Snake Bite Prevention

预防蛇咬伤
Facts about snakes有关蛇的一些真
实情况
Snakes are remarkable animals, successful on land and sea, forest, grassland,
lakes, and desert. 蛇是一种不同寻常的动物，成功的存活于陆地、海洋、
森林、陆地、湖泊和沙漠。
Snakes have no limbs, yet all are meat eaters. They catch prey, which includes
insects, birds, small mammals and others reptiles, including sometimes other
snakes. 蛇没有四肢，但都是肉食动物。他们捕食的猎物有昆虫、鸟、
小型哺乳动物和其他爬行动物，有时还有其他蛇。
Snakes are cold-blooded . Thus they are unable to increase their body
temperature and stay active when it is cold outside. They are most active between
25- 32°C or 77-90° F. 蛇是冷血动物，因此它们不能自己升高体温，
天气转冷活动就会减少。在25-32°C 或77-90 ° F，活动性最强。
Only about 400 of 3,000 snake species worldwide inject venom世界上3000种蛇
中大约只有400种蛇有毒。
Facts about snakes有关蛇的一些真
实情况
Snakes that inject venom use glands, which are actually modified salivary
glands. 有毒蛇通过毒腺注射毒液，其毒腺实际上是改良的唾液腺。
When the snake bites, the venom passes from the venom gland through a
duct into the snake‘s fang and finally into its prey. 毒蛇叮咬时，毒液从毒
腺经毒腺管进入蛇的毒牙最终注入到被咬者体内。
Facts about snakes有关蛇的一些真
实情况
Snake venom is a combination of numerous substances with varying effects. 蛇的毒液
是具有不同效应的多种蛋白质的复合体。
In simple terms, these proteins can be divided into 4 categories :简单说，这些蛋白
质可以分成四类：
1. Cytotoxins细胞毒素 that cause local tissue damage引起局部组织损害
2. Hematoxins血液毒素 that cause internal bleeding引起内出血
3. Neurotoxins神经毒素 affect the nervous system影响神经系统
4. Cardiotoxins心脏毒素 act directly on the heart直接作用于心脏

Injection of venom is voluntary only:注射毒液是蛇自主控制的：

Bites are not all necessarily venomous所以蛇咬伤并不一定总会被注射毒液。
Facts about snakes有关蛇的一些真实情
况胁的主要是三大蛇类：
Three major families of snakes account for most venomous snakes dangerous to humans.对人类造成威

The elapid family眼镜蛇类

• Cobra of Asia and Africa, mambas of Africa, Kraits, coral snakes and Australian elapids.亚非
眼镜蛇，非洲树眼镜蛇，金环蛇，银环蛇和澳洲眼镜蛇
• Highly dangerous snakes with powerful neurotoxic venom that affects the nervous system,
causing respiratory paralysis. 高危险性毒蛇具有强烈神经性毒素影响神经系统，导致呼吸
麻痹。
The viper family蝰蛇类
• Thick bodies and heads that are much wider than their necks. 头体宽大颈部细小
• Highly sophisticated means for delivering venom (hemotoxic). They have long, hollow fangs
that perform like hypodermic needles. They deliver their venom deep into the wound. 注毒方式
独特（血液毒素），中空毒牙类似皮下注射器针头将毒液深深地注入道伤口内。
The crotal family响尾蛇类
• Either slender or thick-bodied. Their heads are usually much wider than their necks. 体型纤细
或粗大，头部通常比颈部宽很多。
• Deep pit located between the eye and the nostril, highly sensitive organ capable of picking up
the slightest temperature variance. 眼鼻中间的深凹点高度敏感，能够觉察到极轻微的温度
变化。
How to differentiate them?
如何辨别？
Poisonous Snakes 有毒蛇
Head - Triangle - except Cobra
头三角形，除了眼镜蛇
Fangs – Present 有毒牙
Pupils - Elliptical pupil 椭圆形瞳孔
Anal Plate - Single row of plates 单排肛板
Bite Mark - Fang Mark毒牙咬痕
Non Poisonous Snakes 无毒蛇
Head – Rounded 头圆形
Fangs - Not present没有毒牙
Pupils – Rounded圆形瞳孔
Anal Plate - Double row of plates双排肛板
Bite Mark - Row of small teeth.咬痕，排形小牙
Some Poisonous Snakes in Putian
莆田发现的一些有毒蛇
Banded Kraits
金环蛇
• Many Banded
Kraits
• 银环蛇
• Cobra
• 眼镜蛇
• Bamboo Viper
• 竹叶青蛇
 Signs and Symptoms of Snakebites
蛇咬伤的症状和体征
A victim can have no initial
significant symptoms and
then suddenly develop
breathing difficulty and go
into shock.
伤者开始可能没有显著症
状，然后突然呼吸困难发生
休克。
• A pair of puncture marks or scratches (usually on a limb) 双
刺痕或划痕
• Severe pain, redness, and swelling at the site of the bite
(may develop slowly, from 30 minutes to several hours)咬
伤部位剧烈疼痛、红肿（可能进展缓慢，从30分钟到
几小时不等）
• Nausea and vomiting恶心、呕吐
• Disturb vision视觉紊乱
• Increased salivation and sweating唾液和汗液分泌增加
• Laboured breathing; in extreme cases, breathing may stop
altogether呼吸费力；某些病例，呼吸完全停止
• Drooping eyelids眼睑下垂
• Problems speaking or swallowing说话或吞咽困难
• Seizures惊厥
• Drowsiness嗜睡
Signs and Symptoms of Snakebites
蛇咬伤的症状和体征
Signs and symptom of snake poisoning can be broken down into few major categories :
蛇咬伤中毒的症状和体征可以被分成以下几种：
Local effects:局部反应：
Bites of vipers and some cobras are painful and tender to touch. They
can be swell, bleed and blister. 蝰蛇和一些眼镜蛇咬伤疼痛并有触痛，可能会
肿胀、出血和起泡。
Bleeding:出血：
Some venoms can cause bleeding of internal organs. A victim may bleed
from the bite site or bleed spontaneously from the mouth or old wounds.
Unchecked bleeding can cause shock or even death. 一些蛇毒可能会
引起内脏出血。出血会出现在咬伤部位，口腔或旧伤口自然出血。
忽视伤者的出血情况会导致休克或死亡。
 Signs and Symptoms of Snakebites
蛇咬伤的症状和体征
Nervous system：神经系统：
Some venoms can effect the nervous system directly. The victim may have
lethargy, vision problems, muscle weakness, trouble speaking and
breathing, numbness, salivation and vomiting.一些蛇毒可以直接影响神
经系统，伤者会出现乏力、视力问题、肌肉无力、言语呼吸困难、麻
木、流涎和呕吐。

Muscle death：肌肉坏死 :
Venom from some vipers can directly cause extended muscle destruction.
The debris from dead muscle cells can clog up the kidneys and lead to
kidney failure.有些蝰蛇毒素会直接引起广泛的肌肉破坏。坏死的肌肉
细胞碎屑会阻塞肾脏导致肾脏衰竭。
Snakebite First Aid –1
蛇咬伤现场急救 -1
1. Reassure the bitten patient and stay calm安慰病人保持镇静
2. Lay the casualty down让伤者平躺
3. Encourage the patient to remain as still as possible and prevent
unnecessary movement鼓励病人尽可能保持静止不动，避免不必要
的活动
4. Remove bracelets, rings or other constrictive objects from the bitten limb
移除手镯、戒指和其它对咬伤肢体循环造成限制的物体
5. Cover the bite with a clean dressing but do not interfere with it in any way
用干净的纱布覆盖被咬处，不要做其他干预
6. Immobilize the bitten limb with a splint or sling被咬肢体用夹板或三角
巾制动
7. Apply a broad stretch bandage firmly over the bite as soon as possible
尽快用宽绷带包扎伤处。
 Snakebite First Aid – 2
蛇咬伤现场急救 – 2
Pressure immobilisation method 加压制动法

加压制动法。 推荐用于神经毒性眼镜蛇咬伤的现场急救。
Snakebite First Aid – 3
蛇咬伤现场急救 – 3
Check to make sure toes and fingers are still pink and warm, that
the limb is not going numb, and that pain is not getting worse检
查确保脚趾和手指在包扎后循环正常颜色正常温暖，
没有肢体麻木和疼痛恶化现象
Compression bandages :加压绷带
• should not be considered for viper bites (risk of local
complication)不应用于蝰蛇类咬伤（局部并发症危险）
should not be released until the patient is under medical
care in hospital, resuscitation facilities are available and
antivenom treatment has been started直到伤者接受院内治
疗、有复苏设备和进行抗毒素治疗前不应松开绷带
Snakebite First Aid – 4
蛇咬伤现场急救 – 4
8. Treat pain with paracetamol (never aspirin!) if instructed by a
doctor在医生指导下服用对乙酰氨基酚（扑热息痛）止痛
（绝对禁止用阿司匹林！）
9. Transport patient immediately to hospital but minimise the amount
of movement立即转运病人到医院但是尽量减少活动量
10. Watch for signs of shock or difficulty breathing, use CPR if
necessary 观察休克征象或呼吸困难现象，必要时开始心
肺复苏(CPR)
11. Monitor the hand/foot for signs of circulatory problems – color,
feeling监测手脚肢体末端血液循环情况 - 颜色、感觉
Do not – 1 禁止 - 1
1. Use tourniquets or constriction bands. A tourniquet can provoke gangrene of
the limb and possible cardio-vascular failure. 使用止血带或限制性绷带。
止血带会造成肢体坏疽，可能还会心衰。
2. Cut and suck. Cutting into the bite site can damage underlying organs, increase
the risk of infection, and does not result in venom removal.切割和吸吮。切割
伤口会破坏深层组织，增加感染的危险，而且并不能移除毒素。
3. Apply cold compresses, ice or any chemicals to snake bitten site. Ice does not
deactivate the venom and can cause frostbite.咬伤部位冷敷、冰敷或施用
任何化学品。冰并不能减活蛇毒还可能引起冻伤。
4. Use an electric shock. The shock is not effective and could cause burns or
electrical problems to the heart.使用电击。电击无效，能引起烧伤或心
脏的电节律问题。
5. Use alcohol. Alcohol may deaden the pain, but it also makes the local blood
vessels bigger, which can increase venom absorption.使用究竟。酒精可能
减少疼痛，但是它会使局部血管扩张使毒素吸收加快。
 Do not – 2 禁止 - 2
6. Give the victim anything by mouth. 口服任何东西。
7. Raise the site of the bite above the level of the victim‘s heart. 抬高被咬部位高
于心脏。
8. Remove the bandage and splint applied until medical help arrives.在获得医疗
帮助之前移除施用的绷带和甲板。
9. Attempt to catch or kill the snake.试图捉住或杀死咬人的蛇
10. Use anti-snake serums in the absence of a doctor.在没有医生的情况下使
用抗蛇毒血清。
A serum must be administered only by a doctor in a medical facility where emergency
drugs exist to cope with the situation.The adverse reactions of certain snake
serums can be more dangerous than the snake‘s venom and can kill in a matter
of minutes. 血清只能由医生在有急救药品应对的医疗设施内施用。某些抗蛇毒血
清的副方应会比蛇毒更危险，可以在几分钟内就能致命。
Preventing Snakebites – personal – 1
预防蛇咬伤 - 个人 -1
Keep your eyes open in snake infested areas - look where you are
stepping! 有蛇出没的地方保持警惕，睁大双眼- 看清你的落脚处！
Avoid sleeping on the ground whenever possible, snakes like body
warmth 尽量避免睡在地上！蛇喜欢人体的温暖！
Many venomous snakes are more active at night so never step out at night
without appropriate footwear and a torch. 大多数毒蛇夜晚会更活跃，
所以没有适当脚部保护和手电不要夜出。
Wear gloves and look before placing your hands when collecting
firewood, dislodging logs or stones, climbing rocks and trees with heavy
foliage.当你收集木柴、移动木头或石头，攀岩或攀爬浓密的树时
，记得戴手套并看清楚手放的位置。
Try to avoid areas overgrown with undergrowth 尽力避免涉足杂草丛生
的地方。
Preventing Snakebites – personal – 2
预防蛇咬伤 - 个人 - 2
Do not walk barefoot.不要赤足走路。
Wear leather boots and long trousers of a thick material when
walking in areas where snakes may be found. 在发现有蛇活动的地
方活动时穿戴皮靴和厚实的长裤。
Avoid climbing trees or rocks that are covered with dense foliage. 避免
攀爬浓叶覆盖的树或岩石。

• Never swim in rivers matted with vegetation or in muddy estuaries

where there are likely to be sea snakes. 绝不要在有铺地植被和泥泞
的江河口游泳，这些地方很可能有海蛇活动。
Don‘t sit down without first looking around. 不要不经环视就盲目坐下。

Don‘t stick your hand or foot into holes in pipes or the ground不要将手
、脚放进管道或地上的洞里。
Preventing Snakebites – personal – 3
预防蛇咬伤 - 个人 - 3
Never handle a snake even if he looks dead or seems harmless, it
may not be dead and may still strike绝不要玩弄蛇，哪怕是
看上去已经死了或无害，但是它可能没死且还有攻击
性。
Never handle, threaten or attack a snake and never intentionally
trap or corner a snake in an enclosed space 绝不要玩弄、威
胁或攻击蛇，也绝不要有意去诱捕或逼迫封闭环境中
的蛇。
On encountering a snake, do not run as this can provoke the snake
to strike. It is safer to keep perfectly still or back away slowly.
The snake just needs room to move off and will do so in most
circumstances遇到蛇时不要跑动，因为那样会惊吓蛇而
遭到攻击。保持完全静止不动或缓慢退后会更安全。
蛇只是需要空间离开而且多数情况下如此。
Preventing Snakebites – community – 1
预防蛇咬伤 – 群体 - 1
Get rid of there potential preys (lizards, rodents, frogs, mice, etc.) in
your living environment 清除生活环境中蛇的猎物（蜥蜴、啮
齿动物、青蛙和老鼠等）
Remove unwanted items from the ground, as these are favorite
hiding places for snakes去除地面杂物，这些都是蛇喜欢的
藏身之处
Keep items clear of windows. Snakes may use these to gain
access into buildings 去除窗户周围的杂物，蛇会通过这些东西攀爬
进室内。
Fill all burrows, holes and crevices in walls and in the ground.
They provide excellent hiding places for snakes填塞墙上或地上
的缝隙或洞穴，这些都是蛇极易藏身的地方。
Screen all ventilation openings and sewerage outlets with
weather-resistant mesh or gratings通风孔或下水道出口都要用
Preventing Snakebites – community – 2
预防蛇咬伤 – 群体 - 2
Dispose of uneaten food properly; otherwise this may attract
animals, which in turn invite their predators, the snakes.妥善处
理食物；否则会招引小动物，进而招引其天敌，蛇类。

If an area is infested with animals, a pest control company should

formally control these. Keep livestock like chicken and rabbits
away from the house.如果发现过量动物，应让除害公司
处理。房内避免饲养家禽或家畜。

Drain water filled areas regularly and keep them clean. Water
areas tend to harbour frogs, which are preyed upon by many
species of snakes.规则的清理排水区域并保持清洁。有青
蛙存活的地方，会有大量蛇类活动觅食。
Just remember…
一定要记住……
THE BEST ANTIDOTE IS ALWAYS - AVOID GETTING BITTEN –
protect yourself！
最好的抗毒素一直是 – 避免被咬- 保护你自己！

Snakes never attack humans without provocation except for

few snakes
除了少数蛇，蛇决不会在没有受到激惹时攻击人类。

The snake is often more frightened of you than you are of it,
give it a wide berth and allow it to go about its business!
蛇往往会比面对的人更恐惧，给它充足的空间逃离自行其事！