Muzami Thahir / 04211741000029/ Marine Engineering

Ship Performance & Energy Efficiency Task

1. LNG Refrigeration System

So, LNG is come from the natural gas that contain inside the earth.
This gas is first extracted and transported to a processing plant where it is
purified by removing condensate such as water, oil, mud, and other gases
such as CO2 and H2S and several times mercury solids. The gas is then cooled
gradually until it is liquefied. LNG is finally stored in a storage tank and can be
loaded and shipped. The liquefication process involves the removal of certain
components, such as dust, acid gas, helium, water, and heavy hydrocarbons,
which can cause downstream difficulties. This natural gas is then condensed
into liquid at near-atmospheric pressure by cooling it to around -162 ° C or -
260 ° F. So here is the process. So, the first is raw natural gas is passed through
knock out drums to separate liquid condensate before entering the LNG plant.
Afterthat the carbon dioxide that contain in natural gas will removed by
chemical absorption by the amine process. Also the water is will removed by
molecular sieve. Then propane, butane, and condensate content are
separated from the LNG feed in the fractionation column. Afterthat the LNG
feed which is precooling by propane cooling. And in the final the gas will
going to final cooling and liquefaction of LNG is carried out in a cryogenic
main heat exchanger by using multi-component refrigerant as a cooling
medium. And we keep the LNG inside the tank. And we also will talk about
the LNG refrigeration process.
There are two kinds of refrigeration systems, namely the propane
control system and the multi-component cooling system (MCR). In the
propane recovery system, the feed gas is refined through the purification and
fractionation process until it reaches its dew point. While the MCR cooling
system is a refrigeration system that is used to cool feed gas to become LNG
in the main heat exchanger (MHE).

In the propane cooling system three levels of cooling are required,

namely liquid propane with a pressure of 7 kg / cm2 which can cool up to
18ºC, liquid propane with a pressure of 3 kg / cm2 which can cool to -4ºC,

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 and liquid propane with a pressure of 0.1 kg / cm2 which can cool down to -
34ºC. The following process occurs in the propane cooling system

1. Liquid propane that has been used as a coolant will change into a gas phase
due to rising temperatures due to heat transfer during the recovery process.
2. Propane gas is then compressed by the compressor and recycled propane
so that the pressure increases to a pressure of 14 kg / cm2 with a
temperature of 65ºC.
3. Furthermore, high-pressure propane gas is flowed into propane
desuperheater for the process of propane repair up to 40ºC.
4. Then the propane is cooled again and condensed in the condenser propane
to pressure of 12.5 kg / cm2 and a temperature of 37ºC.

The following process occurs in the MCR cooling system :

1. The MCR liquid converts the phase to gas due to an increase in temperature
used to increase natural gas in the main heat exchanger.
2. The gas is then compressed with a compressor.
3. Then the MCR is removed in a separator between the liquid phase and the
vapor phase.
4. MCR steam coming out of has temperature of -40ºC then compressed with
a pressure of 3 kg / cm2 to a temperature of 70ºC and a pressure of 14 kg /
cm2.
5. The MCR liquid is then cooled in the condenser (4E-5) so that the
temperature drops to 32ºC and then flows towards 4K-3 to a temperature of
130ºC and pressurized 47 kg / cm2.
6. Then the liquid is cooled again on the exchanger with air conditioning
media to a temperature of 30ºC.
7. The MCR is then transferred to propane evaporator followed by an
intermediate level evaporator, up to -5ºC and goes at -32ºC.
8. Then the MCR is flowed into a separator for the process of liquid and vapor
components, with the liquid phase containing more ethane and propane,
while the gas phase contains more nitrogen and methane

2. Calculation For Refrigeration

a. Determine the Mass Refrigerant

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 Table of Molecular Weight of MCR Refrigerant Components
Berat Molekul
No. Zat
(gr/mol)
1 Nitrogen (N2) 280.134
2 Methane (C1) 16.043
3 Ethane (C2) 30.069
4 Propane (C3) 44.096

⇒molar mass = (% mol)(molecular weight/mol)

⇒ N2 = (1 mol)(0,022) = 0,022 mol
N2 = (0,022 mol)(28,134/mol) = 0,616 [gr/mol]
⇒ C1 = (1 mol)(0,43) = 0,43 mol
C1 = (0,43 mol)(16,043/mol) = 0,898 [gr/mol]

⇒molar mass = (% mol)(molecular weight/mol)

⇒ C2 = (1 mol)(0,50) = 0,50 mol
C2 = (0,50 mol)(30,069/mol) = 0,15,035 [gr/mol]
⇒ C3 = (1 mol)(0,48) = 0,48 mol
C3 = (0,48 mol)(44,086/mol) = 2,116 [gr/mol]
So, the total molecular mass of MCR Refrigerant :
⇒ mmix = ( mA + mB + mC + mD ) [gr/mol]
mmix = (0,616 + 0,898 + 15,035 + 2,116) [gr/mol]
mmix = 24,666 [gr/mol] atau ≈ 24,666 [kg/kmol]

b. Determine the entalphi (h) value of a mixture of several types of

refrigerant at a certain temperature
Nitrogen Methane Ethane Propane
T, °K
N2 C1 C2 C3
129 3749,26 4285,38 4682,06 5427,03
152 4417,73 5049,44 5516,84 6394,64
241 7006,40 8054,73 9189,77 11060,59
310 9015,82 10463,40 12564,90 15714,20
313 9103,34 10577,52 12741,87 15966,26
344 10007,67 11756,76 14570,56 18570,88
403 11729,49 14017,53 18089,52 23586,41
⇒ hmix = (mA.hA + mB.hB + mC.hC + mD.hD) / (mmix)

Ship Peformance and Energy Efficiency / Muzami Thahir/ 04211741000029

 Example 1: Calculations determine the enthalphic value of MCR refrigerant
at a temperature of 313 ° K.
h1 = ((0.616) (9103.34) + (0.898) (10577.52) + (0.898) (12741.87) +
(2,116) (15966.26))
24.66
h1 = (303941.21) / (24,666)
h1 = 12322.33 [kJ / kmol]
c. Table Result of Calculation of Entalphi Refrigerant MCR Against
Temperature
T h
Point
(°K) (kJ/kmol)
1 313 12322,33
2 344 14012,87
3 310 12158,73
4 403 17263,46
5 310 12158,73
6 241 8978,31
7 129 4611,73
7' 129 4611,73
8 152 5417,28
8' 152 5417,28

d. Determine the Work of the Compressor (WC)

WC = m (hout – hin) [kg J/s mol]
⇒WC1 = m (h2 – h1)
= 0,175833 (14012,87-12322,33)
= 297,25 [kg J/s mol]
⇒WC2 = m (h4 – h3)
= 0,175833 (17263,46-12158,73)
= 897,57 [kg J/s mol]
e. Determining the Heat Flow Rate in the Condensation Process (Qout)
Qout = m (hin – hout) [kg J/s mol]
⇒ Qintercoler = m (h2 – h3)
= 0,175833 (14012,87-12158,73)
= 326,02 [kg J/s mol]
⇒ Qaftercooler = m (h4 – h5)
= 0,175833 (17263,46-12158,73)
= 897,58 [kg J/s mol]

Ship Peformance and Energy Efficiency / Muzami Thahir/ 04211741000029

 ⇒ Qprop. evap. = m (h5 – h6)
= 0,175833 (12158,73-8978,73)
= 559,15 [kg J/s mol]
⇒ Qvapor = m (h6 – h7)
= 0,175833 (8978,31-4611,735)
= 767,79 [kg/s J/mol]
⇒ Qliquid = m (h6 – h8)
= 0,175833 (8978,31-5417,28)
= 626,15 [kg/s J/mol]
f. Determining the Heat Flow Rate in the Evaporation Process (Qin)
Qin = m (hin – hout) [kg J/s mol]
⇒ Qcold bundle = m (h8’ – h7’)
= 0,175833 (5417,28-4611,73)
= 141,64 [kg J/s mol]
⇒ Qcold shell = m (h1 – h8’)
= 0,175833 (12322,33-5417,28)
= 1214,13 [kg J/s mol]
g. Determine the Coefficient Of Performance
⇒ COP = (ΔWC)/(ΔQin)
= (WC1 + WC2)/(Qcb +Qcs)
= (297,25+ 897,57)/(141,64 +1214,13)
= 1194,82/1355,77
= 0,8813 ≈ 88,13%

Ship Peformance and Energy Efficiency / Muzami Thahir/ 04211741000029