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03 - Argumentation
03 - Argumentation
(PART 2)
PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON
LESSON 3
TYPES OF REASONING
DEDUCTION -
INDUCTION -
RULES OF REPLACEMENT
Double Negation –
––A=A
Commutativity –
A&B = B&A/ AvB = BvA
Associativity –
(A&B) & C = A & (B&C) / (AvB) v C = A v (BvC)
Tautology –
A = A&A / A = AvA
RULES OF REPLACEMENT
De Morgan’s Law
Transposition
A ->B = - B -> -A
Material Implication
A ->B = -AvB
RULES OF REPLACEMENT
Exportation
Distribution
Material Equivalence
• DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENT IS SAID TO BE VALID IF AND ONLY IF IT TAKES A FORM THAT MAKES IT
IMPOSSIBLE FOR THE PREMISES TO BE TRUE AND THE CONCLUSION NEVERTHELESS TO BE
FALSE.
• A DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENT IS SOUND IF AND ONLY IF IT IS BOTH VALID, AND ALL OF ITS
PREMISES ARE ACTUALLY TRUE.
FALLACIES
• FALSE DICHOTOMY - THIS FALLACY RESTS ON THE ASSUMPTION THAT THERE ARE ONLY TWO POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS,
SO DISPROVING ONE SOLUTION MEANS THAT OTHER SOLUTION SHOULD BE UTILIZED. IT IGNORES OTHER
ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS.
• HASTY GENERALIZATION - HASTY GENERALIZATION OCCURS WHEN THE PROPONENT USES TOO SMALL OF A
SAMPLE SIZE TO SUPPORT A SWEEPING GENERALIZATION.
• POST HOC - THIS FALLACY ASSUMES THAT CORRELATION EQUALS CAUSATION OR, IN OTHER WORDS, IF ONE EVENT
PREDICTS ANOTHER EVENT IT MUST HAVE ALSO CAUSED THE EVENT
• SLIPPERY SLOPE – WHEN A RELATIVELY INSIGNIFICANT FIRST EVENT LEADS TO MORE SIGNIFICANT EVENTS UNTIL
SOME ULTIMATE EVEN IS REACHED. WHICH IS IMPROBABLE.
• FALSE ANALOGY – TWO THINGS ALIKE IN ONE OR MORE ASPECT THEN THEY ARE ALIKE IN SOME OTHER ASPECT.