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MoJet An Improved Jetfan PDF
MoJet An Improved Jetfan PDF
An improved
R
jet fan
oad tunnels are often ventilated
by inductive systems with
booster fans, also known as jet
fans, installed near the tunnel
ceiling. A brief summary of physical data is
necessary to better understand the scope
of this paper.
The theoretical impulse force for a jet fan,
thrust, can be calculated as follows:
(1)
This paper presented by Harald Rudelgass and Carlo Barbetta of
In practice a jet fan experiences losses Systemair explores the results of converging nozzles on loss of
and so will not develop the full theoretical
thrust force. impulse, a history of the research and the latest solutionive
The actual thrust can only be found by
measurement. Action and reaction are affecting outlet velocity). The authors warn Manipulating this formula
equal and opposite so the thrust provided the user on calculating the thrust with the
to the air can be evaluated by measuring above formula. It is recommended to (multiplying by )
the reactive force on the fan, as specified in measure the thrust and then calculate the
ISO 13350. The difference between Veff (effective velocity) from the appropriate and solving the equation for
theoretical and real thrust ranges from 0.85 formula [1]. we have:
to 1.05 (values greater than one happen in Since the flow rate in the tunnel will not
some cases where a high hub ratio be zero, formula (1) must be rewritten in the (3)
generates a remarkable annulus velocity, following way :
In order to free as much of the tunnel for
Below: Testing a Mojet fan (2) traffic as possible, booster fans are often
installed close to the ceiling. This results in pipe or pipes positioned in the vicinity of a The work done was presented in 1994
the exhaust jet stream not being able to plain plate or plain niche, and not taking [9], 1997 [10] [11], 2000 [12] and today
fully develop. So a portion of jet energy is into account the shape of the tunnel at all. represents the more updated Kempf factor
lost to wall friction. Consequently, formula This research showed the great influence of determination.
(3) has to be rewritten as follows: losses generated through interaction
between jet plumes and fixed surfaces. Technical solution
(4) In 1991 [7] the prolific Rohne presented From formula (4) it is clear that the Kempf
research that in some ways reproduced, factor is an extremely important influence
The effectiveness number k, called the the circular shape of a tunnel: a half on the number of jet fans to be used and
‘Kempf factor’, indicates what portion of cylinder in small scale (maximum radius of consequently installation and running costs.
the impulse force or momentum is actually 400mm and length 2,000mm), with one The data in [9], [10], [11] and [12]
provided by the fan and not lost. pipe positioned in the middle at various confirms that it could vary between 0.65 to
Generally we should assume: distances from vault. 0.78 so any improvement achieved will give
The research carried out to this point had benefits as described above.
= 30m/s two technical limitations:
= 5m/s Pipes do not correctly represent a jet fan Jet fan inclination
And we immediately have a factor of outlet, which has a swirl. Fully reversible booster fans in a
Plain plates or semicircular sections do bidirectional traffic tunnel, or in a
not create boundary surface existing in a unidirectional tunnel that, during
tunnel. maintenance allows two way traffic and
Studies, presented later in this paper, does not allow the adoption of inclination
demonstrate that k can range between 0.65 Also in 1991, N. Costeris [8] resumed the that will only benefit one direction. In some
to 0.78, resulting in a correction factor on Kempf research for a rectangular tunnel cases the inclination is not achievable due
the provided thrust of 0.54 to 0.64. This presenting the dimensionless effectiveness to tunnel clearance demands.
means a loss in thrust of 36 to 46 per cent. of jets. Again the first technical limitation From [10] [11] it was found that from 5°
This is a remarkable amount of energy loss, (above) was an issue. to 10° there is an optimisation of the
and needs an appropriate focus. For the first time graphs showing the k installation efficiency. This method has no
factors were of easy use and directly remarkable application as far as the authors
History applicable to formula four (above, left). are aware.
During the mid 1960s a Swiss engineer, I The author suggested how to improve
Kempf, started to study the influence and the results by using deflectors on air Deflectors
effect of walls on jet streams [2] in a corner outlets, correcting the final thrust by the As far as the authors know Kempf [2]
of rectangular tunnel section model. That cosine of the angle between the jet stream studied the effect of deflection vanes on a
was the first approach trying to determine centreline and the longitudinal tunnel axis. pipe installed in a corner of a rectangular
the effects in an engineered way. Later in Costeris’s comments on use of section in 1965.
1979 E. Rohne [3] resumed the previous deflectors are very clear, that the adoption The research was limited to establishing
work and began an analytical investigation of jet stream deflectors is only considered the effectiveness of an installation that uses
of a simple jet on a plain plate. In 1982 an improvement if the advantages outweigh deflectors. Effectiveness was surely
Rohne [4] also studied the simple jet in a the drawbacks caused by the additional increased due to the directing of the flow
niche. And again in 1985 [5] and 1988 [6] losses through the jet fan, and away from the wall. However from a fan
Rohne studied the effect of two and four consequently the increase of power point of view, the installation of deflectors
simple jets on a plain plate. consumption. on the outlet side or, even worse (in the
All Rohne experiments were purely a During the 1990s there was a big jump case of a fully reversible jet fan), on both
Mojet Total energy cost per year EUR 137,104 EUR 100,672
So far we have seen various technical
efforts in order to maximise the momentum
exchange between booster fans and the Table 3: Financial implications of jet fan choice
fresh air flow induced into the tunnel.
Standard Jetfan Mojet Savings
If we again consider formula one, we can
appreciate that: Formula (4) 31,237N 24,003N -23%
Quantity of jetfans 38 32 -16%
= we have no control since it is a
physical property of the air inside the tunnel Total power 1,246.4kW 915.2kW -27%
Total cost per year EUR 137,104 EUR 100,672 -27%
, = they are linked together in a
directly proportional way. But should qv be
kept constant, and in some ways Vf lower blade pitch angle and higher pressure Blade pitch angle.
increased, the result is an increase in the drops, while still delivering the required Area restriction ratio, of around 1:6.
fan-developed thrust. aerodynamic thrust.
In more technical detail, Tarada [17] [18] The latter seems to cancel all the Playing with all these possibilities we
describes the concept of the ‘Momemtum benefits but, it is not so, since moving have to optimise the combination, including
Jet’ (Mojet) with converging silencers upwards in the fan characteristic curve, the the Kempf factor, to get the maximum
outlets (nozzles) on one or both side of the fan efficiency gets remarkably higher hence performances out of the installed jet fan
fans depending on whether unidirectional there is a benefit. configuration.
or reversible jet fans are needed. So a Another benefit comes from the A work example based on a 1.5km long
significantly greater aerodynamic thrust can inclination of the nozzles, not by as much tunnel can give a clear picture of the final
be obtained, with this converging nozzle as slanted silencers (around 5°) but enough benefits (see Table 1).
arrangement, by accelerating the discharge to notably improve the k installation factor. From the above Table 2 we can now
air into a smaller outlet area. It is important to note that the silencer highlight the advantages.
Naturally there are losses generated by downward inclination can be asymmetric, The above example has been developed
nozzles varying with a square law and keeping the lowest silencer side at the with a number of CFD calculations and it
power demand with a cubic law. same level, thus not increasing the fan has been optimised the many variables.
Axial fans have a steep performance envelope and keeping the same clearance In this particular case, due to a small fan
curve, so the additional pressure drop as a standard jet fan. diameter, the thrust provided by the Mojet
moves up the working point of the fan while We can summarise the variables: is lower than the one provided by a
the volume flow reduction is not so Asymmetric converging silencers. standard jet fan but the k factor and the
remarkable, or it is possible to operate at Inclination (about 5°). absorbed power are better.
Future steps [12] “Experimental investigation of interaction of plain jet fans mounted in series” A.D. Martegani, G.
The Mojet has been demonstrated to have Pavesi, C. Barbetta – BHRGroup, Boston, USA, 2000
a sound physical basis, and the CFD
[13] “Investigation of wall-friction, pressure distribution and the effectiveness of big jet fans with
analysis has supported this. However, true deflection blades in the Fodnes tunnel in Norway” G. Lotsberg – BHRGroup, Aosta Valley, IT, 1997
confirmation can only come with a real
installation, or in a test carried out at a 1:1 [14] “Messungen an der Tunnellufftungsanlage der Tunnels Balmenrain und Uznaberg, Hauptstrasse
scale. It is even better if the test is T8/A8” P. Pospisil, M. Mart, M. Brandt - HBI report 87 – 95 – 10 , CH, 2003
performed by a notified body that has no [15] “Strömungsmessung, Tunnel de Collembey” M. Mart, M. Brandt – HBI report 03 – 100 – 02 ,
interest at all to manipulate the relevant CH, 2004
measurements.
A 1:1 scale test was arranged for 2011 in [16] “Numerical study of the optimization of the pitch angle of an alternative jet fan in a longitudinal
a 600m long tunnel in Spain. This was tunnel ventilation system” V. Betta, F. Cascetta, M. Musto, G. Rotondo – Tunnel and Underground
changed to a test that will be carried out in Technology, pages 164 – 172 , 2009
Italy in 2012. [17] “Impulse ventilation for tunnels – a state of the art review” F. Tarada , R. Brandt – BHRGroup,
New Bruswick, USA , 2009
Conclusions
[18] “Design, testing and application of an energy-efficient longitudinal ventilation system” F. Tarada –
From the mid 1960s until the present day, a
BHRGroup, Dundee, U.K., 2011
lot of dedicated research to establish the k
factor more accurately has been carried