LJHP BARRAGE

Barrage of a Hydroelectric Project is meant for blocking the main river and
guiding the blocked water to the Power House Canal. At the LJHP Barrage we
saw the iron gates which block the main river and store the water in the pond
behind the barrage. The gates on the barrage are operated with the help of
electric motors. At barrage the blocked water flows into the power house canal
and then approaches the fore bay. Trash racks are provided at the barrage which
is used to stop different types of unwanted things like polythene, grass, dead
animals etc. to enter the canal. If the trash is allowed to flow to power house, it
may damage turbine and other accessories. The trash racks should be cleaned
regularly once in twenty-four hours. The photographic view of the barrage is
shown in the adjacent picture.

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SILT EJECTOR
At some distance from barrage we saw the Silt Ejector. The concrete bed of the
silt ejector is shaped "W" so as to decrease the velocity of water. Due to the low
speed of water at Silt Ejector, the mud, sand and rocks etc which flow with water
settle at the bottom of the "W" shaped bed and two pipes are provided at the two
bottom of two " V’s " forming "W". 10 % of water is to be drawn through these
pipes to eject the silt. The photographic view of the Silt Ejector is shown by the
picture.

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ESCAPE CHANNEL
Near the fore bay we saw the "Escape Channel". The purpose of "Escape
channel" is that if suddenly we want to stop the whole generating station due to
any fault or any other heavy duty, the "Escape" is opened and the whole water
will flow in another direction away from the power house.

BALANCING RESERVOIR
After "Escape Channel" there comes B.R. (Balancing Reservoir). The function of
Balancing Reservoir is that if due to any work, cleaning of trash or any other
maintenance is required at Barrage, we have to drain the water at pond by
opening the gates so the canal cannot feed water to the fore bay which will cause
the generating station to stop producing electricity. So a reservoir is provided in
between the canal which is known as Balancing Reservoir which stores the water
and can run the generator for about 2 hours.

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FORE BAY
After Balancing Reservoir there comes Fore Bay. At Fore Bay a huge and strong
dam is constructed which has wider base, behind which water is stored and to
withstand against sliding, overturning and rupturing. The dam at LJHP creates
the head of61m to 67m of intake. The penstocks are dipped in the fore bay, no
air is allowed into the penstock from fore bay because if any air packet enters the
penstock which could be compressed by the velocity of water which can even
burst the penstock. The photographic view of dam and fore bay is shown in the
adjacent picture.

The penstocks are huge steel or reinforced steel pipes that carry large quantity of
water from the fore bay to the blades of turbine and convert the potential energy
of stored water into the kinetic energy with a desired speed and velocity. At LJHP
steel penstocks are provided. Reinforced Concrete Penstocks are suitable for
low head (less than 30m).

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Due to the fall and rise of ambient temperature, contraction and expansion
occurs in the metallic penstocks which may damage the penstocks. To overcome
this problem Expansion Joints are provided after every concrete block. Stainless
steel material is used at the expansion joints. And also inspection holes are
provided near the expansion joint for the maintenance of expansion joint.

Page 5 of 35
HISTORY OF HYDRO POWER
Hydro power is currently the world's largest renewable source of electricity,
accounting for 6% of worldwide energy supply or about 15% of the world's
electricity. The first recorded use of water power was a clock, built around 250
BC. Since that time, humans have used falling water to provide power for grain
and saw mills, as well as a host of other applications. The first use of moving
water to produce electricity was a waterwheel on the Fox River in Wisconsin in
1882, two years after Thomas Edison unveiled the incandescent light bulb. The
first of many hydro electric power plants in Niagara Falls was completed shortly
thereafter. Hydro power continued to playa major role in the expansion of
electrical service early in this century, both in North America and around the
world. Contemporary hydro electric power plants generate anywhere from a few
kW, enough for a single residence, to thousands of MW, power enough to supply
a large city. Early hydro-electric power plants were much more reliable and
efficient than the fossil fuel fired plants of the day. This resulted in a proliferation
of small to medium sized hydro-electric generating stations distributed wherever
there was an adequate supply of moving water and a need for electricity. As
electricity demand soared in the middle year of the century, and efficiency of coal
and oil fueled power plants increased, small hydro plants fell out of favour. Most
new hydro-electric development was focused on huge "mega-projects".

HYDRO - ELECTRIC POWER STATION

A generating station which utilizes the potential energy of water at a high
level for the generation of electrical energy is known as a Hydro - Electric
Power Station.
Hydro-electric power stations are generally located in hilly areas where
dams can be built conveniently and large water reservoirs can be obtained. In a
hydro-electric power station, water head is created by constructing a dam across
a river or lake. From the dam, water is led to a water turbine. The water turbine
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captures the energy in the falling water and changes the hydraulic energy (i.e.,
product of head and flow of water) into mechanical energy at the turbine shaft.
The turbine drives the alternator which converts mechanical energy into electrical
energy. Hydro-electric power stations are becoming very popular because the
reserves of fuels (i.e., coal and oil) are depleting day by day. They have the
added importance for flood control, storage of water for irrigation and water for
drinking purposes.
Advantages
a) It requires no fuel as water is used for the generation of electrical energy.
b) It is quite neat and clean as no smoke or ash is produced.
c) It requires very small running charges because water is the source of
energy which is available free of cost.
d) It is comparatively simple in construction and requires less maintenance.
e) It does not require a long starting time like a steam power station. In fact,
such plants can be put into service instantly.
f) It is robust and has a longer life.
g) Such plants serve many purposes. In addition to the generation of
electrical energy, they also help in irrigation and controlling floods.
h) Although such plants require the attention of highly skilled persons at the
time of construction, yet for operation, a few experienced persons may do
the job well.
Disadvantages
a) It involves high capital cost due to construction of dam.
b) There is uncertainty about the availability of huge amount of water due to
dependence on weather conditions.
c) Skilled and experienced hands are required to build the plant.
d) It requires high cost of transmission lines as the plant is located in hilly
areas which are quite away from the consumers.

Page 7 of 35
CHOICE OF SITE FOR HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER STATIONS
The following points should be taken into account while selecting the site for a
hydroelectric power station:
I. Availability of water. Since the primary requirement of a hydro-electric
power station is the availability of huge quantity of water, such plants should be
built at a place (e.g., river, canal) where adequate water is available at a good
head.
II. Storage of water. There are wide variations in water supply from a river or
canal during the year. This makes it necessary to store water by constructing a
dam in order to ensure the generation of power throughout the year. The storage
helps in equalizing the flow of water so that any excess quantity of water at a
certain period of the year can be made available during times of very low flow in
the river. This leads to the conclusion that site selected for a hydro-electric plant
should provide adequate facilities for erecting a dam and storage of water.
III. Cost and type of land. The land for the construction of the plant should
be available at a reasonable price. Further, the bearing capacity of the ground
should be adequate to withstand the weight of heavy equipment to be installed.
IV. Transportation facilities. The site selected for a hydro-electric plant
should be accessible by rail and road so that necessary equipment and
machinery could be easily transported.

It is clear from the above mentioned factors that ideal choice of site for such a
plant is near a river in hilly areas where dam can be conveniently built and large
reservoirs can be obtained.

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SCHEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF HYDRO ELECTRIC
POWER STATION
Although a hydro-electric power station simply involves the conversion of
hydraulic energy into electrical energy. yet it embraces many arrangements for
proper working and efficiency. The schematic arrangement of a modern hydro-
electric plant is shown.

SCHEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER STATION

The dam is constructed across a river or lake and water from the catchment area
collects at the back of the dam to form a reservoir. A pressure tunnel is taken off
from the reservoir and water brought to the valve house at the start of the
penstock. The valve house contains main sluice valves and automatic isolating
valves. The former controls the water flow to the power house and the latter cuts

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off supply of water when the penstock bursts. From the valve house, water is
taken to water turbine through a huge steel pipe known as penstock. The water
turbine converts hydraulic energy into mechanical energy. The turbine drives the
alternator which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

A surge tank (open from top) is built just before the valve house and protects the
penstock from bursting in case the turbine gates suddenly close due to electrical
load being thrown off. When the gates close, there is a sudden stopping of water
at the lower end of the penstock and consequently the penstock can burst like a
paper log. The surge tank absorbs this pressure swing by increase in its level of
water.

WORKING OF HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANT

There are many different turbine designs, but all involve fast - moving water
pushing against blades or "Buckets" around a metal wheel, or runner. The force
of the water turns the wheel and the shaft of the turbine. The shaft is also the
moving part of the generator (located at its other end) where electricity is actually
produced. Here, the electromagnets of the rotor spin inside huge coils of copper
wire when the rotor is turned by the turbine shaft. The pull of the spinning
magnets creates an electric current in the wire. This phenomenon discovered by
Michael Faraday in the early 1800's.

Only electricity is generated, it flows through transformers at the plant that "steps
up" or increases its voltage so it has enough force to travel long distances via
power lines. Before reaching customers, voltage is "stepped down" or decreased,
to a useable level. Residential customers receive electricity at 120 and 240 Volts,
a small fraction of transmission voltage.

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CONSTITUENTS OF HYDRO-ELECTRIC PLANT
The constituents of a hydroelectric plant are:-
1. Hydraulic Structures,
2. Water Turbines, and
3. Electrical Equipment.

1. Hydraulic Structures. Hydraulic structures in a hydro-electric power station

include dam, spillways, headworks, surge tank, penstock and accessory works.

i) Dam. A dam is a barrier which stores water and creates water head. Dams are
built of concrete or stone masonry, earth or rock fill. The type and arrangement
depends upon the topography of the site. A masonry dam may be built in a
narrow canyon. An earth dam may be best suited for a wide valley. The type of
dam also depends upon the foundation conditions, local materials and
transportation available, occurrence of earthquakes and other hazards. At most
of sites, more than one type of dam may be suitable and the one which is most
economical is chosen.

ii) Spillways. There are times when the liver flow exceeds the storage capacity
of the reservoir. Such a situation arises during heavy rainfall in the catchment
area. In order to discharge the surplus water from the storage reservoir into the
river on the downstream side of the dam, spillways are used. Spillways are
constructed of concrete piers on the top of the dam. Gates are provided between
these piers and surplus water is discharged over the crest of the dam by opening
these gates.

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iii) Headworks. The head works consists of the diversion structures at the head
of an intake. They generally include booms and racks for diverting floating debris,
sluices for by-passing debris and sediments and valves for controlling the flow of
water to the turbine. The flow of water into and through headworks should be as
smooth as possible to avoid head loss and cavitation. For this purpose, it is
necessary to avoid sharp corners and abrupt contractions or enlargements.

iv) Surge tank. Open conduits leading water to the turbine require no protection.
However, when closed conduits are used, protection becomes necessary to limit
the abnormal pressure in the conduit. For this reason, closed conduits are always
provided with a surge tank. A surge tank is a small reservoir or tank (open at the
top) in which water level rises or falls to reduce the pressure swings in the
conduit.

Page 12 of 35
A surge tank is located near the beginning of the conduit. When the turbine is
running at a steady load, there are no surges in the flow of water through the
conduit i.e., the quantity of -water flowing in the conduit is just sufficient to meet
the turbine requirements. However, when the load on the turbine decreases, the
governor closes the gates of turbine, reducing water supply to the turbine. The
excess water at the lower end of the conduit rushes back to the surge tank and
increases its water level. Thus the conduit is prevented from bursting. On the
other hand, when load on the turbine increases, additional water is drawn from
the surge tank to meet the increased load requirement. Hence, a surge tank
overcomes the abnormal pressure in the conduit when load on the turbine falls
and acts as a reservoir during increase of load on the turbine.

v) Penstocks. Penstocks are open or closed conduits which carry water to the
turbines.They are generally made of reinforced concrete or steel. Concrete
penstocks are suitable for low Surge tank heads < 30 m) as greater pressure
causes rapid deterioration of concrete. The steel penstocks can be designed for
any head; the thickness of the penstock increases with the head or working
pressure. Various devices such as automatic butterfly valve, air valve and surge
tank (See in Figure above) are provided for the protection of penstocks.

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Automatic butterfly valve shuts off water flow through the penstock promptly if it
ruptures. Air valve maintains the air pressure inside the penstock equal to
outside atmospheric pressure. When water runs out of a penstock faster than it
enters, a vacuum is created which may cause the penstock to collapse. Under
such situations, air valve opens and admits air in the penstock to maintain inside
air pressure equal to the outside air pressure.

2. Water Turbines. Water turbines are used to convert the energy of falling
water into mechanical energy. The principal types of water turbines are:
(i) Impulse turbines (ii) Reaction turbines

Impulse turbines. Such turbines are used for high heads. In an impulse turbine,
the entire pressure of water is converted into kinetic energy in a nozzle and the
velocity of the jet drives the wheel. The example of this type of turbine is the
Pelton wheel. It consists of a wheel fitted with elliptical buckets along its
periphery. The force of water jet striking the buckets on the wheel drives the
turbine. The quantity of water jet falling on the turbine is controlled by means of a
needle or spear (not shown in the figure) placed in the tip of the nozzle. The
movement of the needle is controlled by the governor. If the load on the turbine
decreases, the governor pushes the needle into the nozzle, thereby reducing the
quantity of water striking the buckets. Reverse action takes place if the load on
the turbine increases.

Reaction turbines. Reaction turbines are used for low and medium heads. In a
reaction turbine, water enters the runner partly with pressure energy and partly
with velocity head. The important types of reaction turbines are:
(a) Francis turbines (b) Kaplan turbines

Page 14 of 35
 A Francis turbine is used for low to medium heads. It consists of an outer ring
of stationary guide blades fixed to the turbine casing and an inner ring of rotating
blades forming the runner. The guide blades control the flow of water to the
turbine. Water flows radially inwards and changes to a downward direction while
passing through the runner. As the water passes over the "rotating blades" of the
runner, both pressure and velocity of water are reduced. This causes a reaction
force which drives the turbine.

Fig. Francis Turbine (of open generator) at LJHP

A Kaplan turbine is used for low heads and large quantities of water. It is
similar to Francis turbine except that the runner of Kaplan turbine receives water
axially. Water flows radially inwards through regulating gates all around the
sides, changing direction in the runner to axial flow. This causes a reaction force
which drives the turbine.

Page 15 of 35
3. Electrical Equipment. The electrical equipment of a hydro-electric power
station includes alternators, transformers, circuit breakers and other switching
and protective devices.

CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES OF HYDRO - GENERATORS

The constructional features of hydro-generators are basically dependent upon
the mechanical considerations which depend upon the speed of the machine.
The hydro-generators are low speed machines, the speed depending upon the
available head and the type of turbine used. The low speed demands for a multi-
polar construction.
The rotor is designed to with stand centrifugal stresses produced at twice
the normal operating speed, the machines re-installed in the generator floor of
the power house. The generators are made fire proof. The arrangement consists
of a system of pipes placed concentric with end windings in the generation. In
case of fire inside the machine, carbon dioxide is injected inside automatically
through pipes in the generator.

STATOR CORE
The stator core is built up of lamination in order to reduce eddy current loss. The
loss in the core is usually the largest loss in a hydro-generator. The stator has
132 slots.

STATOR FRAME
The frame is the structure in which the stator core is assembled. At the outlet
openings of stator frame, the water coolers for air mounted. Circulation of air is
caused by rotation of rotor poles and by means of fans mounted on both sides of
the rotor.

Page 16 of 35
STATOR WINDINGS
The stator windings of the alternators are star-connected with neutral earthed.
This arrangement has the advantage that the winding has to be insulated to earth
for the phase voltage and not the voltage. The windings have single turn, double-
layered coils called as bar winding, made of copper. The copper bars have a
length of 3m and a cross sectional area of 800mm the bar winding is wave
connected as it avoid the use of a large number of connectors.

ROTOR BODY
The salient poles are attached to the rotor body. The rotor poles are 28 in
number. The poles are clamped of fixed to the rotor body. The rotor is coupled to
the shaft attached to the turbine.

BEARINGS
In the vertical shaft hydro-generators, special features have to be incorporated in
the bearing set up because of the requirement of the rotor and the turbine runner
and the hydraulic thrust which may be twice the dead weight of the rotating
masses. The thrust bearing is provided at the top of the stator. It has eight
vertical pads. Oil is supplied to the bearings by pumps and cooled externally.

BRAKES
The generators may take half an hour to stop, after the prime mover has been
shut down, if not brakes. In order to bring the rotor quickly to a stop in case of
any fault, the generator is provided with brakes. The brakes are so designed that
they can dissipate the complete energy of rotating parts and machine is brought
to rest within some minutes. The brakes have pads which come in contact with
the rotor ring when the brakes are applied.

Page 17 of 35
SLIP RINGS
The slip rings are required to supply excitation to the field winding. The slip rings
are made of steel.

LOW TENSION SYSTEM

The L.T. system of the LJHP is meant to supply the axillaries of the power
houses. The supply is taken from the three hydro-generators installed in the
power house. In addition, two diesel generators are installed and there is one
supply from the Peernia Feeder through the service station transformers.

OUT DOOR SWITCHYARD:

Equipment in the switchyard
 Circuit breakers
 Isolators
 Current transformer
 Potential transformer
 Capacitive voltage transformer
 Lightning arrestor
 Bus Bar & conductor
 Earth switch
 Wave trap
 Insulators (post & Suspension)
 Control & power cables
 Clamps
 Fire fighting equipments

Page 18 of 35
 CIRCUIT BREAKER

SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER

SF6 GAS: gas in pure state is inert, exhibits exceptional, thermal stability and has
excellent arc quenching property as well as exceptional high insulating
properties. It is one of most stable compounds, inert, non- flamble, and non-toxic
and odorless. The density of gas is about 5 times that of air and heat disipation in
it is also much more than in air. At atmospheric pressure the dielectric strength is
about 2.4 times that of air and at 3Kg/cm2 it is same as that of oil.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SF6 GAS

Molecular weight 146.07
Melting point - 50.7
Dielectric constant 1.002 (at 760mm of Hg pressure)

CONSTRUCTION:
This is single-phase auto reclosing type circuit breaker. The three phases have
their own mechanism and air reservoir inter connected electrically and
pneumatically. Single pole of the breaker consists of interrupting unit, supporting
unit and mechanism housing.

INTERRUPTING UNIT: The interrupter is a single-phase puffer type, which

consists of puffer cylinder and piston, stationary contact and its assembly. Over
conductors are connected to the upper and lower terminal pads.

Page 19 of 35
OPENING OPERATION: Opening is affected by pulling down the insulating rod,
piston rod, puffer cylinder, moving contact, moving arc contact and the nozzle.
After some contact wiping the stationary and moving arc contacts separate there
by generating arc. During down ward movement the gas pressure in puffer
cylinder builds up and high pressure gas flows through nozzle and quenches the
arc.

CLOSING OPERATION: In closing operation insulating rod is pushed up and all

the parts move in reverse order of opening operation. Also SF6 gas taken into the
puffer cylinder.

SUPPORT UNIT ASSEMBLY: It consists of support porcelain and insulating pull

rod, this provides insulation between live parts and ground SF6 gas filled in
containers in interrupting and supporting unit at rated pressure.

AIR SYSTEM: Compressed air is required for opening operation of the breaker.
It is stored in inter connected chamber 70 Lt each which act as local source. This
system is provided with motor compressor unit. The capacity of compressor is
90 L/M. This governor switch compressor system maintains the pressure
between 14.5 to 15.5 Kg/cm2 .

PNEUMATIC OPERATING MECHANISM: The pneumatic operating mechanism

consists of opening piston, air cylinder, control valve, tripping coil& closing coil,
latch, trigger, closing spring, shock absorber and others.

Page 20 of 35
OPENING OPERATION:
The opening operation is affected by compressor air, when opening signal
energies trip coil, latch and cam are released by trip coil plunger and control
valve is open by spring which allows the compressed air, to push down the piston
of the pneumatic operating mechanism.

The movement of opening piston is transmitted to the puffer cylinder through

livers and rods and moving contacts of all three poles are pulled down together.
The movement of opening piston compresses the closing spring. At the final
position of the opening operation the control valve is closed by the linkage and
the air in the cylinder is exhausted through the control valve to the out side
atmosphere. The piston is held in opening position against forcing of the closing
spring by holding latch.

CLOSING OPERATION:
Closing operation is made by the closing spring. When closing signal energies
the closing coil trigger and holding latch released by the closing coil plunger, and
closing spring closes the breaker.

MOCB (MINIMUM OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER)

This MOCB having two breaking units per pole, normally this can vary between
one and four, depending on the, rated voltage, insulation level and short circuit
current breaking capacity. The double breaking unit per pole is connected
together to form V shaped breaking unit.
The breaking units are mounted on post insulator, which constitute the insulation
of the pole to earth. Each post insulator supports one double breaking unit. The
post insulator erected on a low concrete pedestal. The breaking unit consists of
an oil container with an arc control device of cross blast type. The oil container

Page 21 of 35
consists of a porcelain tube reinforced with a glass fiber tube on the inside, fixed
contact mechanism housing cast in light metal and gas tight top cap. The
breaking unit is hermetically sealed and pressurized with N2 gas. The top cap is,
therefore fitted with a pressure control valve. The circuit breaker is operated with
a motor operated spring - closing device of the type BLG. The operating device is
connected with mechanism of the breaking units via a pull rod system, link gears
and operating insulators. The circuit is closed by operating device, which
contains the closing spring. When closing, the opening springs, which are tightly
joined, to the outer end of the rod systems are charged. The opening catch in the
operating device keeps the CB in the closed position for opening all that is
required is to release the opening latch. Each breaking unit contains 53 Lt.

CURRENT TRANSFORMER
Current transformers are instrument transformers to measure current in high
circuit and for protection purpose. The current transformer connected always in
series with line. The CT’s installed in switchyard is oil filled hairpin. The hair pin
arises out of fact that the HV primary winding is of that shape, comprising a tube
having graded insulation of oil impregnated in which metal foils are inter posed at
suitable intervals. The outer most of these coils is connected to earth via an
insulated terminal and link enabling dielectric loss angle measurements be taken
to check up the quality of insulation. This foil further acts as earth shield between
primary and secondary winding. The secondary winding with own cores are
mounted over the legs of hairpin. In this type of design up to 4 secondary cores
can be accommodated, an alternative design allowing accommodation for five
secondaries. Each unit is completely oil filled and sealed to ensure that the oil
cannot come in to contact the atmosphere and hermetically sealed with N2 gas at
0.35 kg/cm2 pressure.

Page 22 of 35
The flexible oil reservoir in the top housing above the high voltage terminal
chamber ensures this by preventing the creation of undue pressure or
depressions. Unit side CT’s having 4 core and outgoing feeder CT’s having 5
core. Unit CT’s core 1 is for link line protection, core 2 is for LBB protection, core
3 is for Bus differential main zone protection and core 4 is for metering, bus
differential check zone protection. Ratio is 800/600/400 : 1.

The feeder side CT’s core 1 is for main 1 distance protection and fault locator,
core 2 is for main distance protection and disturbance recorder, core 3 is for Bus
bar main zone protection, core 4 is for Bus bar check zone protection and core 5
is for LBB protection and metering. CT’s ratio is 800: 1, make BHEL and CGL.

VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
Voltage transformer is instrument transformer for high voltage measurement
purpose and protection purpose. In the LJHP switchyard, two types of voltage
transformers are used -- for Bus bar, potential transformer is used and for
outgoing feeders, capacitive voltage transformer is used. The Bus bar voltage
transformer has one primary and two secondary windings. The primary winding is
connected across phase and earth through neutral link. The secondary winding is
for measurement and another one is the disturbance recorder. The secondary
winding + ve terminal is connected through 15A fuse and - ve earthed through
neutral link. The PT is oil filled with 300 Lt of oil.

CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER:

With the higher voltage of 110KV and above, the electromagnetic design is a
costly item, and an economical alternative is found in the capacitive voltage
transformer. This comprises a capacitor divider unit in which capacitors are
connected in series between line earths. A tapping is made at convenient voltage

Page 23 of 35
(intermediate voltage), which is usually at 20/√3 or 12 KV. The secondary burden
is connected to this taping via a reactor and inter mediate transformer, the later
being is electro magnetic type. The reactor and transformer combined in one unit
and oil filled, hermetically sealed.

The CVT is used as a filter circuit for PLCC (Power line carrier communication).
The inductive reactance of combination is such as to balance the capacitive
reactance of the coupler at rated frequency i.e. there is a resonating circuit. The
primary and intermediate voltage capacitors are housed in the ceramic insulator
and sealed to prevent air and moisture coming in contact with the insulation oil.

The HF terminal of CVT is for sending or receiving high frequency

communication signal. The CVT and Wave trap and line impedance combined
form as a π filter for PLCC.

ISOLATORS
Isolators are off load (no-load) operating switches. These may have either
vertical or horizontal break. For 33 Kv and 66 Kv systems may have vertical or
horizontal breaking. The EHV out door isolators is horizontal center single or
double break type with two or three post insulators. The operating mechanism of
isolators either manual, motor, or hydraulic operated. The center single break
type isolator having two post insulators for each phase post insulators are
connected through common operating shaft. At the time of operation both post
insulators of each phase rotating separate the elements of switchblade at the
central contact system. The contact system must have adequate current carrying
ability; both for continuous and short time rating. Isolators are always operated in
no load condition only. Isolators with earth switch are installed in switchyard. The
out going feeders having this type arrangement. The function of earth switch is

Page 24 of 35
after opening of line isolators the earth switch should be closed to earth the line
charging currents.

LIGHTNING ARRESTER OR SURGE ARRESTER

Overvoltages, which appear on electrical systems, are internal and external
overvoltages. The internal over voltages are due to operation of circuit breaker
when switching inductive or capacitive loads, sudden earthing of one phase of
system, disconnection of generator which overspeeds, sudden load removing
etc. These overvoltages rarely exceed 3 to 5 times of normal voltage. External
overvoltages are caused by atmospheric discharges. These voltages cause
considerable stress on insulation. The need to avoid breakdown of primary
insulation due to overvoltages on the system requires the CB, transformer, post
and tension insulators and other apparatus having a withstand voltage level
greater than the protective levels of devices provided to give overvoltage
protection, e.g. surge diverters. Diverters which provide these feature comprises
one or more air gaps mounted in series with non-linear resistors, the function of
air gap being to keep the circuit through the arrestor to earth open under all
normal power frequency to flash over and close the circuit when abnormal
voltages appear at the diverter terminal. In this switchyard we used Zinc Oxide
non-linear gapless arrestor. Elpro makes arresters having 3 blocks each 66 KV
while as W.S. makes it having 4 arresters with 49.5 KV voltage.

BUS BAR AND CONDUCTORS

Alternators are used in a power system where they are in parallel with many
other alternators. Main function of Bus Bar is to connect different alternators with
common voltage and frequency to deliver power. In LJHP, Double Bus System
i.e., Bus A & Bus B with a Reserve Bus has been used. Bus A and Bus B
coupled through Bus coupler CB. Here three machines are connected in one bus
Page 25 of 35
and another 3 machines are connected in another Bus. The outgoing feeders are
connected on Bus A and Bus B. Due to different loads on different feeders the
buses are not operating on split mode. The Bus conductor is twin tarantula (All
Aluminium) conductor, each phase of bus having two conductors (bundled
conductor). The conductors from machine to Bus and Bus to outgoing feeder are
called zebra conductors.

MAINTENANCE OF VARIOUS EQUIPMENTS IN SWITCHYARD

Maintenance of switchyard equipment is of two types:
1. Preventive maintenance.
2. Breakdown maintenance.
Preventive maintenance schedule is followed daily/monthly or yearly to avoid any
outage due to breakdown.
CB Monitoring & Maintenance:
1. Checking of SF6 gas pressure
2. Checking of air pressure
3. Drain water from air reservoir
4. Checking of looseness of compressor and motor mounting bolts and belt.
5. Oil level in crank case
Shutdown maintenance:
1. Cracks and contamination of porcelain clean with emery paper
2. Main terminal cleaning with emery paper
3. Tighten the all external bolts
4. Rusting area painting
5. Stroke and contact wipe measurement
6. Setting check of gas density and air pressure switch, measurement of dew
point
7. Checking of opening and closing time etc

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MOCB:
1. Checking of leakage oil level
2. Checking of oil leakage from grading capacitor

Shutdown maintenance:
1. B.D.V of oil
2. Cleaning of breaker poles
3. Checking of pole discrepancy relay
4. Capacitance and tan delta measurement of grading capacitor
5. Dynamic contact resistance and contact travel measurement

CURRENT TRANSFORMER:
1. Checking of oil leakage
2. Checking of any sparking at CT bushes
3. Thermo vision scanning of CT
4. Cleaning and tightness CT primary bushing clamps and healthiness of
bush
5. Checking of oil level and gas pressure
6. Capacitance and tan delta testing

CVT:
1. Checking of oil leakage
2. Thermo vision scanning of capacitance of stacks
3. Checking of any cracks
4. Capacitance and tan delta measurement
5. Testing of oil BDV

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ISOLATORS AND EARTH SWITCH:
1. Maintenance of link gears
2. Cleaning of auxiliary contacts and greasing with silicon grease
3. Lubrication of operating mechanism
4. Alignment
5. Cleaning of support insulators and check for cracks
6. Contact resistance measurement of isolator and earth switch

LIGHTNING ARRESTER:
1. Daily checking of surge counter and leakage counter
2. Cleaning of insulator
3. If required capacitance and tan delta tests

BUS BAR AND BUS INSULATOR:

1. Cleaning of insulators
2. Checking of insulators for cracks
3. Thermo vision scanning of all clamps and joints
4. De weeding of switchyard
5. Checking of switchyard lights

WAVE TRAP:
1. Tightness and cleaning
2. General inspection and cleaning of tuning units

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BUS BAR AND FEEDER PROTECTION
Bus bar protection works as back up protection to the connected generators &
feeders .In case of any fault on generator or feeder which was not cleared by its
primary protection scheme and the fault was being feed by other generators and
feeders connected to same bus to witch the faulty generator or feeder is
connected, in this case bus bar protection work as back up protection and thus
trip all the generator and feeder connected to faulty portion through this bus bar.

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SOME PICTURES

Fig. Cooling System

Fig. Guide Vane Steering

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 Fig. Oil Compressor Fig. Governor Servomotor

Fig. Controlled Oil Flow by using Fig. Disc Valve Controller

Induction Motors

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 Fig. Guide Vanes Fig. Corridor Type Relay and
Control Panel

Fig. Internal Panel Connections Fig. Relay Panel (Outer Side)

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Fig. Transformer Control Panel Fig. Generator Control Panel

Fig. Cubicle Control Panel in the Control Room

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Fig. One of the units of 3-ɸ Bank of Fig. Generator Transformer
Generator Transformer Lightning Arrester

Fig. 3-ɸ Bank Of Generator Fig. Tail Race

Transformers

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Fig. Synchroscope Fig. Switchyard Transformer

Fig. Isolator Fig. Switchyard Lightning

Arrester

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