CHAPTER 4: WAVESHAPING CIRCUITS (MARKS = 16) Linear wave shaping circuit ¢ Need of wave shaping circuits, comparison between linear and non- linear wave shaping circuits ¢ Operations of wave shaping circuits ¢ Linear circuits: RC Integrator & differentiator Non linear wave shaping circuits ¢ Circuit diagram, operation, waveforms of different types of clippers using diodes: series, shunt, (biased and unbiased) ¢ Circuit diagram, operation, waveforms of different types of clampers: positive and negative MR. NIKHIL S.Need of Wave shapin; The process by which nonsinusoidal waveforms are altered in passing through the circuit elements (such as diodes, resistors, inductors and capacitors) is called waveshaping. The waveshaping is used to perform any one of the following functions. * To generate one wave from the other. To limit the voltage level of the waveform to some preset value and suppressing all other voltage levels in excess of the preset level. To cut-off the positive and negative portions of the input waveform. To hold the waveform to a particular D.C. level. ‘The waveshaping is important in most of the signal process systems and is, performed by the circuits known as differentiators, integrators, limiters, clippers and clampers. Classification of Waveshaping Circuit Waveshaping circuits Linear Non Linear waveshaping circuits waveshaping circuits RC RL RLC Clippers Clampers circuits circuits circuits ‘Types of Wave Shaping Circuits: Linear waveshaping circuits * The circuits, which make use of only linear circuit elements such as the inductors, capacitors and resistors are known as linear waveshaping circuits. # Such circuits are used to perform functions of differentiation and integration. MR. NIKHIL S.‘Non-Linear waveshaping, «The circuits, which (in addition to linear circuit elements) make use of nonlinear circuit elements such as diodes and transistors are known as nonlinear waveshaping circuits. © Such circuits are used to perform functi and clamping. 's of amplitude limiting, clippi a wear Waveshaping Circuits The linear waveshaping circuits contain only linear components like R, L and C. RC Differentiator: * A circuit in which output voltage is directly proportional to the derivative of the input voltage is called a differentiating circuit. Vout a 22 out a Se ‘dVin Ko Where K is a constant of proportionality. * A differentiator circuit may be realized by a simple RC series circuit. Output faken across the resistor (R). © The circuit is designed in such a way that reactance of the capacitor 1 ree 2nfe ie. Xe>>R ) is very large as compared to value of resistor R. or, (i) MR. NIKHIL S.Where f = Frequency of the input signal, and C= Value of capacitance of the capacitor. We know that the time period of the input signal, Tai Therefore, equation (i) may be rewritten as anne “7 20IRC << T or 1=10T «The output of the integrated circuit is given by the relation, Vout =_/ Vin. Dt Note : In integrating circuit, the average(or DC) level of the output signal is the same as that of the input signal (i.e. itis not zero as in a differentiating circuit) MR. NIKHIL S.Input and Output waveforms: Rectangular to Sawtooth Waveform: Square to Triangular waveform: MR. NIKHIL S.Non-Linear Waveshaping Circui © The non-linear wave shaping circuits are those which (in addition to resistors, inductors and capacitors) make use of non-linear elements such as diodes and transistors © Such circuits are used to perform functions of amplitude limiting clipping and clamping. * The non-linear wave shaping circuits use the switching properties of diodes and transistors to realize the various functions. * The most important non-linear wave shaping circuits are: 1. Diode used as clipper 2. Clamping circuits using diodes. Clipper The circuit, with which the waveform is shaped by removing (or clipping) a certain portion of the input signal voltage above or below a certain level, is called clipping circuit or simply clipper. ‘Types of clipping circuits: 1. Series Clippers. 2. Parallel Clipper. Series Clipper:_In this configuration the diode is connected in series with the load. Parallel Clipper: in this configuration the diode is connected in parallel with the load. A Series Clipper Circuit: Series Positive Clipper * The figure below shows the circuit of positive clipper. It consists of a diode (D) and a resistor (R) with output taken across the resistor. # The diode acts as an ideal switch between the source and the load. # The below circuit is called as a “Positive Series clipper” as it “clips off” the positive half cycle of the applied voltage. MR. NIKHIL S.Er | \ Operation and Waveform: Input —> votagery)) + Time(t) > Ope y 2 | Tevet 3 He 1 During the positive half cycle of the input voltage, the terminal A is positive with respect to B. This reverse biases the diode and it acts as an open switch. Therefore, the entire voltage drop is across the diode and none across the resistor. As, a result there is no output voltage during the positive half cycle of the input voltage as shown in the fig above. During the negative half cycle of the input voltage, the terminal B is positive with respect to B. Therefore it forward biases the diode and it acts as a closed switch. Thus there is no voltage drop across the diode during the negative half cycle of the input voltage. All the input voltage is dropped across the resistor as shown in the output waveform. MR. NIKHIL S.Series Negative Clipper ‘The figure below shows the circuit of negative clipper. It consists of a diode (D) and a resistor (R) with output taken across the resistor. The diode acts as an ideal switch between the source and the load, The below circuit is called as a “Negative Series clipper” as it “clips off” the negative half cycle of the applied voltage. Time () —> During the positive half cycle of the input voltage, the terminal A is positive with respect to B. This forward biases the diode and it acts as a closed switch. Thus there is no voltage drop across the diode during the positive half cycle of the input voltage. MR. NIKHIL S.* All the input voltage is dropped across the resistor as shown in the output waveform. # During the negative half cycle of the input voltage, the terminal B is pos with respect to B. Therefore it reverse biases the diode and it acts as an open switch. * As, a result there is no output voltage during the negative half cycle of the input voltage as shown in the fig above. re Biased Series Positive Clipper © Acclipping circuit which has the provision for the adjustment of a clip, led a biased clipper. # The name bias is designated because the adjustment of the clipping level is, achieved by adding a bias voltage in series with the resistor, level is {a Positive biased (b) Negative Biased * In abiased series positive clipper. It may be noted that the clipping takes place during the positive cycle when the input voltage is greater than the battery voltage (i.e., Vi>= Vs). ted up and down by varying the bias voltage MR. NIKHIL S.Biased Series Negative Clipper © A clipping circuit which has the provision for the adjustment of a clipping level is called a biased clipper. * The name bias is designated because the adjustment of the clipping level is, achieved by adding a bias voltage in series with the resistor. t Ea R v YM M No i 7 TL Output ; @ | No Tine)» vi yo Yo Time ime(t) a = Input “Input (2) Positive biased (b) Negative biased * In abiased series negative clipper. It may be noted that the clipping takes place during the negative cycle when the input voltage is greater than the battery voltage (i.e., Vi >= VB). © The clipping level can be shifted up and down by varying the bias voltage (vB). * Here the input voltage level Vs is clipped. MR. NIKHIL S.A Shunt Clipper Circuit: Shunt Positive Clipper * The figure below shows the circuit of positive clipper. It consists of a diode (D) and a resistor (R) with output taken across the resistor. © The diode acts as an ideal switch between the source and the load. # The below circuit is called as a “Positive Series clipper” as it “clips off” the positive half cycle of the applied voltage. ia R + { <1 Operation and Waveform ia. Time(y > Vohege MW 4 Oupe 0 Time (> Volege My * During the positive half cycle of the input voltage, the terminal A is positive with respect to B. This forward biases the diode and it acts as a closed switch. «Thus there is no voltage drop across the diode during the positive half cycle of the input voltage. * All the input voltage is dropped across the res waveform. tor as shown in the output MR. NIKHIL S.* During the negative half cycle of the input voltage, the terminal B is positive with respect to B. Therefore it reverse biases the diode and it acts as an open switch. * As, a result there is no output voltage during the negative half cycle of the input voltage as shown in the fig above Shunt Negative Clipper: * The figure below shows the circuit of negative clipper. It consists of a diode (D) and a resistor (R) with output taken across the resistor. * The diode acts as an ideal switch between the source and the load. * The below circuit is called as a “Negative Series clipper” as it “clips off” the negative half cycle of the applied voltage. | << <>, Ce { | Time(t) Time(t) > * During the positive half cycle of the input voltage, the terminal A is positive with respect to B. This reverse biases the diode and it acts as an open switch. «Thus there is no voltage drop across the diode during the positive half eycle of the input voltage. MR. NIKHIL S.* All the input voltage is dropped across the resistor as shown in the output waveform. # During the negative half cycle of the input voltage, the terminal B is pos with respect to B. Therefore it forward biases the diode and it acts as an closed switch * As, a result there is no output voltage during the negative half cycle of the input voltage as shown in the fig above. Biased Shunt Positive Clippe * A cclipping circuit which has the provision for the adjustment of a clipping led a biased clipper. # The name bias is designated because the adjustment of the clipping level is, achieved by adding a bias voltage in shunt with the resistor. level is R R Output (a) Positive biased (b) Negative biased * Ina biased shunt positive clipper. It may be noted that the clipping takes place during the positive cycle when the input voltage is greater than the battery voltage (ie., Vi>= VB). © The clipping level can be shifted up and down by varying the bias voltage (Va) MR. NIKHIL S.© A clipping circuit which has the provision for the adjustment of a clipping level is called a biased clipper. * The name bias is designated because the adjustment of the clipping level is, achieved by adding a bias voltage in shunt with the resistor. YF Tiel i input (b) negative bias (a) Positive bias © Ina biased shunt positive clipper. It may be noted that the clipping takes place during the positive cycle when the input voltage is greater than the battery voltage (i.e., Vi >= Va). * The clipping level can be shifted up and down by varying the bias voltage (Va) MR. NIKHIL S.Clamping Circuit ‘The circuits, with which the waveform can be shifted in such a way so that a particular part of it (say positive or negative peak) is maintained at a specified voltage level, is called camping circuit. ‘Types of clamping circuits: 1. Positive clamping (positive clamper) 2. Negative clamping (negative clamper) 1. Positive clamper ox] 2Ne APA ty ee el a am Time, > pone es input signal Poitve clamping © The fig above explains the basic concept of positive clamper. As shown in the fig it adds a positive DC voltage to the AC input voltage. * In other words the AC input is shifted upwards. Circuit Diagram: MR. NIKHIL S.Fig above shows the circuit diagram of positive clamper. The clamping network will always consist of three elements viz. a capacitor, a diode and a resistor. Sometimes an additional DC source is connected in the clamper circuit to introduce an additional shift Operation: In the first negative half cycle after turning on the circuit, the diode acts as a closed switch and charges the capacitor to peak input voltage Vi. Inall the subsequent positive and negative half cycles, due to large RC time constant, the capacitor does not loose much charge. So Vo almost remains constant. So for rest of operation, the diode is reverse biased in both the half cycles, so it remains off. So we can write the expression for Vo as, Vo=Vi+Vm This shows that the clamper adds a positive DC shift. . Negative Clamper: JR vet 4 fi Weaae | PC level. Wm. Time,t ae Input signal ‘output Waveform Negative clamping A negative clamper will add a negative DC level to the input signal. The fig above shows a simple negative clamper circuit which adds a negative level to the AC input. R is the load resistance. MR. NIKHIL S.Operation: # In the first positive half cycle the capacitor will charge through the forward biased diode to peak voltage Vm. + The charging takes place very quickly as the diode resistance is negligibly small. * Once the capacitor charges to “Vm”, the diode is reverse biased and stops conducting. # The diode is reversed biased. So remains off. «The expression for output voltage is given by, Vo=Vi+Vm # This shows that the negative clamper adds a negative DC shift. MR. NIKHIL S.