MOTION SENSOR

A motion sensor is a device that detects physical movement on a device or within

an environment. It has the ability to detect and capture physical and/or kinetic
movements in real time.
TYPES OF MOTION SENSOR
 Active Motion Sensors - are also known as Radar-based motion sensors.
The active detector sensors emit the radio waves/ microwaves across a
room or other place, which strike on nearby objects and reflect it back to
the sensor detector. When an object moves in motion sensor controlled
area at this time, the sensor looks for a Doppler (frequency) shift in the
wave when it returns to the sensor detector, which would indicate that the
wave has hit a moving object.
 Passive Motion Sensors - It simply detects the infrared energy. Infrared
(heat) energy levels are sensed by passive detectors. Passive sensors
scan the room or area, it is installed for infrared heat that is radiated from
living beings.
 Combined motion sensor - is a combination of both active and passive
sensors. It activates light or alarm only in such a case when motion is
detected by both active and passive sensors.
APPLICATION OF MOTION SENSOR

 Intruder alarms
 Automatic ticket gates
 Entryway lighting
 Security lighting
 Hand dryers
 Automatic doors
 Ultrasonic motion sensors are used for triggering the security camera at
home and for wildlife photography.
 Active infrared motion sensors used to indicate the presence of products
on conveyor belts.

ADVANTAGES OF MOTION SENSOR

 It can be used in very harse environment having irregular heat cycles

(Active Motion Sensor).
 It has more lifespan which is about 100000 Hrs (Active type).
 It detects motion in light and dark conditions reliably in indoors. (Passive
motion sensor)
 It helps in providing security by detecting suspicious movement.
 It is easy to install motion sensors.

DISADVANTAGES OF MOTION SENSOR

 Radio frequency at high power is harmful for humans (active type).

  Radio frequency in microwave range do not penetrate metal objects (active
type).
 Passive motion sensors do not operate above temperature of 350C.
 Passive sensor type works in LOS (Line of Sight) and does not work in
non-LOS regions.
 Passive type is insensitive to very slow motion of the object.
 Passive Infrared (PIR) Sensor can detect human being within approx. 10
meters range.
Any kind of moving object can trigger the PIR sensor type.

HEAT SENSOR

A heat detector is a device that detects the changes in the fire or heat. Any
change in the heat that exceeds the range of heat sensor ratings is sensed by
using the heat sensor.

TYPES OF HEAT SENSOR

 Fixed Temperature Heat Detectors – This work when the element that is
sensitive to heat reaches the threshold value.
 The Rate of Rising Heat Detectors - This work on the rapid increase in the
element temperature of around 12°F – 15°F per minute. This rise in
temperature does not depend on the initial temperature. ROR heat detectors
work on the principle of thermistors or thermocouples.

APPLICATION OF HEAT SENSOR

 Used as fire alarm system in residential buildings, factories, indoor

complexes, etc.
 A heat detector is usually used in rooms where there is excessive dust or
fumes – for instance, a garage or cellar – which a smoke alarm can mistake
for dust, soot or combustible elements in the atmosphere.
 It’s also used in rooms where highly-flammable chemicals are stored.
(Chemical Industries/factories)

ADVANTAGES OF HEAT SENSOR

Fixed Heat Sensor: -

 Lower cost than smoke detector units
 More reliable than smoke detector units
 Not affected by dusty or dirty environments
 Minimal maintenance

Rate of Rising Heat Sensor: -

 Responds faster than the fixed temperature detector
 Not affected by dusty or dirty environments
  More reliable than smoke detector units
 Less expensive than smoke detector units
 Minimal maintenance

DISADVANTAGES OF HEAT SENSOR

 Slower to respond than smoke detectors

 Will not detect products of combustion
 Only suitable for protection of property
IR SENSOR
IR Sensors or Infrared Sensor are light based sensor that are used in various
applications like Proximity and Object Detection. IR Sensors are used as
proximity sensors in almost all mobile phones.
There are five basic elements used in a typical infrared system: an infrared
source, a transmission medium, optical component, infrared detectors or
receivers and signal processing.
TYPES OF IR SENSOR
 Passive IR Sensors - Passive infrared sensors are basically Infrared
detectors. Passive infrared sensors do not use any infrared source and
detects energy emitted by obstacles in the field of view.
They are of two types: quantum and thermal. Thermal infrared sensors use
infrared energy as the source of heat and are independent of wavelength.
Thermocouples, pyroelectric detectors and bolometers are the common
types of thermal infrared detectors.
Quantum type infrared detectors offer higher detection performance and
are faster than thermal type infrared detectors. The photosensitivity of
quantum type detectors is wavelength dependent. Quantum type detectors
are further classified into two types: intrinsic and extrinsic types. Intrinsic
type quantum detectors are photoconductive cells and photovoltaic cells.
 Active IR Sensors – Active infrared sensors consist of two elements:
infrared source and infrared detector. Infrared sources include an LED or
infrared laser diode. Infrared detectors include photodiodes or
phototransistors. The energy emitted by the infrared source is reflected by
an object and falls on the infrared detector.
APPLICATION OF IR SENSOR

 Night Vision Devices

 Infrared Astronomy
 Infrared Tracking
 Security lighting
 Gas Detectors
 Art History And Restoration
 Climatology

ADVANTAGES OF IR SENSOR

 The battery used in infrared devices last for long duration due to lower
power consumption.
 Infrared motion sensors detect motion in daytime and nighttime reliably.
 Infrared devices can measure distance to soft objects which may not be
easily detected by ultrasound.
 They are physically smaller in size and are more affordable.
  It provides secured communication due to line of sight or point-to-point
mode of communication.
 No corrosion or oxidation can affect the accuracy of infrared sensor.

DISADVANTAGES OF IR SENSOR

 In monitor & control application, it can control only one device at one time.
Moreover it is difficult to control things which are not in LOS (Line of Sight).
It requires line of sight between transmitter and receiver to communicate.
 It supports shorter range and hence it performance degrades with longer
distances.
 It supports lower data rate transmission compare to wired transmission.
 Infrared waves at high power can damage eyes.
 Infrared frequencies are affected by hard objects (e.g. walls, doors) ,
smoke, dust, fog, sunlight etc. Hence it does not work through walls or
doors.
 Radio frequency at high power is harmful for humans (active type).