question after the allotted time period.
5) If you are observed changing the position of any label used for the quiz, you will not be permitted to
continue with the quiz. You will have 1 minute to identify each question.

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