Experiment: 10

Date: 6/11/2019

Aim:

i. Design a Butterworth low pass filter, high pass filter, band pass filter,
band stop filter for given specifications:
a. low pass filter
0.9 ≤ |H(𝑒 )| ≤ 1 0≤w≤
|H(𝑒 )| ≤ 0.2 ≤w≤𝜋
b. high pass filter
0.9 ≤ |H(𝑒 )| ≤ 1 ≤w≤𝜋
|H(𝑒 )| ≤ 0.2 0≤w≤
c. band pass filter
0.9 ≤ |H(𝑒 )| ≤ 1 ≤w≤
|H(𝑒 )| ≤ 0.2 0≤w≤ and w ≥
d. band stop filter
0.9 ≤ |H(𝑒 )| ≤ 1 0≤w≤ and w ≥
|H(𝑒 )| ≤ 0.2 ≤w≤

ii. Design a Butterworth low pass filter for n=3,15,45,60 for given
specifications:
0.9 ≤ |H(𝑒 )| ≤ 1 0≤w≤
|H(𝑒 )| ≤ 0.2 ≤w≤𝜋

Inbuilt functions:
1. butter

[b,a] = butter(n,Wn,ftype) designs a lowpass, highpass, bandpass, or bandstop

Butterworth filter, depending on the value of ftype and the number of elements of Wn.
The resulting bandpass and bandstop designs are of order 2n.
 2. buttord

[n,Wn] = buttord(Wp,Ws,Rp,Rs) returns the lowest order, n, of the digital Butterworth

filter with no more than Rp dB of passband ripple and at least Rs dB of attenuation in the
stopband. The scalar (or vector) of corresponding cutoff frequencies, Wn, is also
returned. Use the output arguments n and Wn in butter where,

Wp = pass band corner frequency Wp, the cutoff frequency, is a scalar or a two-element
vector with values between 0 and 1, with 1 corresponding to the normalized Nyquist
frequency, π radians per sample.

Ws = stop band corner frequency Ws, is a scalar or a two-element vector with values
between 0 and 1, with 1 corresponding to the normalized Nyquist frequency.

Rp = pass band ripple in decibels.

Rs = stop band attenuation in decibels.

MATLAB Code:

i.
clc
close all
clear all

dp = 0.9;
ds = 0.2;
rp = -20*log10(dp);
rs = -20*log10(ds);

%LPF
wp = pi/2;
ws = 3*pi/4;

[n,wn] = buttord(wp/pi,ws/pi,rp,rs);
[b,a] = butter(n,wn);
figure();
freqz(b,a,0:0.01:pi);

%HPF
ws = pi/2;
wp = 3*pi/4;

[n,wn] = buttord(wp/pi,ws/pi,rp,rs);
[b,a] = butter(n,wn,'high');
figure();
freqz(b,a,0:0.01:pi);
%BPF
ws = [pi/20 pi/4];
wp = [pi/10 pi/8];

[n,wn] = buttord(wp/pi,ws/pi,rp,rs);
[b,a] = butter(n,wn);
figure();
freqz(b,a,0:0.01:pi);

%BSF
ws = [pi/20 pi/4];
wp = [pi/10 pi/8];

[n,wn] = buttord(wp/pi,ws/pi,rp,rs);
[b,a] = butter(n,wn,'stop');
figure();
freqz(b,a,0:0.01:pi);

Results:

1. low pass filter

2. high pass filter

3. band pass filter

 4. band stop filter

Matlab code:

ii.
clc
close all
clear

%LPF
wp = pi/2;
ws = 3*pi/4;

dp = 0.9;
ds = 0.2;
rp = -20*log10(dp);
rs = -20*log10(ds);

[n,wn] = buttord(wp/pi,ws/pi,rp,rs);

n1=3;
n2=15;
n3=45;
n4=60;
[b1,a1] = butter(n1,wn);
[Hn1,Wn1] = freqz(b1,a1,0:0.01:pi);
[b2,a2] = butter(n2,wn);
[Hn2,Wn2] = freqz(b2,a2,0:0.01:pi);
[b3,a3] = butter(n3,wn);
[Hn3,Wn3] = freqz(b3,a3,0:0.01:pi);
[b4,a4] = butter(n4,wn);
[Hn4,Wn4] = freqz(b4,a4,0:0.01:pi);

subplot(211)
plot( Wn1/pi,20*log10(abs(Hn1)), Wn2/pi,20*log10(abs(Hn2)),
Wn3/pi,20*log10(abs(Hn3)), Wn4/pi,20*log10(abs(Hn4)));
legend('n=3','n=15','n=45','n=60');
title('magnitude plot')
subplot(212)
plot( Wn1/pi,phase(Hn1), Wn2/pi,phase(Hn2), Wn3/pi,phase(Hn3),
Wn4/pi,phase(Hn4));
legend('n=3','n=15','n=45','n=60');
title('phase plot');

Result:
Conclusion:

From this experiment we can conclude that for butterworth filter there is a smooth
response in pass band and ripples in stop band. As the order of filter increases the
filter response becomes close to an ideal low pass filter.