Final Report Field

Stability of Slop and Soil Analysis of Malingaon Village
ABSTRACT:
In recent times the natural hazards in India & all around the world are
increasing day by day. Many of the hazards are happening due do man made
activities. One such example of man-made hazard is landslide.This project report
consisting of field investigation and numerical analysis of the landslide, which
affecting Malin village of Pune district in Maharashtra, India. The Malin village was
wiped out due to landslide, occurred on July 30, 2014; however, only a primary
school and few houses remained safe during the event, and mass of the people buried
in debris of slide. To study the causes of the landslide, field study has been carried
out. Representative samples of soil have been collected at three locations of the hill
viz. L1 (bottom of the hill), L2 (middle of the hill) and L3 (top of the hill) for the
determination of the slope stability and soil analysis in the laboratory. This study
shows that the hill slope was unstable with FOS<1 and prone to failure. It was
triggered by various man-made and natural factors like heavy rainfall, unscientific
construction activities at the top of the hill and along the hill, unplanned cultivations
and lack of drainage system. Also, the results of the numerical analysis can be
successfully implemented to minimize/reduce impact and frequency of landslide in
the area of similar condition like malingaon (bhishtewadi) and suggesting them
preventive techniques.
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
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1.1What is landslide?
A landslide occurs when part of a natural slope is unable to support its own
weight. For example, soil material on a slippery surface underneath, can become
heavy with rainwater and slide down due to its increased weight. A landslide is a
downward or outward movement of soil, rock or vegetation, under the influence of
gravity. This movement can occur in many ways. It can be a fall, topple, slide, spread
or flow. The speed of the movement may range from very slow to rapid. The mass of
moving material can destroy property along its path of movement and cause death to
people and livestock. Although landslides usually occur at steep slopes, they may also
occur in areas with low relief or slope gradient. Listed below are some examples.
Cutting failures can occur during highway excavations, building construction, etc.
River bank failures Lateral spreading of soil material Collapse of mines, waste piles
and garbage fills Slope failures associated with quarries and open-pit mines
underwater landslides on the floors of lakes of reservoirs and offshore marine settings.
1.2 Landslides In India:-
India due to its varying geological characteristics, diverse climatic pattern &
due the rapid increasing development on mountainous & coastal region due to
increasing population has caused more damage to the hills. Western ghats, Himalayas
are the one such examples where increased man made activities are causing landslides
in these region more often. Landslides & avalanches are causing economic losses
nearly in all the states in India.
India is one of the most fastest developing country in the world. The rate of
development in our country is very rapid. Specially due to increasing demand of
infrastructure & cheap houses has caused many illegal & non illegal development on
hills. In which activities like cutting of hills, road construction, construction of dams,
housing system, farming has caused the slopes of the hill unstable. Which has now a
days became a major threats for landslide in India as well as in the entire world.
Landslides are causing more damage to the human society in terms of financial &
social.
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The natural ecosystem of the mountainous terrains like Himalaya, Western

ghat is often characterized by unfavourable geological, topographical and seismic
conditions. Therefore, the hill slopes are to be evaluated in detail considering basic
parameters controlling the stability of the hills in order to minimize the geo-
environmental hazards.
Expansion of urban & tourism developments in hills result in ever increasing

number of residential and commercial properties that are often threatened by
landslides. Since, the roads often gets damaged due to landslides they cause major
problems in mobilizing relief & reconstruction efforts also. Which causes the loss of
valuable time & loss of money in reconstruction. This is why in now a days it has
become absolute necessity to study landslide. And to plan the things properly in terms
of construction on hills so that landslides can be avoided.
The most affected parts due to landslide in India are Himalayas, Westerns
Ghats, Nilgris, &Vindhyas. About 15% of the terrain in India is susceptible to
landslide or 0.49 million sq. km. are prone to landslide. This includes 0.098 million sq
km of north eastern region, comprising ArkanYoma ranges & 0.392 million sq km of
Himalayas, Nilgiri, Ranchi Plateau & Eastern & western ghats. States like Sikkim
&Mizoram have been assessed to be falling under very high to severe hazard classes.
In the peninsular region, the hilly tracts of states like Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh &
Kerala constitute low to moderate hazard prone areas.
1.3 History of landslide in india:
Following are the some major landslide that has taken place in India in last 25 years:
 July 30, 2014 – Malin (Dist. Pune, Tal Ambegaon) in Maharahshtra - More than 200
people were died due to landslide.
 June 16, 2013- Kedarnath, Uttarakhand – In June 2013, a multi-day cloudburst
centered on the North Indian state of Uttarkhand caused devastating floods &
landslides in the country’s worst natural disasters, which saw more than 5700
casualities.
 September 24, 2012- Northen Sikkim – 27 people died, including members of
IndoTibetan Border Police (ITBP).
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 July 26, 2005- Raigad- 54 people were killed in landslide, floods in

MaharahstraRaigad.
 July 26, 2005- Sakinaka, Mumbai – More than 74 people were died in Landslide.
 November 2001- Amboori in Kerala – 40 people were died. August 1998- Malapa
– Entire village was wiped out. The landslide saw approximately 400 casulities.
 August 14, 1998- Okhimath – 69 people were killed in the incident.
 June 1994- Konkan coast – 20 people were killed, breaching of ghat damped road to
an extent of 1 km.
 August 1993- Nagaland – 200 houses were destroyed, 500 people died, about 5km
stretch of road was damaged.
 August 1993- Kalimpong, West Bengal – About 40 people were killed, leading to
heavy loss of property.
 July 1993- Itanagar – 25 people were buried alive.
 July 1991- Assam – 300 people were killed, road & building were damaged. The
above information shows how much loss landslide has done over the past.
1.4 Types of landslide study:
The study of landside hazard carried out by Geological Survey of India can be divided
as:
Pre Disaster Studies:
Identification of vulnerable slopes through landslide hazard zonation (LHZ)

mapping on various scales or studying the critical slopes individually & determine
their status as far as their stability is concerned.
Post Disaster Studies:
Detailed analysis of landslide that have occurred determine the causes

responsible for filure& suggest treatment measures requires to stabilize slopes.
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1.5. Landslides: Definition, Terminology And Factors:
Landslides are the natural process which occurs & recur in specific geo-
environmental conditions such as heavy rain, earthquake etc. though landslide mostly
occurs in hilly areas it can also occur in places such as excavation for highways,
buildings and open pit mines. Some of the landslides are very rapid which takes place
within seconds, while others may be slow which can take hours, weeks or even longer
to develop. Generallylandslides occurs at places where they have occurred before,
places with steep slopes, on benches where drainage is a problem & on places with
weak geological conditions.
Definition and Types:
In general, landslide can be defined as (Varnes, 1984), “All varieties of mass

movements on slopes, including some such as rockfalls,topples and debris flows that
involve little or no true sliding” Different criteria’s are used in the classification of
landlside such as type of material involved in landslide, form of sliding surface, type
of movement, age etc. the classification done by the Varnes (1978), Cruden&Varnes
(1996) is based on two important:
1) Type of movement
2) Material involved.
1.6 Following are the types of landslide:

1) Falls
A fall begins with the detachment of soil or rock, or both, from a steep slope along
a surface on which little or no shear displacement has occurred. The material
subsequently descends mainly by falling, bouncing, or rolling.
a) Rockfall
Falls are abrupt, downward movements of rock or earth, or both, that detach from
steep slopes or cliffs. The falling material usually strikes the lower slope at angles less
than the angle of fall, causing bouncing. The falling mass may break on impact, may
begin rolling on steeper slopes, and may continue until the terrain flattens.
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Fig.1.6.1 :Rockfall
b) Topple
A topple is recognized as the forward rotation out of a slope of a mass of soil or

rock around a point or axis below the center of gravity of the displaced mass.
Toppling is sometimes driven by gravity exerted by the weight of material upslope
from the displaced mass. Sometimes toppling is due to water or ice in cracks in the
mass. Topples can consist of rock, debris (coarse material), or earth materials
(finegrained material). Topples can be complex and composite.
Fig.1.6.2 Topple
2) Slides
A slide is a down slope movement of a soil or rock mass occurring on surfaces

of rupture or on relatively thin zones of intense shear strain. Movement does not
initially occur simultaneously over the whole of what eventually becomes the surface
of rupture; the volume of displacing material enlarges from an area of local failure.
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A) Rotational Landslide
A landslide on which the surface of rupture is curved upward (spoon-shaped)

and the slide movement is more or less rotational about an axis that is parallel to the
contour of the slope. The displaced mass may, under certain circumstances, move as a
relatively coherent mass along the rupture surface with little internal deformation. The
head of the displaced material may move almost vertically downward, and the upper
surface of the displaced material may tilt backwards toward the scarp. If the slide is
rotational and has several parallel curved planes of movement, it is called a slump.
Fig.1.6.3Rotational slide
B) Translational Landslide
The mass in a translational landslide moves out, or down and outward, along a
relatively planar surface with little rotational movement or backward tilting. This type
of slide may progress over considerable distances if the surface of rupture is
sufficiently inclined, in contrast to rotational slides, which tend to restore the slide
equilibrium. The material in the slide may range from loose, unconsolidated soils to
extensive slabs of rock, or both. Translational slides commonly fail along geologic
discontinuities such as faults, joints, bedding surfaces, or the contact between rock
and soil. In northern environments the slide may also move along the permafrost layer
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Fig.1.6.4 Transational slide
3) Spreads
An extension of a cohesive soil or rock mass combined with the general

subsidence of the fractured mass of cohesive material into softer underlying material.
Spreads may result from liquefaction or flow (and extrusion) of the softer underlying
material. Types of spreads include block spreads, liquefaction spreads, and lateral
spreads.
a) Lateral Spreads Lateral spreads usually occur on very gentle slopes or essentially
flat terrain, especially where a stronger upper layer of rock or soil undergoes
extension and moves above an underlying softer, weaker layer. Such failures
commonly are accompanied by some general subsidence into the weaker underlying
unit. In rock spreads, solid ground extends and fractures, pulling away slowly from
stable ground and moving over the weaker layer without necessarily forming a
recognizable surface of rupture. The softer, weaker unit may, under certain
conditions, squeeze upward into fractures that divide the extending layer into blocks.
In earth spreads, the upper stable layer extends along a weaker underlying unit that
has flowed following liquefaction or plastic deformation. If the weaker unit is
relatively thick, the overriding fractured blocks may subside into it, translate, rotate,
disintegrate, liquefy, or even flow.
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Fig.1.6.5: lateral spread
4) Flows
A flow is a spatially continuous movement in which the surfaces of shear are short-
lived, closely spaced, and usually not preserved. The component velocities in the
displacing mass of a flow resemble those in a viscous liquid. Often, there is a
gradation of change from slides to flows, depending on the water content, mobility,
and evolution of the movement.
a) Debris Flows A form of rapid mass movement in which loose soil, rock and
sometimes organic matter combine with water to form a slurry that flows downslope.
They have been informally and inappropriately called “mudslides” due to the large
quantity of fine material that may be present in the flow. Occasionally, as a rotational
or translational slide gains velocity and the internal mass loses cohesion or gains
water, it may evolve into a debris flow. Dry flows can sometimes occur in
cohesionless sand (sand flows). Debris flows can be deadly as they can be extremely
rapid and may occur without any warning.
Fig.1.6.6Debris Flows
b) Lahars (Volcanic Debris Flows)-
The word “lahar” is an Indonesian term. Lahars are also known as volcanic mudflows.
These are flows that originate on the slopes of volcanoes and are a type of debris
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flow. A lahar mobilizes the loose accumulations of tephra (the airborne solids erupted
from the volcano) and related debris.
Fig. 1.6.7: Lahars (Volcanic Debris Flows)
c)Debris Avalanche-
Debris avalanches are essentially large, extremely rapid, often open-slope flows
formed when an unstable slope collapses and the resulting fragmented debris is
rapidly transported away from the slope. In some cases, snow and ice will contribute
to the movement if sufficient water is present, and the flow may become a debris flow
and (or) alahar.
Fig. 1.6.8: Debris Avalanche
D) Earth flow
Earth flows can occur on gentle to moderate slopes, generally in fine-grained soil,
commonly clay or silt, but also in very weathered, clay-bearing bedrock. The mass in
an earth flow moves as a plastic or viscous flow with strong internal deformation.
Susceptible marine clay (quick clay) when disturbed is very vulnerable and may lose
all shear strength with a change in its natural moisture content and suddenly liquefy,
potentially destroying large areas and flowing for several kilometers. Size commonly

increases through headscarp retrogression. Slides or lateral spreads may also evolve
downslope into earthflows. Earthflows can range from very slow (creep) to rapid and
catastrophic. Very slow flows and specialized forms of earthflow restricted to
northern permafrost environments are discussed elsewhere.
Fig.1.6.9 Earthflow
e) Slow Earth flow (Creep)
Creep is the informal name for a slow earthflow and consists of the
imperceptibly slow, steady downward movement of slope-forming soil or rock.
Movement is caused by internal shear stress sufficient to cause deformation but
insufficient to cause failure. Generally, the three types of creep are:
(1) Seasonal, where movement is within the depth of soil affected by seasonal
changes in soil moisture and temperature;
(2) Continuous, where shear stress continuously exceeds the strength of the material;
and
(3) Progressive, where slopes are reaching the point of failure for other types of mass
movements.
Fig.1.6.9Slow Earthflow (Creep)

f) Flows in Permafrost
Failures in permafrost conditions involve the movement of fine-grained,

previously ice-rich soil and can occur on gentle slopes. Seasonal thaw of the upper
meter of frozen ground melts ground ice and results in oversaturation of the soil,
which in turn loses shear strength and initiates flows. Solifluction, a form of cold
environment creep, involves very slow deformation of the surface and forms shallow
lobes elongated down slope. Active layer detachments, also known as skinflows,
involve rapid flow of a shallow layer of saturated soil and vegetation, forming long,
narrow flows moving on the surface but over the underlying permanently frozen soil.
This type of movement may expose buried ice lenses, which when thawed may
develop into retrogressive thaw flows or possibly debris flows. Retrogressive thaw
flows are larger features with a bimodal shape of a steep headwall and low-angle
tongue of saturated soil. This type of feature will continue to expand through head
scarp retrogression until displaced vegetation buries and insulates the ice-rich scarp
Fig.1.6.10 Flows in Permafrost

1.7 Causes of landslide-
Human Activities
Populations expanding onto new land and creating neighbourhoods, towns,

and cities is the primary means by which humans contribute to the occurrence of
landslides. Disturbing or changing drainage patterns, destabilizing slopes, and
removing vegetation are common human-induced factors that may initiate landslides.
Other examples include over steepening of slopes by undercutting the bottom and
loading the top of a slope to exceed the bearing strength of the soil or other
component material. However, landslides may also occur in once-stable areas due to
other human activities such as irrigation, lawn watering, draining of reservoirs (or
creating them), leaking pipes, and improper excavating or grading on slopes. New
construction on landslide-prone land can be improved through proper engineering (for
example, grading, excavating) by first identifying the site’s susceptibility to slope
failures and by creating appropriate landslide zoning.
1.8 Malingaon Landslide-
On 30 July 2014, a landslide occurred in the village of Malin in the Ambegaontaluka

of the Pune district in Maharashtra, India. The landslide, which hit early in the
morning while residents were asleep, was believed to have been caused by a burst of
heavy rainfall, and killed 151 peoples.
Before After

Fig. Malin After Landslidefig Malin From Satellite
fig. BEFORE fig AFTER

1.9 OBJECTIVES:
 To study landslide in Malingaon.
 To identify the causes of landslide.
 To carry out different field and laboratory test
 To identify villages having same condition like Malingaon and carry out different
field and laboratory test
 To compare this results with IS code guidelines.
 To alert peoples about possibilities of landslide.
 To suggest people some preventive measures.
1.10 METHODOLOGY:
 Collecting information related to Malingaon Landslide.
 Visit to Malingaon to see natural and manmade factor.
 Impact of Malingaon landslide on that village through feedback..
 Collecting soil sample and completing field test and laboratory test.
 Identifying villages having same condition likeMalingaon.
 Visit to villages.
 Collecting soil sample and completing field test and laboratory test.
 Suggest preventive measures and alert people about landslide
 Review and recommendation after test.

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

A. F. Shaikh et al. “REPORT ON LANDSLIDE IN MALIN VILLAGE IN PUNE”

[April 2015] International Journal Of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology
PP- 111-113 [1] This paper has been written to study on rapid landslide occurrence at the
hillside development areas, in the village of Malin in Pune, western India. From the
landslides investigations reports, it is shown that this area was affected by very strong
monsoon rainfall in the two days prior to the landslide. The discussion will be on landslides:
the causal factors, the impacts, mitigation actions.
Abhishek Naykodiet al. “A REVIEW PAPER ON SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS OF

MALINLANDSLIDE”[February2016 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
ENGINEERING SCIENCES & MANAGEMENT PP- 101-106 [2]
Themainaimofthisdocumentistoconvict,analyzeanddefinehigh-
levelandfeaturesofthepreventionoflandslides.Itconcentratedontheabilitiesneededbythestakehol
ders,andthetargetusers,andwhytheseneedsexist.Thedetailsofhowthesafetyprecautionsforlandsli
desfulfilstheseneedsaredetailedintheuse-
caseandsupplementaryspecifications.Landslidesinmountainousterrainoftenoccurduringorafter
heavyrainfall,resultinginthelossoflifeanddamagetothenaturalandorbuiltenvironment.Alandslid
eisacommonnaturalhazardthatresultsinlossofhumanlivesandcauseswidespreaddamagetoproper
tyandinfrastructure.Landslides,ingeneral,includealldownwardorsuddenmovementofsurfacema
teriallikeclays,sand,gravelandrock. Earthquake,
heavynrainfall,volcaniceruptions,etc.mayactastriggeringmechanismstoinitiatealandslide.Thed
ownwardmovementofsurfacematerialtakesplaceundertheinfluenceofgravity,andthemobilityofs
uchmovementisenhancedbywatercontentinthesediment.
Sharan Veer Singh et al. “Stabilization of Soil By Using Waste Plastic Material: A
Review” [February 2017] International Journal of Innovative Research In Science,
Engineering And Technology Pp- 2204-2211 [3] Infrastructure is a major sector that
propels overall development of Indian economy. The foundation is very important for any
structure and it has to be strong enough to support the entire structure. For foundation to be
strong the soil around it plays a very important role. Expansive soils like black cotton soil
always create problems in foundation. The problems are swelling, shrinkage and unequal
settlement. Plastic wastes have become one of the major problems of the world. Use of
plastic bags, bottles and other plastic products is exponentially increasing year by year. Due
to which we are facing various environmental problems. A review paper is presented here to
focus on soil stabilization by using waste plastic products. The tests such as liquid limit,

plastic limit, standard proctor compaction test, Californiabearing ratio (CBR) test and
unconfinedcompressive strength (UCS)have been conducted to check the improvement in the
properties of black cotton soil.
AteshJadhav et al. “STUDY OF LANDSLIDE HAZARD AND MITIGATION

METHODS” International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing
and Communication Volume: 4Issue: 4 PP- 293-295 [4] This paper has been written on
study of landslide occurrence at hillside areas in India. Sometimes the landslide occurs due to
many natural and manmade reasons, but only these reasons are not causes of landslide
occurrence at that place which are very low suspected to landslide or not lie in landslide
zones and another. Landslide occur in Malin village in Pune district where rainfall was 10 cm
which is common in that area but still landslide is occur at Malin, so with the natural and
manmade factors there is need to investigate the soil and to find out the changes in soil which
leads landslide.
G. D. Indurkar et al. “STUDY AND SUGGESTIVE MEASURES OF LANDSLIDES

ON PUNE MUMBAI ROUTE” IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering
(IOSR-JMCE)e-ISSN : 2278-1684, p-ISSN : 2320–334X PP- 50-59 [5]Landslide damages
life and property. Pune Mumbai route isan important as it joins very important places in
Maharashtra states. All along on therailway trackand also along roadsome places are very
prone to landslide.So it is necessary to locate andidentify such places and give the corrective
measure to save the life and property. One ofthe tragediesat last year that islandslide occur at
village Malin near Pune city. This tragedy shows the impact of landslide on area affected.The
area selected for the present study is between Talegaon(N18.741846 E73.629445)
toKhandala tunnel (N180 88’E730 29') ( Part of western ghat) Various part of the
infrastructure are present along the Pune Mumbai route. For the study of landslide, it is
necessity to consider the various factor which prone to landslide and also the physical
condition at this place. In study area, some places require to study and make a corrective
measure to stop the landslide. Here this study consist to locate the various landslide prone
areas and suggesting proper measure to stop landslide. Geologically this region has
weathered type rock near the surface due to highly oxidizing and humid climatic conditions,
developing lithomarge clays and lateritic soil regolith. Loose cohesive soil matrix becomes
soft and loosesstrength due to surface and subsurface flows during heavy precipitation.
Regolithic mass of overburden became heavy, lost support / interlocking and slumped along
the hill slope. During rainy season these loose soil masses when saturated with water causes

sliding of the land. This paper also includes few suggestions about preventive / remedial
measures for landslide.

CHAPTER 3: VISIT TO MALINGAON VILLAGE

3.1Visit to grampanchayat- we are visited to grampanchayat of malingaon and taken

feedback and collected primary information about village and landslide.
Name of village- Malin
Tal-Ambegaon, District- Pune
Distance from Pune- 114 km
Area–1 km2
Population: 300-350
Major occupation-Farming
Landslide occurred on- 30 July 2014
No. Of houses in affected area:70-75 houses
3.2 LOCATION:
The Malin village is located in AmbegaonTaluka of Pune District of western Maharashtra,

India. It is located at an elevation of 760 m and about 95 kms away from Pune city.
Geographical coordinates of the village are: Latitude N19°09’34.40”, Longitude E73°41’19”.
Around 70 dwelling units existed before landslide. The hill slopes at levels above and below
the village were partially converted to terraces for paddy cultivation.

Fig.location of malingaon
3.3GEOLOGY OF THE AREA AROUND MALIN VILLAGE-
The Malin landslide area is located on the eastern slope of a roughly N-S
trending hill. The area is drained by the Ghod River and its tributaries. The area
around Malin village is represented by the basaltic lava flows. The seismo-tectonic
map of the area revealed the occurrence of two low magnitudes seismic activities (4.0
to 4.9) within 100 km radius of the landslide location. However, these seismic events
do not appear to have played any significant role in inducing slope instability in
Malin.
3.4TOPOGRAPHY -
The topography of Malin hill slope is broadly uniform. The entire hill slope where the
landslide occurred can be divided into four zones:
Zone 1: from Nala bed level to the road level, which is relatively flatter in its lower part
followed by gentler slope in upper part.
Zone 2: from road level to the 2nd slope break/level, which is relatively gentler
Zone 3: from 2nd major slope break/level to the 3rd major slope break, this is moderately
inclined.

Zone 4: from 3rd level till the plateau edge/apex of hill slope, this is moderately inclined.
The overall slope inclination as measured from the base topographic map is 25°. Considering
the similarity of slope configuration for the entire Malin hill slope, a longitudinal section A-
A’ is drawn in the southern side of the slide from across the river up to just above the crown
level of Malin landslide. This section roughly reveals the pre-slide slope configuration of
slide portion. Another section B-B’ is drawn almost through the middle of the landslide. This
reveals the slope modified due to landslide. Slope angles at various zones along the two
sections are given in Table 1. Figure 2 shows the longitudinal topographical section along A-
A’ line of the slope.
Table1 slope angles at different slope zones along section AA’ and BB’
Fig. malingaon hill diagram
3.5 SLOPE DIAGRAM OF MALINGAON -

Fig.malingaon slop
3.6 RAINFALL DATA-
In the Malin village there are no rain gauge stations; therefore rainfall data
were recorded from different rain gauge stations located around Malin. Figure 8
shows the rainfall data of Malin village from 22nd July to 30th July. In the figure it
can be noted that during previous few days i.e from July 22 to 28, the antecedent
rainfall was nothing extraordinary. However the rainfall record for 29th July i.e after
168 hours shows high amount of rainfall (108 mm). This may have played a
significant role in slope instability.

Fig.2.6.1Rainfall data of malin village
3.7 FEATURES OF THE MALIN LANDSLIDE
The height of the landslide is roughly estimated as 190 m while the width of the slide varies
from 45 m to 134 m. The entire length of the slide from the crown to toe is 514 m and the
area affected is 44245 m2. The crown of the landslide is at a height of 936 m and marks the
top of 4th zone. The width of the landslide in this zone varies from 45 m to 134 m. The
Landslide depleted part of 4th zone, entire 3rd zone and maximum part of 2nd zone. Lowest
part of 2nd zone and 1st zone form the zone of accumulation. Unfortunately, this zone of
accumulation is the settlement area of the Malin village. The maximum thickness of the
material slided during landslide could not be established accurately and approximated as 7 m
because when the detailed mapping work was carried out, most of the failed slope material
has been removed from the place as part of rescue effort

3.8VISIT TO AFFECTED PART OF MALINGAON-
After visit to grampanchayat, we are visited to affected area and completed field tests.
3.8.1FIELD TESTS
1) Thumb penetration- thumb penetrate easily, soil may probably cohesion less.
2) Dry strength test- no more pressure required to crumble the soil, the soil is very loose.
3) Field density-By Core cutter
3.9 COLLECTING SOIL SAMPLES
After completing field tests, we are collected soil samples from three different
locations for laboratory tests
1) At toe of hill
2) At middle of hill
3) At top of hill

CHAPTER 4: LABORATORY TEST AND RESULTS

4.1 ELD DENSITY OF SOIL-
fig.4.1.1 Penetrating cutter in soil
Fig4.1.2.excavating core cutter

Observation Table :
DETERMINATION OBSERVATION
SAMPLE NO 1 2 3
Mass of empty core cutter (gm) 970 970 970
Mass of core cutter + wet soil (gm) 1430 1750 1630
Mass of soil core (gm) 460 780 660
Bulk density (gm/cm3) 0.45 0.76 0.65
Avg. bulk density = 0.62 gm/cm3
Table 4.1.1
2.1.2 DETERMINATION OF WATER CONTENT-
Container no A B C
Mass of empty container with lid (gm) M1 20 20 20
Mass of container with lid & moist 57.13 59.98 56.03
soil (gm) M2
Mass of container with lid & dry 53.96 56.31 50.70
soil (gm) M3
Mass of water (gm) 3.17 3.67 5.33
Mass of oven dry soil (gm) 33.96 36.31 30.71
Water content (%) 9.33 10.10 17.36
Avg. water content = 12.26%
Table 4.1.2
2.1.3 DETERMINATION OF DRY DENSITY-
DETERMINATION 1 2 3
Dry density 0.043 0.068 0.035
Avg. dry density = 0.049 gm/cm3
Bulk density 0.62 gm/cm3
Table 4.1.3

Result-
BULK 0.62gm/cu.cm Loose soil, silty IS 2720: part 7&8

DENSITY clay
DRY 0.049gm/cu.cm Loose soil IS 2720: part 7&8

DENSITY
4.2 Determination of specific gravity of soil-
Fig.4.2.1 Pycnometer

OBSERVATION TABLE-
Determination Pycnometer number

1 2 3
Mass of empty pycnometer M1 (gm) 640 640 640

Mass of pycnometer + soil M2 (gm) 1120 1140 1090
Mass of pycnometer + soil + water M3 1708 1750 1758
(gm)
Mass of pycnometer full of water M4 (gm) 1480 1520 1520
Mass of soil (M2-M1)(gm)
Mass of water (M4-M1) (gm) 840 880 890
Mass of water used (M3-M2) (gm) 588 610 668
Volume of soil particles (M4-M1)-(M3- 252 270 222
M2)
𝑀2−𝑀1 1.90 1.85 2.07
Specific gravity = (𝑀4−𝑀1)−(𝑀3−𝑀2)
Avg. specific gravity = 1.94
Table4.2.1 observation table of Sp. Gravity
Result-
SPECIFIC 1.94 Soil containing large IS 2720:

GRAVITY amount of organic matter part 3

4.3Determination of plastic limit-
Fig.4.3.1 plastic limit test
Fig 4.3.2: TEST SAMPLE

OBSERVATION TABLE-
Container no 1 2 3
Mass of empty container with lid 20 20 20
M1 (gm)
Mass of container with lid and wet 29.5 26 28
soil M2 (gm)
Mass of container with lid and dry 28 25.5 27
soil M3 (gm)
Mass of dry soil Md= (M3-M1) 8 5.5 7
Mass of water Mw = (M2-M3) 1.5 0.5 1
𝑀𝑤 18.75 9.09 14.3
Water content (W) = (Wp)= 𝑀𝑑
Avg. water content = 14%
Table 4.3.1
4.3.2Determination of plasticity index-
Plasticity index = liquid limit – plastic limit
Ip = WL-WP
IP = 30-14
IP = 16%
Result-
TEST RESULT DISCRIPTION REFERENCE
BULK 0.62gm/cu.cm Loose soil, silty clay IS 2720: part

DENSITY 7&8
DRY 0.049gm/cu.cm Loose soil IS 2720: part

DENSITY 7&8

4.4 Determination of liquid limit of soil-
Fig.4.4.1 Casegranades Apparatus
Fig.4.4.2 Liquid Limit Test

Observation table-
Sample No.
Item 1 2 3
Container A B C
Mass of container M1 (gm) 15.26 17.01 15.17
Mass of container + wet soil M2 29.30 31.58 31.45
(gm)
Mass of container + oven dry soil 25.84 27.72 26.96
M3 (gm)
𝑀2−𝑀3 25 31.5 36.5
Water content (W)= 𝑀3−𝑀1 × 100
Number of blows, N 35 23 17
Graph-

RESULT-
TEST RESULT DESCRIPTION REFERENCE
LIQUID 30% Silty clay IS 2720: part 5

LIMIT
4.5 SEIVE ANALYSIS-
Fig.4.5.1 Seive Analysis
Fig.4.5.2 Seive Analysis

Result-
% of soil passing through 0.075mm sieve = 38.5%
Soil is silty clay (% passing > 35%)
4.6 DIRECT SHEAR TEST:
It is laboratory test used for determination of shear strength properties of soil. This
test is performed on two or three specimen of relatively undisturbed soil samples.
Specimen placed in shear box and placed in instrument. A confining stress is applied
vertically to the specimen and the upper ring is pulled laterally until sample fails.
Applied load and Proving ring reading recorded and graph drawn and c, Φ values
calculated.
Fig.4.6.1direct shear test

DIRECT SHEAR TEST RESULTS:
SR.NO NORMAL STRESS PROVING RING SHEAR FORCE SHEAR STRESS

(KG/SQ.CM) READING (DIV× CONST.) (KG/SQ.CM)
1 0.1 5 13.9 0.0393

2 0.2 11 30.58 0.0865
3 0.3 13.5 37.53 0.106
4 0.5 21.5 59.77 0.169
OBSERVATIONS:
Area of box = 36 sq.cm
Proving ring constant =2.78 N/div
Shear force = div ×constant
shear force
Shear stress =𝐚rea of box ×9.81
Slope Stability Analysis:
 Direct shear test –
C=0.8 KN/SQ.M
Φ= 18.52̊
i= 35̊
tan 𝛷 tan(3.35× )
 F.O.S- =
tan i tan(0.1)
=0.478
Here, F.O.S. < 1 Hence slope is unstable.

Graph of Shear stress v/s Normal stress

Graph.4.6.1 Shear stress v/s Normal stress
4.7 Causes of malingaon landslide
Artificial-

1. Deforestation in the area was cited as a cause contributing to the landslide.

2. Changing agricultural practices that the villagers had recently shifted from
cultivation of rice and finger millet to wheat, which required levelling of steep
areas, which contributed to instability of the hills.
3. The construction of the nearby Dimbhe dam 10 years ago was considered as a
possible reason.
4. The instability of the hillsides was due to the construction activities, which are
often done without careful analysis of environmental consequences.
Manmade-
4.8 Identification of other villages having same condition like malingaon
 Manewadi
 Menekher
 Khusgaon
 Bhistewadi
Among above villages from landslide history, rainfall record, topography and
location of village it is observed that bhistewadi village is highly prone to landslide.
That is why we had selected bhistewadi for study.

Chapter5: VISIT TO BHISTEWADI-
5.1 ABOUT BHISTEWADI-
Population- 120

No of houses - 30
Distance from shirala- 46km
Fig. bhistewadi village

Fig. bhistewadi village
6.2.FIELD TEST-
1) THUMB PENETRATION- thumb penetrates easily, soil may probably cohesion

less.
2) DRY STRENGTH TEST- no more pressure required to crumble the soil, the soil is
very loose.
6.3 COLLECTING SOIL SAMPLES
Soil samples collected from three different locations
1) At toe of hill
2) At middle of hill
3) At top of hill

6.4 LABORATORY TEST-
Direct shear test-
It is laboratory test used for determination of shear strength properties of soil. This
test is performed on two or three specimen of relatively undisturbed soil samples.
Specimen placed in shear box and placed in instrument. A confining stress is applied
vertically to the specimen and the upper ring is pulled laterally until sample fails.
Applied load and Proving ring reading recorded and graph drawn and c, Φ values
calculated.
Observation table-
Sr. No Normal Stress Proving Ring Shear Force Shear Stress

Kg/Sq.Cm Reading Div*Const Kg/Sq.Cm
1 0.1 6 17.30 0.049
2 0.2 11 30.37 0.086
3 0.3 16 43.439 0.123
4 0.5 25 69.573 0.197
Table 6.4.1direct shear test
Observations-
Area of box- 36sq.cm
Proving ring constant= 2.78 N/div
Shear force = div×𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡.
Shear stress = (𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑑𝑒)/ (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑜𝑓𝑏𝑜𝑥×9.81)

Graph of shear stress v/s normal stress-
Graph 6.4.1shear stress v/s normal stress

Chapter6: Conclusion-

CONCLUSION- As slope of bhistewadi is unstable we suggested peoples to

rehabilate but people not agree for that, hence we suggested them to adopt following
preventive techniques
6.1Preventive techniques-
Earth Slope Stabilization/Mitigation
In any high-risk situation, where a landslide may endanger lives or adversely affect
property, a professional landslide expert such as a geotechnical or civil engineer
should always be consulted before any stabilizing work is undertaken.
Excavation
Figures C1, C2, and C3 provide a cross-sectional view, in schematic form, of general
principles for slope excavation, showing the effects and consequences of where on a
slope the excavation takes place. These graphics are general in nature, and a
geotechnical engineer or other professional should always be a consulted if possible.
Removal of soil from the head of a slide
This method reduces the driving force and thereby improves stability. This method is
suitable only for cuts into deep soil where rotational landslides may occur. It is
ineffective on translational failures on long, uniform or planar slopes or on flow-type
landslides.
Reducing the height of the slope
Reducing the height of a cut bank reduces the driving force on the failure plane by
reducing the weight of the soil mass and commonly involves the creation of an access
road above the main road and the forming of a lower slope by excavation. Also, it is
possible to excavate deeply and lower the main road surface if the rightof-way crosses
the upper part of a landslide. This method is only moderately efficient in increasing
stability, and a complete solution may involve additional modification of the land.

Fig

Backfilling with lightweight material
A technique related to height reduction is to excavate the upper soil and replace it
with a lightweight backfill material such as woodchips or logging slash. Then,
covered with a thin layer of coarse aggregate, the backfilled material can form a
foundation for limited-use traffic.
Fig: Lightweight Backfill
Benches
Benches are a series of “steps” cut into a deep soil or rock face for the purpose of
reducing the driving forces. They are mainly effective in reducing the incidence of
shallow failures but generally are not very efficient in improving the overall slope
stability for which other methods are recommended. Benches are useful in providing
protection structures beneath rockfall-prone cliffs, for controlling surface drainage, or
for providing a work area for installing drainpipe or other structures.
Flattening or reducing slope angle, or other slope modification

This reduces the weight of material and reduces the possibility of stream/river
undercutting or construction loading.
When not to excavate a slide mass
In some situations, removing the entire slide mass is an effective and economic
solution. Generally, however, it is only practical on small slumps or small rotational
failures. Large-scale excavation of larger landslide areas is usually not recommended
for several reasons:
 Excavation is not always effective —for large planar failures, excavation may not
cause movement to stop and may allow the landslide to expand.
 Excavation may trigger a larger landslide by removing the support provided by the toe
of the landslide.
 Excavation may actually destabilize the ground farther upslope by undercutting,
which weakens the slope.
 In deeper soils ,especially soft clays, where there are two potential failure surfaces,
one deep and one shallow, excavating down to the first failure surface might trigger a
sudden slippage on the deeper failure surface. A stability analysis using soil strength
data is advised and most always necessary for any major excavation project in deep
clay soils.
Strengthening Slopes
Plastic mesh reinforcement
There are numerous synthetic soil reinforcement materials on the market, and one
example is a reinforcement material of plastic polymer stretched to form a
lightweight, high-tensile-strength grid. The grid acts similarly to reinforcing mesh in
concrete, adding strength to the shear strength of the soil. These types of materials
have been used to reduce the amount of ballast needed over soft ground by increasing
the bearing capacity of the subsoil. These types of grids also have a number of
possible applications in slope stabilization, including soil strength reinforcement, soil
drainage improvement, and retaining-wall construction.

Rock-fill buttresses
A simple method to increase slope stability is to increase the weight of the material at
the toe, which creates a counterforce that resists failure (fig. C5). A berm or buttress
of earthfill can be easily dumped onto the toe of a slope. Broken rock or riprap instead
of soil is preferable, however, because it has a greater frictional resistance to shear
forces and is also free draining, which reduces the problem of impeding ground-water
flow.
Fig :Rockfill

Drainage Techniques
Ground water probably is the most important single contributor to landslide initiation.
Not surprisingly, therefore, adequate drainage of water is the most important element
of a slope stabilization scheme, for both existing and potential landslides. Drainage is
effective because it increases the stability of the soil and reduces the weight of the
sliding mass. Drainage can be either surface or subsurface. Surface drainage measures
require minimal design and costs and have substantial stability benefits. They are
recommended on any potential or existing slide. The two objectives of surface
drainage are to prevent erosion of the face, reducing the potential for surface
slumping, and to prevent infiltration of water into the soil, thereby reducing ground-
water pressures. Subsurface drainage also is effective but can be relatively expensive.
It is therefore essential that ground water be identified as a cause of the slide before
subsurface methods are used. The various methods of drainage include the following:
Site leveling
Smoothing the topography of the slide surface can prevent surface water from
ponding or connecting with the ground water. Any depressions on the slope that might
retain standing water must be removed. Infilling and sealing large cracks in the soil
surface by grading the soil mass are beneficial and prevent surface water from
reaching the failure plane.
Ditches and drains
Surface drainage can be through either surface ditches or shallow subsurface drains
(fig. C9). Surface drainage is especially important at the head of the slide, where a
system of cut-off ditches that cross the headwall of the slide, and lateral drains to lead
runoff around the edge of the slide are effective. Ditch gradient should be at least 2
percent, to ensure rapid flow away from the unstable area. The simplest type of
subsurface drain is the lateral trench constructed above an unstable slope. Drainage
trenches are economical only for shallow soils overlying bedrock or hard
impermeable till. The trenches should be excavated to the base of the shallow soil to
intercept any ground-water flow along the failure plane. They are backfilled with
coarse gravel to prevent sloughing of the ditch sidewalls. An improvement is to use
drainpipe and then backfill the area with coarse gravel.

Fig: Drain Trench
Drainpipes
Horizontal drainpipe is a widely used device for landslide prevention in highway

construction (fig. C10). It is most effective when installed during initial excavation.
Because of the long lag times to lower ground-water tables, the drains are effective
only if the pipe is carefully installed, the failure surface is intersected, and the pipe
actually drains the soil. As most slopes have varying soil and hydraulic and geometric
conditions, drainage systems must be individually designed. After drilling has been
carried out to the desired depth and the casing installed, the latter is cleared of soil,
and sections of slotted PVC drainpipe are covered with filter cloth, then pushed into
the casing and coupled together. The casing is then withdrawn and screen is installed
over the end of the drain. Drain holes must be thoroughly cleaned of drill cuttings and
mud. Uncleaned holes may be only 25 percent effective. In clay soils, the full change
in ground-water tables can take up to 5 years, with 50 percent of the improvement
taking place in the first year. Once water tables are lowered in clay soils, the change is
fairly permanent; however, seasonal fluctuations can occur: rainfall will not alter the
ground-water level in the slope provided the drains do not clog. In sandy soils, the

ground-water table will lower within a few months but will also fluctuate with
rainfall.
Fig: Drainpipe
Straw wattles and straw bales
Straw wattles, also known as straw worms, bio-logs, straw noodles, or straw tubes, are
manufactured cylinders of compressed, weed-free straw (wheat or rice), 20 to 30
centimeters (8 to 12 inches) in diameter and 7 to 9 meters (20 to 25 feet) long (fig.
C11). They are encased in jute, nylon, or other photodegradable materials and have an
average weight of 16 kilograms (35 pounds). They are installed in a shallow trench
forming a continuous barrier along the contour (across the slope) to intercept water
running down a slope. Straw wattles should be effective for a period of 1 to 2 years if
they can be installed on slopes up to 70 percent; however, their effect diminishes
greatly on slopes steeper than 50 percent. Soils can be shallow but not less than about
8 inches. Straw wattles increase infiltration, add roughness, reduce erosion, and add

short-term protection on slopes where permanent vegetation will be established to

provide long-term erosion control. Straw bales are easily obtainable in most areas of
the world, are very portable, and have a modular-type application for slope erosion
and drainage control

Retaining Walls
For all types of retaining walls, adequate drainage through the structure is essential
because very high ground-water pressure can build up behind any retaining wall,
leading to its failure. Drainage can be provided simply with a coarse backfill and
foundation material.
Timber crib
Timber crib walls are box structures built of interlocking logs and backfilled with
coarse aggregate (fig. C13). They work by intersecting the critical sliding surface,
thus forcing the potential failure surface to a deeper, less critical depth. The structure
must be able to withstand: (1) shearing, (2) overturning, and (3) sliding at the base. It
must, therefore, be strongly built by burying to sufficient depth and extending beyond
the critical failure plane. Crib walls are only effective where the volume of soil to be
stabilized is relatively small. They are most efficient where a thin layer of unstable
soil overlies a deeper, more stable layer of soil. Crib wall structures should have a
volume equal to 10 to 15 percent of the volume of the soil to be stabilized. This
relatively small volume provides little counterweight support at the toe; therefore,
virtually the entire resistance to failure comes from the strength of the crib.

Fig: Timber Crib
Steel bin wall
A steel bin wall is formed from corrugated galvanized steel components bolted
together to form a box and then filled with earth (fig. C14). The stability of a gravity
wall is due to the weight of the wall itself, perhaps aided by the weight of soil in front
of the wall. The bulk of the weight is from the contained soil, not the steel, and this
should be kept in mind when the foundation is prepared. Large walls must be
individually engineered, with load and foundation requirements calculated. Structural
and civil engineering design charts provide stringer (horizontal member)
specifications and height-to-width ratios for typical loading conditions. The widths of
walls vary from 2 to 5 meters (6 to 15 feet) and are one-half to three-fifths the height
of the wall. To provide additional sliding resistance, the foot of the wall is usually 0.5
to 1.0 meter (1.5 foot to 3 feet) below grade, although the design should not rely on
the additional toe support, as it can erode or be removed inadvertently. The factor of
safety is improved if the wall is at a 1:6 slope. Fill material must be well drained and

compacted, preferably in 20-centimeter (7.8 inches) lifts. Material behind the wall
also should be well drained and moderately compacted.
Fig: Steel Bin Wall
Reinforced earth wall
Reinforced Earth is a patented system for constructing fills at very steep to vertical
angles without the use of supporting structures at the face of the fill (fig. C15). The
system uses horizontal layers of flexible metal strips within the fill to form a
composite earth-metal system with high strength.

Fig: Reinforced earth wall
Gabion walls:
Gabions are wire mesh, boxlike containers filled with cobble-sized rock that are 10 to
20 centimeters (4 to 8 inches) size (fig. C16). A gabion retaining wall can also be
constructed from stacked gabions. Gabion walls usually are inexpensive and are
simple and quick to construct. Due to their flexibility, they can withstand foundation
movement, and they do not require elaborate foundation preparation. Because of their
coarse fill, they are very permeable and thus provide excellent drainage. Gabion walls
work because the friction between the individual gabion rows is very high, as is the
friction between the basal row and the soil underneath. When failure occurs, it is
almost always in the foundation soil itself. Three-tiered walls up to 2.5 meters (8 feet)
high can usually be constructed without consulting any detailed engineering analysis.
Higher walls are very heavy by nature of their added bulk and need larger base
foundations and possibly counterforts for bracing of the wall. (A counterfort is a
buttress bonded to the rear of walls, designed to improve stability.) Gabion walls built
on clay soils require counterforts, which can be constructed as gabion headers

extending from the front of the wall to beyond the slip circle. The counterforts serve
as both structural components and as drains. Design charts are available for various
combinations of hillslope angle and retaining-wall height.
Fig: Gabion wall
Piles
Largediameter piles can be placed into the toe of a slope to form a closely spaced
vertical pile wall (fig. C17). Pile walls are normally used as a preexcavation restraint
system—the cut slope excavation takes place in front. Whereas large-diameter
concrete pile and culvert pile walls have been used successfully on highways, wood or
steel piles that are small in diameter have not. For most earth or rock movement,
wood piles are not adequate to provide enough shearing resistance. They are suitable
only where the volume of soil to be stabilized is small. On average, one wood pile is
necessary for every 50 cubic meters (65.3 cubic yards) of soil, which is not sufficient

for large stabilization projects. Too few piles can result in toppling and (or) breakage
by the moving mass of soil, as well as by soil movement between the piles.
A major limitation when log piles are used is depth, as many failure surfaces lie below
the height of the piles. Wood piles are the best for shallow soil failures over deeper
stable soils. The piles should extend well below the potential failure surface and be
firmly driven into firm subsoil. If the depth of placement is not sufficient to allow the
piles to act as a cantilever system, then the piles must be tied back with an additional
anchor system.
Slope Stabilization Using Vegetation
Seeding with grasses and legumes reduces surface erosion, which can under certain
conditions lead to landslides. Planting with shrubs adds vegetative cover and stronger
root systems, which in turn will enhance slope stability. If not controlled, surface
erosion and small, shallow slope failures can lead to larger problems that cannot be
controlled. Large-scale erosion requires applied engineering technology to correct and
control. The terms “bioengineering” and “biotechnical slope protection” refer to the
use of vegetation as slope protection to arrest and prevent slope failure and surface
erosion. Bioengineering is discussed in detail in Section III of the handbook.
Planning is required for the successful implementation of a revegetation program.

Before undertaking seeding, a person with local experience should be consulted for
advice. Local knowledge based on successes and failures of projects is invaluable.

Seed application should begin immediately following a disturbance, at a minimum of

approximately 6 weeks before periods of drought or damaging frost.
A slope made as stable as possible before seeding will be of benefit in making the
slope resistant to future erosion and failure. Controlling surface-water drainage,
removing cut-bank overhangs, reducing slope angles, and benching all should be done
before seeding begins.
There are two basic types of seeding: dry seeding and hydraulic, also known as hydro
seeding:
Dry Seeding:
Dry seeding is done with rotary disk and air-blown seeders. These methods are less
costly than hydraulic seeding but are limited to rough soil surfaces and gentler slopes.
Rotary disk seeders spread seed and fertilizer by centrifugal force. The simplest
seeder is the cyclone-type, hand-held seeder. Air-blown seeders use air to blow or
shoot seed and fertilizer a distance of 5 to 8 meters (15 to 24 feet). Equipment can be
adapted for motorized vehicles. Hydraulic Seeding, or Hydroseeding:
This type of seeding is the application of seed in a water slurry that contains fertilizer,
soil binder, and (or) mulch. The system requires a mixing tank with mechanical
hydraulic agitation and volume pumping capacity. Hydraulic seeding is effective for
seeding slopes 1:1 and steeper, where tacking of the seed to the slope is necessary.
Types of seeds:
A combination of two to five species is the normal grass-legume mix used for erosion
control. Suitability of seeds depends on soil type, climatic conditions, species
compatibility, and species replacement. Local conditions will vary, and no universal
type of grasses or legumes can be recommended. The types of vegetation can vary
from locality to locality, and it is best to get advice from locals who are familiar with
local growing conditions.
Mulching:
Mulch is a nonliving material spread over the soil surface to provide protection from
surface erosion by rain and retention of soil moisture. Various types of mulches will
work—straw, grass fibers, wood fibers, seaweed, and paper products.

Biotechnical Slope Protection:
This type of slope protection is used to reduce the environmental consequences of

landslide-mitigation measures. When used for landslide remediation or mitigation,
conventional earth-retaining structures made of steel or concrete usually are not
visually pleasing or environmentally friendly. These traditional “hard” remedial
measures are increasingly being supplanted by vegetated composite soil/structure
bodies that are environmentally friendlier. This process has come to be known as
biotechnical slope protection. Common biotechnical systems include geonets
anchored by soil nails that hold in place soil seeded with grass and geocells with
seeded soils in the interstices.
Research has been done on using plants to stabilize soil to prevent excessive erosion
and also to mitigate the effect of landslides. One of the most promising types of plants
is Vetiver, a type of grass that works very well in many different environments, to
stabilize slopes against erosion. See Appendix C for more information on this plant,
its uses, and its geographical suitability.
Biotechnical slope protection consists of two elements: biotechnical stabilization and

soil bioengineering stabilization, both of which entail the use of live materials—
specifically, biotechnical vegetation stabilization uses mechanical elements
(structures) in combination with biological elements (plants) to prevent and arrest
slope failures and erosion. Mechanical and biological elements must function together
in a complementary manner. Soil bioengineering stabilization, on the other hand, can
be regarded as a specialized subset of biotechnical stabilization in which live plant
parts, that is, roots, stems, and branches, serve as the main structural/ mechanical
elements in the slope protection system. Biotechnical slope-protection systems blend
into the landscape. They emphasize the use of natural, locally available materials,
such as soil, rock, timber, and vegetation, in contrast to manufactured materials such
as steel and concrete. The structural or mechanical components do not visually intrude
upon the environment as much as conventional earth-retaining structures. Examples
of biotechnical vegetation structures, which commonly incorporate vegetation into the
structure itself, include log and timber cribs, gabion and rock-breast walls, welded
wire walls, and reinforced earth. Internal, tensile reinforcements using the principles
of bioengineering permit construction of oversteepened fill slopes to as much as 70º.

A general guide to different bioengineering stabilization methods and more detailed

information can be found in reference 30.
As noted previously, soil bioengineering relies mainly on the use of native materials
such as plant stems or branches, rocks, wood, or soil. Appropriate vegetation for
bioengineering can be obtained from local sources of willow, alder, and other native,
easily propagated varieties. In addition, soil bioengineering systems commonly are
environmentally compatible during the construction process because they generally
require minimal access for equipment and workers and cause relatively minor
disturbance. With time, the bioengineering systems become visually nonintrusive and
blend into the natural surroundings. This is a favorable attribute in environmentally
sensitive areas such as parks, riparian areas, and scenic corridors where esthetic
quality, wildlife habitat, and ecological restoration are important. As bioengineered
structures that utilize tree species become older, they have the added benefit that they
become more stable and eventually assist in the natural succession and long-term
colonization of forest species. In most cases, native grasses, shrubs, and trees are used
as the vegetation in bioengineering stabilization. Willow has been very successful in
many parts of the world. In tropical and subtropical areas, Vetiver grass hedgerows
(VGHR) for stabilization have become very popular because of the fast growth and
deep root penetration of this grass. However, if exotic species of plants or trees are
introduced, there is a real danger that they will conflict with native plant life.

Rock Slope Stabilization/Mitigation Techniques:
Rockfall can range from a few fist-sized rocks to large cliff sections and boulders
which, depending on size and shape, can roll, bounce, and careen down slopes,
landing in areas at great distances from the fall lines. Recreation areas such as beaches
near cliffs, parks, and open spaces are affected by rockfall, and people are frequently
exposed to these hazards. People venturing too near the edges of cliffs and rocky
slopes can add pressure to already weak overhangs and cause rockfalls to land on
people below or sustain injuries themselves on these collapsing edges. Whether

hiking, camping, walking, or working around cliffs or rock faces, people encounter
the hazard many times without warning. A variety of engineering techniques can be
implemented to help mitigate the effects of rockfalls, and some of these are discussed
here. In some cases, more than one type of engineered solution is the best, and a
combination of these remediation measures applied to one area of rockfall hazard is
shown in figure C20.

REFERENCES
A. F. Shaikh et al. “REPORT ON LANDSLIDE IN MALIN VILLAGE IN PUNE”

[April 2015] International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology
PP- 111-113 [1]
Abhishek Naykodi et al. “A REVIEW PAPER ON SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS

OF MALINLANDSLIDE” [February 2016] International Journal of Engineering
Sciences & Management PP- 101-106 [2]
Sharan Veer Singh et al. “STABILIZATION OF SOIL BY USING WASTE

PLASTIC MATERIAL: A REVIEW” [February 2017] International Journal of
Innovative Research In Science, Engineering And Technology PP- 2204-2211 [3]
Atesh Jadhav et al. “STUDY OF LANDSLIDE HAZARD AND MITIGATION

METHODS” International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing
and Communication Volume: 4Issue: 4 PP- 293-295 [4]
G. D. Indurkar et al. “STUDY AND SUGGESTIVE MEASURES OF LANDSLIDES

ON PUNE MUMBAI ROUTE” IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering
(IOSR-JMCE) e-ISSN: 2278-1684, p-ISSN: 2320–334X PP- 50-59 [5]

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Stability of Slop and Soil Analysis of Malingaon Village

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1.2 Landslides In India:-

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The natural ecosystem of the mountainous terrains like Himalaya, Western

Expansion of urban & tourism developments in hills result in ever increasing

1.3 History of landslide in india:

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 July 26, 2005- Raigad- 54 people were killed in landslide, floods in

1.4 Types of landslide study:

Pre Disaster Studies:

Identification of vulnerable slopes through landslide hazard zonation (LHZ)

Post Disaster Studies:

Detailed analysis of landslide that have occurred determine the causes

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1.5. Landslides: Definition, Terminology And Factors:

Definition and Types:

In general, landslide can be defined as (Varnes, 1984), “All varieties of mass

1.6 Following are the types of landslide:

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A topple is recognized as the forward rotation out of a slope of a mass of soil or

A slide is a down slope movement of a soil or rock mass occurring on surfaces

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A landslide on which the surface of rupture is curved upward (spoon-shaped)

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Fig.1.6.4 Transational slide

An extension of a cohesive soil or rock mass combined with the general

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Fig.1.6.5: lateral spread

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Fig. 1.6.7: Lahars (Volcanic Debris Flows)

Fig. 1.6.8: Debris Avalanche

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e) Slow Earth flow (Creep)

Fig.1.6.9Slow Earthflow (Creep)

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Failures in permafrost conditions involve the movement of fine-grained,

Fig.1.6.10 Flows in Permafrost

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1.7 Causes of landslide-

Populations expanding onto new land and creating neighbourhoods, towns,

1.8 Malingaon Landslide-

On 30 July 2014, a landslide occurred in the village of Malin in the Ambegaontaluka

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Fig. Malin After Landslidefig Malin From Satellite

fig. BEFORE fig AFTER

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 To study landslide in Malingaon.

 To identify the causes of landslide.

 To carry out different field and laboratory test

 To compare this results with IS code guidelines.

 To alert peoples about possibilities of landslide.

 To suggest people some preventive measures.

 Collecting information related to Malingaon Landslide.

 Visit to Malingaon to see natural and manmade factor.

 Impact of Malingaon landslide on that village through feedback..