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Engg Thermodynamics Review PDF
Engg Thermodynamics Review PDF
Engineering
Dr. M. S. Soni
BITS Pilani Asst. Professor, Mechanical Engineering,
Pilani Campus 3rd Sept., 2013
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus
Fundamentals of Thermal
Engineering
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Topics for Discussion
• Basics of thermodynamics
• Air standard cycles
• IC engines and their testing
• Air compressors
• Refrigeration and air conditioning
• Nozzles and jet propulsion
• External combustion engines
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Basics of Thermodynamics
Working Medium :
A matter which performs a continuous process of
receiving or rejecting work or heat
Phase of a matter :
Three types of homogeneous physical phases –
Solid, Liquid and Gas
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Basic Concepts
System : A restricted region of space under study is
called system.
Surrounding: Anything and everything beyond the
system is called surrounding.
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System
Control Mass Control Volume
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Basic Concepts
State of a System: Described by a set of observable,
macroscopic properties like pressure, temp,
density etc.
Basic Concepts
Process: A change in state of the system is called
process.
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Thermodynamic Laws
• Law of Conservation of Mass :
Mass can neither be created nor be destroyed
• Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics:
When two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with
third body, they in turn have thermal equilibrium
with each other.
• Zeroth law is a basis for temp measurement
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Definition of Work
• It is a force “F” acting through a displacement “L”
in the direction of the force.
• Work done by a system is positive .
• Work done on a system is negative.
• Shaft work is the work done on the rotating shaft
of a machine.
W=F.L
1 J = 1 N-m
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Piston Piston
Motion Dir. (Area of C/S = A)
1 dl 2
δW = P*dV
Legend
Initial piston position
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Definition of Work
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Comparison of Heat and Work
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Comparison of Heat and Work
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Comparison of Heat and Work
Enthalpy
Represents total heat contents of the Body.
h = u + P*v ---- For Unit mass
h = hf + x * hfg ---For Saturation state.
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Pure Substance
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Pure Substance
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Pure Substance
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Pure Substance
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Pure Substance
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Heat Engine
A heat engine is a device that operates
in a cycle & takes heat from a high
temperature body/source and rejects
heat to a low temperature body/sink,
and in between it converts net heat into
work.
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Schematic of a
steam power
plant.
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HEAT ENGINE
Applying First Law:
QH QL W
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REFRIGERATOR
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REFRIGERATOR
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REFRIGERATOR
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The objective
of a
Refrigerator
is to remove
QL from the
cooled space.
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The objective of
a Refrigerator
is to remove QL
from the cooled
space.
Air Conditioner
as Refrigerator
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The objective of
a Refrigerator
is to remove QL
from the cooled
space.
Air Conditioner
as Refrigerator
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The objective
of a Heat
Pump is to
supply QH
into the
warmer space.
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The objective of a
Heat Pump is to
supply QH into the
warmer space.
Air Conditioner as
Heat Pump
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Q desired
COP =
W cycle
b=
QL
COPrefrigeration = ,
Wcycle
b COPheat
QH
pump =
Wcycle
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Second Law of Thermodynamics
There are two statements of the law
- Kelvin Planck Statement
No engine produces work by exchanging heat
with only one reservoir.
- Clausius Statement
Heat transfer from a low temp. source to high
temp. sink needs external work.
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KELVIN – PLANCK STATEMENT
Impossible
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CLAUSIUS STATEMENT
It is impossible to construct a device
that operates in a cycle and produces
no effect other than the transfer of heat
from a cooler body to a hotter body.
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CLAUSIUS STATEMENT
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CLAUSIUS STATEMENT
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OBSERVATIONS
• Both are negative statement
• Basis of these statements are
experimental evidence. No
experiments have ever been
conducted that contradicts the
second law
• Two statements are equivalent
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EQUIVALENCY OF TWO STATEMENTS
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PERPETUAL MOTION OF MACHINE OF
SECOND KIND (PMMSK)
A PMMSK would extract heat from a
source and then convert this heat
completely into work.
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Entropy
• Index of unavailability of energy of a system.
• Entropy is indicator of disorder in the system.
• Entropy of the Universe is always increasing.
dS = δQ/T for a reversible process,
• where T is in absolute K.
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Polytropic Process
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Constant Volume (Isochoric) Process
The volume does not change and hence no flow
work.
P/T = constant
Q= m Cv dT
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Constant Temp (Isothermal) Process
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Q =0
P1V1 γ = P2V2 γ
W= (P2V2- P1V1)/ γ -1
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Polytropic Process
PV n= constant
• P1V1n = P2V2n
• W=( P2V2- P1V1) /n-1
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Flow Processes
• The processes occurring in open system which
permit the transfer of mass, to and from the
system
• Constant Volume Process
W = V(P1-P2)
• Constant Pressure Process
W=0
• Constant Temperature Process
W = P1V1loge(V2/V1)
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Flow Processes
• Adiabatic Process
W = γ (P1V1 – P2V2)/(γ-1)
• Polytropic Process
W = n(P1V1 – P2V2)/(n-1)
• Throttling Process
W=0
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NEED OF CARNOT CYCLE
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THE CARNOT CYCLE
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THE CARNOT CYCLE
•Adiabatic Expansion
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THE CARNOT CYCLE
•Adiabatic Compression
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THE CARNOT CYCLE
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Carnot Engine
W
ηthermal = 1-
1- ( TL/TH )
QL
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Heat
• Energy that is transferred across the boundary
of a system due to the temp. difference between
the two systems & in the direction of higher
temp. system to lower temp. system.
• It’s a path function.
• Unit of heat is Joule.
• Heat transferred to a system is positive .
• Heat transferred from a system is negative.
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Conduction
• It is due to the combination of vibrations of
molecules in the lattice and energy
transport by free electrons.
• Fourier’s law
Q = - k* A * (dT/ dx )
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Convection
• Heat transfer between a solid surface
and a fluid.
• Bulk motion of fluid particles takes
place from higher energy level to
lower energy level.
• Newton’s law
Q = h * A * ΔT
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Convection
• When the fluid and a surface with temperature
difference are in contact and no external
pressure is applied to move the fluid over the
surface then heat transfer takes place by
natural convection mechanism
• When a fluid is forced over a surface, existing at
different temperature by external pressure, heat
transfer takes place by forced convection
mechanism
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Radiation
• From high temperature source to low
temperature source through electromagnetic
waves in space
• Can also take place in vacuum
• Stefan – Boltzmann Law
Eb = σ T4
• A body which absorbs all the incident radiation is
called a black body
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