POINTERS: EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

The Sun Profile

The Sun is by far the largest object in the solar system. It contains more than 99.8% of the total
mass of the Solar System (Jupiter contains most of the rest).

Interior structure of the Sun: Outer layers are not to scale The core is where nuclear fusion takes place.
The energy emitted by the surface repesents energy transported from the core through the radiative
zone, the convection zone, and finally the photosphere, which by definition is the thin atmospheric layer
that is thin enough for the radiation to escape.

Luminosity— total energy radiated by the Sun— can be calculated from the fraction of that energy that
reaches Earth, called the solar constant. Solar constant— amount of Sun's energy incident on a square
meter of the Earth per second—is 1400 W/m2. That is not much more than a the glare from a very
strong light bulb a foot or so away, but the Sun delivers that energy flux to every square meter of the
Earth, and does it from 93 million miles (1AU) away. Total luminosity of the sun is about 4 × 1026 W—
the equivalent of 10 billion 1-megaton nuclear bombs per second. We have no experience with such
brightnesses, but just remember that if you moved the sun a parsec away, it would be a bright star in
the sky.

The sun is not a solid mass, but a ball of hydrogen and helium gasses.

The core is the innermost layer of the sun that consists of plasma, the 4rth state of matter.

The sun’s atmosphere is made up of the photosphere, chromosphere, and corona.

THE PLANETS
The term planet has been defined and redefined to conform with the objects surrounding the sun.

The change of daytime to nighttime on Earth is the result of the planets rotation, or it’s spin on its
own axis.

THE TERRESTRIAL PLANETS

The word 'terrestrial' comes from the Latin word terra, meaning 'land.

The first four planets nearest to the sun are known as terrestrial planets
because they are similar to Earth. Such as MERCURY, VENUS, EARTH AND MARS.
A terrestrial planet, telluric planet, or rocky planet is a planet that is composed primarily
of silicate rocks or metals. Within the Solar System, the terrestrial planets are the inner
planets closest to the Sun, i.e. Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. The terms "terrestrial planet" and
"telluric planet" are derived from Latin words for Earth (Terra and Tellus), as these planets are, in
terms of structure, Earth-like. These planets are located between the Sun and the asteroid belt

Planet Mercury: Facts about the Planet

Closest to the Sun
Mercury is the closest planet to the sun. As such, it circles the sun faster than all the other
planets, which is why Romans named it after their swift-footed messenger god.

VENUS
Venus is one of the four terrestrial planets in the Solar System, meaning that it is a rocky body
like Earth. It is similar to Earth in size and mass, and is often described as Earth's "sister" or
"twin".

Planet Earth: Facts About Its Orbit,

Atmosphere & Size
Earth, our home, is the third planet from the sun. It's the only planet known to have an
atmosphere containing free oxygen, oceans of water on its surface and, of course, life.

Earth is the fifth largest of the planets in the solar system. It's smaller than the four gas
giants — Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune — but larger than the three other
rocky planets, Mercury, Mars and Venus.
Earth has a diameter of roughly 8,000 miles (13,000 kilometers) and is round because
gravity pulls matter into a ball. But, it's not perfectly round. Earth is really an "oblate
spheroid," because its spin causes it to be squashed at its poles and swollen at the
equator.

Scientists think Earth was formed at roughly the same time as the sun and other planets
some 4.6 billion years ago, when the solar system coalesced from a giant, rotating
cloud of gas and dust known as the solar nebula. As the nebula collapsed because of its
gravity, it spun faster and flattened into a disk. Most of the material was pulled toward
the center to form the sun.

Earth is the only planet in the universe known to possess life. The planet boasts several
million species of life, living in habitats ranging from the bottom of the deepest ocean to
a few miles into the atmosphere. And scientists think far more species remain to be
discovered.

A Filipino doctor, Dr. Josette Biyo has been commended for a recognition to name the
new minor planet on her named as 13241 BIYO.
 MARS

THE RED PLANET Mars, named for the Roman god of war, has long
been an omen in the night sky. And in its own way, the planet’s rusty
red surface tells a story of destruction. Billions of years ago, the fourth
planet from the sun could have been mistaken for Earth’s smaller twin,
with liquid water on its surface—and maybe even life.
MARS is the 2nd most studied planet in the solar system.

THE JOVIAN PLANETS

The Jovian planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. They orbit far from the sun.
These planets have no solid surfaces and are essentially large balls of gas composed primarily of
hydrogen and helium. They are much larger than the terrestrial planets (Earth, Mercury, Venus, and
Mars).

The word 'Jovian' comes from Jove, another name for the Roman god Jupiter.

JUPITER
 Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system. ...
 Jupiter helped revolutionize the way we saw the universe and ourselves in 1610, when
Galileo discovered Jupiter's four large moons — Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto,
now known as the Galilean moons.
SATURN
Other planets have rings. Saturn's rings are the only ones that can be seen
from Earth. All you need is a small telescope. Saturn could float in water because it is
mostly made of gas

Saturn is sometimes called "The Jewel of the Solar System." It is a planet that is nothing
like our own. Humans have been gazing up at Saturn for a long time. They have been
wondering about it for thousands of years

URANUS

Uranus is a strange, giant planet tilted on its side. A new study finds that the same impact that

knocked Uranus sideways may have also created the planet's moons. ... No other planet in

the solar system is tilted as much — Jupiter is tilted by about 3 degrees, for example, and

Earth by about 23 degrees.

NEPTUNE

Neptune is our solar system's windiest world. Winds whip clouds of frozen methane across

the planet at speeds of more than 2,000 km/h

Dark, cold and whipped by supersonic winds, ice giant Neptune is the
eighth and most distant planet in our solar system.

The Big Bang and the Early Universe

The Big Bang is a theory that describes the beginnings of our universe. It contends that the
universe began with a primordial explosion that occurred about 13 billion years ago. The
original core of the explosion was very small and tremendously hot, composed entirely of
high-energy radiation. As the universe expanded and cooled over the first three minutes,
protons and neutrons were created out of that energy.

Biology is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their physical

structure, chemical processes, molecular interactions, physiological mechanisms, development

and evolution.

Botany is the science of plant life and a branch of biology

Zoology is the branch of biology that studies the animal kingdom, including
the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living
and extinct, and how they interact with their ecosystems
Microbiology s the study of microorganisms, those being unicellular (single cell), multicellular (cell
colony), or acellular (lacking cells).[
Physiology
is the scientific study of the functions and mechanisms which work within a living
system.

Genetics is a branch of biology concerned with the study of genes, genetic variation,
and heredity in organisms.[1
Evolution
is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over
successive generations.
The universe is 13.8 billion years
old.
The solar system is 4.6 billion
years old

STUDY ALSO THE RADIATION

ERA AND MATTER ERA.

GOOD LUCK!!!