A

TRAINING REPORT

ON
AutoCAD
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
Er. Sandeep Dhiman JAYKANT RANU
H.O.D. of the Mech. Dept. Roll No. 5316308
(Mechanical)

HINDUSTAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT

DHEEN (AMBALA)
KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY, KURUKSHETRA
CERTIFICATE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my profound gratitude to our H.O.D and all the faculty members of the Mechanical
Department for taking pains to guide me in the preparation of this training report. It is a
privilege to express my heartiest thanks to all members of IETR Cad Cam Technologies
for their valuable suggestions and constructive criticism was like a beacon light and becomes
a source of inspiration during my preparation of this training report.

JAYKANT RANU
Roll No. 5316308
 PREFACE
CAD/CAM is a term which means Computer Aided Design & Computer Aided
Manufacturing. It is the technology concerned with the use of digital computers to perform
certain functions in design and production. Parts of cars we drive, the planes in which we fly,
the televisions we watch and the automated tools we use to produce such products. The
Computer Aided Design or CAD systems are used to design such products.

The CAD hardware typically includes computer, one or more graphics display
terminals, keywords and other peripheral equipment. The CAD software consists of the
computer programs to facilitate the engineering functions of the user company. Examples of
these application programs include stress-strain analysis of components, dynamics response
of mechanisms, heat transfer calculations and customer markers are different.

These factors give rise to differences in CAD systems requirements. Ultimately

CAD/CAM will provide the technology base for the computer-integrated factory of the
future.

JAYKANT RANU
Roll No.5316308
 CONTENTS
Chapter pages
1. INTRODUCTION 1-2
1.1. Introduction to AutoCAD ………. 1
1.2. Benefits of AutoCAD ………. 1

2. AUTOCAD USER INTERFACE 3-5

2.1. AutoCAD Screen ………. 3
2.2. Screen Components ………. 3
2.2.1. Drawing Area ………. 3
2.2.2. Command Window ………. 3
2.2.3. Application Status bar ………. 4
2.2.4. The UCS Icon ………. 4
2.2.5. The Menus and Toolbars ………. 4
2.2.6. The Status Bar ………. 4
2.2.7. The Crosshairs ………. 5
2.2.8. The Pull-down Menus ………. 5

3. DRAW COMMANDS 6-10

3.1. LINE Command ………. 6
3.2. XLINE Command ………. 6
3.3. POLYLINE Command ………. 6
3.4. POLYGON Command ……..... 7
3.5. RECTANGLE Command ………. 7
3.6. ARC Command ………. 8
3.7. CIRCLE Command ………. 9
3.8. REVISION CLOUD Command ……….. 10
3.9. SPLINE Command ………. 10
3.10. ELLIPSE Command ………. 10
3.11. ELLIPSE ARC Command ………. 10
3.12. MAKE BLOCK Command ………. 11
3.13. INSERT BLOCK Command ………. 11
3.14. POINT Command ………. 11
3.15. HATCH Command ………. 11
3.16. GRADIENT Command ………. 11

4. EDIT COMMANDS 12-17

4.1 ERASE Command ………. 12
4.2. COPY Command ………. 12
4.3. MIRROR Command ………. 13
4.4. OFFSET Command ………. 13
4.5. ARRAY Command ………. 13
Chapter Pages
4.6. MOVE Command ………. 15
4.7. ROTATE Command ………. 16
4.8. SCALE Command ………. 16
4.9. STRETCH Command ………. 16
4.10. TRIM Command ………. 16
4.11. EXTEND Command ………. 16
4.12. BREAK AT A POINT Command ………. 16
4.13. BREAK Command ………. 17
4.14. JOIN Command ………. 17
4.15. CHAMFER Command ………. 17
4.16. FILLET Command ………. 17
4.17. REGION Command ………. 17
4.18. EXPLODE Command ………. 17

5. OBJECT SNAP 18-19

6. COORDINATE SYSTEM 20-22

6.1. Introduction ………. 20
6.2. Absolute Co-ordinate System ………. 21
6.3. R elative Rectangular Co-ordinate ………. 21
6.4. Relative Polar Co-ordinate System ………. 22

7. 2-D DRAWING MODELS 23-27

8. 3-D COMMANDS 28-30

8.1. POLYSOID Command ……….. 28
8.2. BOX Command ………. 28
8.3. WEDGE Command ………. 28
8.4. CONE Command ………. 28
8.5. SPHERE Command ………. 28
8.6. CYLINDER Command ………. 29
8.7. TORUS Command ………. 29
8.8. PYRAMID Command ………. 29
8.9. HELIX Command ………. 29
8.10. PLANAR Command ………. 29
8.11. EXTRUDE Command ………. 29
8.12. PRESSPULL Command ………. 29
8.13. SWEEP Command ………. 29
8.14. REVOLVE Command ………. 30
8.15. UNION Command ………. 30
8.16. SUBTRACT Command ………. 30
8.17. INTERSECT Command ………. 30
9. 3-D DRAWING MODELS 31-33
 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

1.1. INTRODUCTION TO AUTOCAD

 AutoCAD is a commercial software application for 2D and 3D computer-aided
design (CAD) and drafting available since 1982 as a desktop application and since
2010 as a mobile

 Developed and marked by Autodesk.

 The first version of AutoCAD came out in 1982, running on microcomputers with
internal graphics controllers.

 AutoCAD is used across a wide range of industries, by project managers, engineers,

graphic designers, and many other professionals.

AutoCAD

Developer(s) Autodesk

Initial release December 1982

Stable release 2019 / March 22, 2018

Development status Active

Operating system MS Windows, Mac OS X, IOS, Android

Available in Multilingual

Type Computer-aided design

License Proprietary

Website www.autodesk.com/products/autodesk-
AutoCAD /overview

1.2. BENEFITS OF AUTOCAD

Using CAD, you can draw something once and copy it hundreds, or even thousands, of times.
Changing a design can be as simple as pushing a button. Drawings can be shared
instantaneously across the room or even around the world over a computer network.
These are the other benefits of CAD include the following:
1. Increased productivity
 Drawing content can be continuously reused.
 Hatch and pattern fills can be placed with a single pick.
 Revising and editing drawings can be done quickly with minimum effort.
2. Improved precision
 Digital information is accurate to 14 decimal places.
 Geometry is precisely located using the Cartesian coordinate system.
 It is possible to snap to control points and features on existing drawing geometry to
accurately locate drawing information.
 Polar and object tracking features can be utilized for precise angular measurements.

3. Better collaboration
 Drawings can be shared across a network (locally and globally).
 Drawings can be referenced and updated in real time with notification.
 Revisions and markups can be managed electronically via email and Internet-based
document management systems.

4. 3D visualization and analysis

 3D animations and walk-through can be easily generated to allow you and potential
clients to visualize a design before it is constructed.
 Interference checking can be done to ensure that parts do not run into each other
before they are created.
 Engineering calculations such as Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and other structural
calculations can be performed automatically.
 Computer prototypes can be created and tested, eliminating the time and materials
needed to manufacture a real-world prototype.
 CHAPTER-2
AUTOCAD USER INTERFACE

2.1. AUTOCAD SCREEN

The first look at AutoCAD. Launching AutoCAD is very simple. Just double-click the
AutoCAD shortcut or start the application by clicking, Start – Program – Autodesk -
AutoCAD; whichever version you are using from AutoCAD upwards. After a few moments,
you could see the AutoCAD interface as shown in the figure.1. Take a look at it and
familiarize with the various components of the Graphical User Interface (GUI) of AutoCAD.

Fig. 1. AutoCAD Screen

2.2. SCREEN COMPONENTS

Various components of the initial AutoCAD screen are drawing area, command window,
menu bar, several toolbars, model and layouts, and the status bar. A title bar that has
AutoCAD symbol and the current drawing name is displayed on top of the screen.

2.2.1. Drawing Area

The blank area in the middle of the screen, the graphics window, is where you draw. You can
think of this area as a sheet of drafting paper, except that this piece of paper can be any size
even the size of a huge factory. The drawing area covers the major portion of the screen. Here
we can draw the objects and use the commands.
2.2.2. Command Window

Fig. 2. Command Window

The command window at the bottom of the drawing area has the command prompt where we
can enter the commands. It also displays the subsequent prompt sequences and the messages.
We can change the size of the window by placing the cursor on the top edge and then
dragging it

2.2.3. Application Status Bar

Fig. 3. Application Status Bar

The Status Bar is displayed at the bottom of the screen (Fig. 3). It contains some useful
information and buttons that will make it easy to change the status of some AutoCAD
functions. We can toggle between on and off states of most of these functions by choosing
them.

2.2.4. The UCS Icon

The symbol with two arrows at the bottom – left corner of the drawing area in fig. 1 is called
UCS (User Coordinate System) icon. The arrows point to the directions of the X and Y axis
to help you keep your bearings.

2.2.5. The Menus and Toolbars

At the top of your screen is the tittles bar, and directly beneath the tittles bar is a menu bar.
Below that are two rows of toolbars. In addition, your screen has two more toolbars, the draw
and modifies toolbars, which are probably docked at the left side of the screen as shown in
fig. 1. Use the menus and toolbars together to give AutoCAD commands to draw, edit, get
information, and so on. Because you can customize the menus and the toolbars to suit your
needs, your screen may appear somewhat differently. AutoCAD provides many more
toolbars that you can display when you need them. Some examples of the toolbars are:
Dimension, Solids, Render, and Web.

2.2.6. The Status Bar

At the very bottom of the screen is the status bar as shown in the above figure. At the left are
the X, Y coordinates. As you move your mouse around, these coordinates change. (If they
don’t move, click them and move your mouse again). The status bar also sports several
buttons.
2.2.7. The Crosshairs
Notice the two intersecting lines with a small box at their intersection. The small box is called
pick box because it helps you to pick objects. The lines are called crosshairs. They show the
location of the mouse cursor in relation to other objects in your drawing. As you move your
mouse around, the pick box and the crosshair move with your mouse.

2.2.8. The Pull-down Menus

The Pull-Down menus available on the menu bar offer a quicker way to access the commands
and functions that are the heart of AutoCAD.
 CHAPTER-3
DRAW COMMANDS

3.1. LINE COMMAND

LINE command is used to draw a continuing series of line segments, but each line segment is
a separate object. We can invoke the line command from the Draw toolbar, as shown in fig. 4

Fig. 4. Draw Toolbar

We can also invoke the line command by entering line or L at the Command prompt. Once
you have invoked the line command, the next prompt, the Specify first point, requires us to
specify the starting point. After first point is selected, AutoCAD will prompt you to enter the
second point at the Specify next point prompt. At this point we may continue to select points
or terminate the line command by pressing enter, esc, or the spacebar. The prompt sequence
of invoking line command is as follows:

Command: LINE > Enter

Specify first point: Move the cursor (mouse) and left click to specify the first point.

Specify next point or [Undo]: Move the cursor and left click to specify the second point.

Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify the third point.

Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: Enter.

(Press ENTER to exit LINE command.)

3.2. XLINE
The XLINE command can be used to draw construction or projection lines. These lines are
the lines that aid in construction or projection and are drawn very lightly, when manually
drafting. An XLINE (construction line) is a 3D line that extends to infinity at both ends. As
the line is infinite in length, it does not have any end points. The prompt sequence of
invoking the XLINE command is as follows:

Command: XLINE > Enter

Specify a point or [Hor/Ver/Ang/Bsect/Offset]: Specify an option or select a point through

which the XLINE will pass.
3.3. PLINE The PLINE command is used to draw a polyline. A polyline is a line that has
different features. The term polyline can be broken into two parts: poly and line. poly means
“many”. This signifies that a poly line can have many lines. Some features of polylines are
listed next.
 Polylines can be thick lines with a desired width. They are very flexible and can be
used to draw any shape, such as a filled circle or a doughnut.
 Polylines can be used to draw objects in any line type.
 Advanced editing commands can be used to edit them (for example, the PEDIT
command).

The command prompt for invoking the PLINE command is as follows:

Command: PLINE < Enter

Specify start point: Specify the starting point or enter its coordinates.

Specify next point or [Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: Specify next point or enter an

option.

3.4. POLYGON
A regular polygon is a closed geometric figure with equal sides. The number of side varies
from 3 to 1024. For example, a triangle is a three sided polygon and a pentagon is a five sided
polygon. In AutoCAD, the POLYGON command is used to draw regular 2D polygons. A
polygon is said to be inscribed when it is drawn inside an imaginary circle and its vertices
touch the circle. Likewise, a polygon is circumscribed when it is drawn outside imaginary
circle and sides of polygon are tangent to circle. We can easily choose one option from these
two available options during the invoking process. The prompt sequence of invoking
POLYGON command is given next.

Command: POLYGON < Enter

Enter number of sides <4>: Enter a value between 3 and 1024.

Specify center of polygon: Specify the center point or enter its coordinates.

Enter an option [Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle]: Enter I or C.

Specify radius of circle: Specify the radius of circle, which will inscribe or circumscribe the
polygon.

3.5. RECTANG
The RECTANG command is used to draw rectangles in AutoCAD. We can draw rectangles
by specifying two opposite corners of the rectangle, by specifying the area and the size of one
of the sides, or by specifying the dimensions of rectangles. The prompt sequence of invoking
RECTANG command is as follows:
Command: RECTANG < Enter

Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: Specify first

corner point or enter its coordinates.

Specify other corner point or [Area/Dimensions/Rotation]: Specify opposite corner point

or enter its coordinates.
3.6. ARC
An arc is defined as a part of a circle. In AutoCAD, it can be drawn using the ARC
command. AutoCAD provides eleven different options to draw an arc. To view these options,
click on Draw option in the Menu Bar as shown in fig. 5

Fig. 5. Options in Menu Bar for Creating an Arc

The default setting is for creating a three point arc. The command prompt for invoking ARC
command is as follows:
Command: ARC < Enter
Specify start point of arc or [Center]: Specify first point of arc or enter its coordinates.

Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: Specify the through point for arc or enter its
coordinates.

Specify the end point of arc: Specify the end point or enter its coordinates.

3.7. CIRCLE
The CIRCLE command is used to draw circles. AutoCAD provides six different options to
draw a circle. To view and choose from the available options, click on Draw option in the
Menu Bar as shown in fig. 6

Fig. 6. Options in Menu Bar for creating a Circle

The default setting is for creating a circle with Center and Radius option. The other options
can be invoked by entering the appropriate letter in the command window or by the method
stated earlier. The prompt sequence for invoking CIRCLE command is stated next.

Command: CIRCLE < Enter

Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: Specify center point or
enter its coordinates.

Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]: Enter the required value of radius.

3.8. REVISION CLOUD

Take command > a + enter > specify minimum arc length ( like value 10) > specify
maximum arc length ( like value 12) > O + enter > click on object > enter

Take command > a + enter > specify minimum arc length ( like value 10) > specify
maximum arc length ( like value 12) > O + enter > click on object > y+ enter

3.9. SPLINE
Create a smooth curve that passes through or near specified points.

Take command > specify first point by using left click > specify next point > specify next
point according to requirement > triple enter (i.e. enter enter enter).

3.10. ELLIPSE
If a circle is observed from an angle, the shape is called an ellipse, which can be created in
AutoCAD using the ELLIPSE command. An ellipse can be created by two different options
and these options are grouped together in the Draw option of the Menu Bar as shown in fig.7.
The prompt sequence for invoking ELLIPSE command is stated next.

Command: ELLIPSE < Enter

Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center]: Enter coordinates of axis end point or
choose an option.

Specify other endpoint of axis: Specify other end point or enter its coordinates.

Specify distance to the other axis or [rotation]: Specify the half length of second axis.

3.11. ELLIPSE ARC

Create an elliptical arc.
 Fig. 7. Options in Menu Bar for creating an Ellipse

3.12. MAKE BLOCK

Take command > select object > right click > pick point > take base point > give name > ok.

3.13. INSERT BLOCK

Insert a block or a drawing into the current drawing.

3.14. POINT
Create multiple points.

3.15. HATCH
Take command > add pick point > pick internal point by using left click > right click > enter
> select pattern > ok

3.16. GRADIENT
Same as hatch with colors.
 CHAPTER-4
EDIT COMMAND
4.1. ERASE
After drawing some objects, you may need to erase some of them from the screen. To erase,
we can use ERASE command in AutoCAD. This command is used exactly the same way as
an eraser is used in manual drafting to delete unwanted information. We can invoke ERASE
command from the Modify toolbar

Fig. 8. Modify Toolbar

When we invoke the ERASE command, a small box, known as pick box, replaces the screen
cursor. To erase an object, move the pick box so that it touches the object. Select the object.
AutoCAD confirms the selection by changing the selected objects into dashed lines and the
select objects prompt returns again. We can continue selecting objects or press ENTER to
terminate object selection and erase the selected objects. The prompt sequence is given next.

Command: ERASE < Enter

Select objects: Select first object.

Select objects: Select second object.

Select objects: Enter

4.2. COPY
The COPY command is used to copy an existing object. This command makes copies of the
selected objects and places them at specified locations, but the originals are left intact. In this
command we need to select the objects and specify the base point. Next we need to specify
the second point, this point is where we want the copied objects to be placed. The prompt
sequence that is followed when you invoke COPY command is given next.

Command: COPY < Enter

Select objects: Select objects to copy.

Select objects: Enter

Specify base point or [Displacement/Mode] <Displacement>: Specify base point.

Specify second point or <use first point as displacement>: Specify a new position on the
screen using pointing device or entering coordinates.

Specify second point or [Exit/Undo] <Exit>: Enter

 4.3. MIRROR
The MIRROR command creates a mirror copy of the selected objects. The objects can be
mirrored at any angle. This command is helpful in drawing symmetrical figures. This
command is available in Modify toolbar but it can be invoked by using command window as
well. When we invoke this command, AutoCAD prompts us to select the objects and then the
mirror line.
After we select the objects to be mirrored, AutoCAD prompts you to enter the first point
of mirror line and the second point of mirror line. A mirror line is an imaginary line about
which objects are reflected. We can specify the end point of mirror line by specifying points
on screen or by entering their coordinates. The mirror line can be selected at any angle. The
prompt sequence of invoking MIRROR command is given next.
Command: MIRROR < Enter

Select objects: Select objects to be mirrored.

Select objects: Enter

Specify first point of mirror line: Specify the first endpoint.

Specify second point of mirror line: Specify the second endpoint.

Delete source objects? [Yes/No] <N>: Enter Y for deletion, N for retaining the objects.

4.4. OFFSET
To draw parallel lines, concentric circles, arcs, curves, and so on, we can use the OFFSET
command. This command creates another object that is similar to the selected one.
Remember that we are allowed to select only one entity at a time to be offset. While
offsetting an object, we can specify the offset distance and the side to offset, or we can
specify a distance through which you want to offset the selected object. The prompt sequence
which follows when we invoke OFFSET command using command window is given next.

Command: OFFSET < Enter

Specify offset distance or [Through/Erase/Layer] <Through>: Specify the offset distance.

4.5. ARRAY
An array is defined as the method of creating multiple copies of the selected object and
arranging them in a rectangular or circular fashion. In some drawings, we may need to
specify an object multiple times in a rectangular or circular arrangement. For example,
suppose you have to draw six chairs around a table. This job can be accomplished by drawing
each chair separately or by using the COPY command to make multiple copies of the chair.
But it is a very tedious process and also the alignment of the chairs will have to be adjusted.
Using ARRAY command, all we need to do is create just one chair and the remaining five
will be created and automatically arranged around the table by the ARRAY command. This
method is more efficient and less time-consuming. ARRAY command can be invoked by
different methods such as from Modify toolbar, or by making use of the Command Window,
or from the Modify option of Menu Bar.

RECTANGULAR ARRAY
A rectangular array is formed by making copies of the selected object along the X and Y
directions of an imaginary rectangle (along rows and columns). It can be created by selecting
the Rectangular Array button in the array dialog box (fig. 9) that appears on invoking
ARRAY command.
ROWS
This edit box is used to specify the number of rows in rectangular array.

COLUMNS
This edit box is used to specify the number of columns in the rectangular array.

Fig. 9. Rectangular Array option in Array dialog box

Row Offset: This edit box is used to specify the distance between the rows. We can either
enter the distance value in this edit box or choose the Pick Row Offset button to define the
row offset distance by specifying two points on screen.

Column Offset: This edit box is used to specify the distance between the columns. We can
either enter the distance value in this edit box or choose the Pick Column Offset button to
define the column offset distance by specifying two points on screen.

Angle of Array: This edit box is used to define the angle of array. This is the value by which
the rows and columns will be rotated.
POLAR ARRAY

A polar array is an arrangement of the objects around a point in a circular fashion. This kind
of array is created by selecting the Polar Array button in the Array dialog box (fig. 10) that
appears on invoking ARRAY command.

Fig. 10. Polar Array option in Array dialog box

CENTER POINT
The center point of the array is defined as the point around which the selected items will be
arranged. It is defined as the center point of the imaginary circle on whose circumference the
items will be placed. The coordinates of the center of array can be specified in the X and Y
edit boxes. We can either enter the values in these edit boxes or select the center point of
array from the screen using Pick Center Point button.

4.6. MOVE
Sometimes the objects are not located where they should actually be. In these situations, we
can use the MOVE command. This command allows you to move one or more objects from
their current location to a new location. This change of location of the objects does not
change their size or orientation. On invoking this command we are prompted to select objects
to be moved and the base point. This base point is the reference point with which the object
will be picked and moved.

4.7. ROTATE
Sometimes we requires an object or any sketch in angular position. In these situations, we can
use the ROTATE command. This command allows you to rotate one or more objects from
their current location to a specific angle. This change of the objects does not change their
size. On invoking this command we are prompted to select objects to be rotated and the base
point. This base point is the reference point with which the object will be rotated.

4.8. SCALE
With the use of this command, we can increase or decrease the size of any object or a sketch.
Sometimes we requires an object in numbers, only with the difference of sizes. So in this
situation, we can use the SCALE command. This command allows you to scale one or more
objects from the selected base point. On invoking this command we are prompted to select
objects to be scaled and the base point. This base point is the reference point with which the
object will be scaled.

4.9. STRETCH
With the use of this command, we can increase or decrease the size of some selected part of
any object in a specific direction. In this command, the sketch is stretched as much we
required. Sometimes we requires an object in numbers, only with the difference of sizes some
part of the sketched object. So in this situation, we can use the STRETCH command. This
command allows you to stretch the objects from the selected base point. On invoking this
command we are prompted to select the portion to be scaled with the help of green window
and the base point. This base point is the reference point with which the object will be
stretched.

4.10. TRIM
With the use of this command, we can remove the line or any sketched entity. In this
command, the sketch is trimmed as much we required. It removes the extra drawn line or
sketch as per our specific requirement. This command allows you to trim the objects from the
selected side. On invoking this command, we have to right click in the drawing area and we
are prompted to left click on the portion to be trimmed.

4.11. EXTEND
With the use of this command, we can increase the line the line up to the specific point or
location. In this command, the sketch is extended as much we required. It removes the extra
drawn line or sketch as per our specific requirement. On invoking this command, we have to
right click in the drawing area and we are prompted to left click on the portion to be extend.

4.12. BREAK AT A POINT

With the use of this command, we can break the line at a point where we required. In this
command, the sketch is broken from that point where we required. We can create the number
of break points as much we required. On invoking this command, we have to select the line
and after that click on that point from where we want to break the selected line, after using
this command the line or any selected entity will be converted into numbers.

4.13. BREAK
With the use of this command, we can break the line with a specific distance or up to a
specific point as much we required. On invoking this command, we have to select the point
on the line and after that click on that point up to where we want to break the line. After using
this command on the line or any selected entity, there will be space between the selected
points in the line or entity.

4.14 JOIN
With the use of this command, we can join the line drawn or placed in the same plane. On
invoking this command, we have to select the first line and after that second line placed at the
same plane and then right clicks. After using this command, there will be no space between
the lines or entities.

4.15. CHAMFER
This command is used for removing the sharp corners. On invoking this command, we have
to press A then ENTER, after that fill the distance and then ENTER, then fill the value of
ANGLE and ENTER, after that select the line on which we want to create the chamfer.

4.16. FILLET
This command is used for removing the sharp corners. On invoking this command, we have
to press R then ENTER, after that fill the value and then ENTER, after that select the lines on
which we want to create the radius.

4.17. REGION
This command is used for converting the relation of LINE into POLYLINE. Before using this
command the sketch should be closed from all sides. On invoking this command, we have to
select all lines and then right click.

4.18. EXPLODE
This command is used for converting the relation of POLYLINE into LINE. On invoking this
command, we have to select the POLYLINE and then right click.
 CHAPTER-5
OBJECT SNAP
Object snaps constrain point specification to exact locations, such as a midpoint or an
intersection, on existing objects. Using object snaps, you can locate an exact position on an
object without knowing the coordinate or by drawing construction lines. For example, you
can use an object snap to draw a line to the center of a circle or to the midpoint of a polyline
segment. You can specify an object snap when AutoCAD prompts for a point.

Icon/Button Description

Turns running object snaps on and off. When this is

checked on, the object snaps selected under Object
Snap modes are active.

Turns object snap tracking on and off.

Snaps to the closest endpoint of an arc, elliptical

arc, line, multiline, polyline segment, or ray or to
the closest corner of a trace, solid, or 3D face.

Snaps to the midpoint of an arc, ellipse, elliptical

arc, line, multiline, polyline segment, solid, spline,
or xline.

Snaps to a quadrant point of an arc, circle, ellipse,

or elliptical arc.

Snaps to the intersection of an arc, circle, ellipse,

elliptical arc, line, multiline, polyline, ray, spline, or
xline. Intersection snaps to the edges of regions and
curves, but does not snap to the edges or corners of
3D solids. Extended Intersection snaps to the
imaginary intersection of two objects that would
intersect if the objects were extended along their
natural paths. AutoCAD automatically turns on
Extended Intersection when you select the
Intersection object snap mode.

Causes a temporary extension line to display when

you pass the cursor over objects, so you can draw
objects to and from points on the extension line.
Snaps to the insertion point of an attribute, a block,
a shape, or text.

Snaps to a point perpendicular to an arc, circle,

ellipse, elliptical arc, line, multiline, polyline, ray,
solid, spline, or xline.

Snaps to the tangent of an arc, circle, ellipse, or

elliptical arc.

Snaps to the nearest point on an arc, circle, ellipse,

elliptical arc, line, multiline, point, polyline, spline,
or xline.

Apparent Intersection includes two separate snap

modes: Apparent Intersection and Extended
Apparent Intersection. You can also locate
Intersection and Extended Intersection snap points
when Apparent Intersection object snap is on.
Apparent Intersection snaps to the intersection of
two objects (arc, circle, ellipse, elliptical arc, line,
multiline, polyline, ray, spline, or xline) that do not
intersect in 3D space but might appear to intersect
in the drawing display. Extended Apparent
Intersection snaps to the imaginary intersection of
two objects that would appear to intersect if the
objects were extended along their natural paths.

Draws a vector parallel to another object whenever

AutoCAD prompts for the second point of a vector.
After specifying the first point of a vector, if you
move the cursor over a straight-line segment of
another object, AutoCAD acquires the point.

Turns on all object snap modes.

Turns off all object snap modes.

 CHAPTER-6
COORDINATE SYSTEM
6.1. INTRODUCTION
All drawings are superimposed on an invisible grid, or co-ordinate system, with a horizontal
X-axis and a vertical Y-axis. You can establish grid and snap settings that match the units of
the co-ordinate system or some multiple or fraction of it.

Everything that you draw in AutoCAD is exact. It will be more accurate than you will
ever need it to be. All objects drawn on the screen are placed there based on a simple X,Y co-
ordinate system. In AutoCAD this is known as the World Co-ordinate System (WCS). You
must understand this to know how to put things where you want them. (3-D work has an
added axis, the Z-axis ). Below is a diagram showing you how this system works.
 Fig. 11. Coordinate System

As you draw, you can enter co-ordinates to locate a point. For example, you can draw a line
by starting it at the 2,2 location in the co-ordinate system and end it at the 8,2 location, as
shown in the above figure. This is called the Absolute Co-ordinate System. The X value of a
Cartesian coordinate specifies the horizontal distance, and the Y value specifies the vertical
distance. The origin point (0,0) indicates where the two axes intersect. Absolute co-ordinate
values are based on the origin (0,0). Relative co-ordinate values are based on the very last
point entered. They are useful for finding a series of points that are at a known distance apart.
Various methods of entering 2D coordinates in AutoCAD are discussed below.

6.2. ABSOLUTE CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM (X, Y)

To enter an absolute coordinate, specify a point by entering its X and Y values in the format
X, Y. Use absolute coordinates when you know the precise X and Y values of the point from
the origin. The following sequence of coordinates draw a triangle, as shown below.

Command: _line Specify first point: 3, 3.

Specify next point or [Undo]: 7, 3.
Specify next point or [Undo]: 5, 5.
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: c

(5, 5)

(3, 3) (7, 3)

6.3. RELATIVE RECTANGULAR CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM (@ x distance, y

distance): Use relative coordinates when you know the position of a point with respect to the
previous point. The relative rectangular coordinate is represented in the following format:

@ X-displacement, Y-displacement.
Command: _line Specify first point: 2, 2
Specify next point or [Undo]: @4, 0
Specify next point or [Undo]: @0, 4
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @-4, 0
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]:c

(@-4,0) (@ 0, 4)

(2, 2) (@ 4, 0)
6.4. RELATIVE POLAR CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM (@ distance < angle)
Polar co-ordinate system uses a distance and an angle with reference to the previous point to
locate a point. Angles are measured in anti-clock direction, taking 0° towards right. The
relative polar coordinate is represented in the following format:

@ Distance < angle.

Command: line Specify first point: 2, 3
Specify next point or [Undo]: @4<0
Specify next point or [Undo]: @4<90
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @4<180
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: c

(@4<180) (@4<90)

(2, 3) (@4<0)
 CHAPTER-7
2D-DRAWINGS
MODEL NO:- 1
MODEL NO:- 2
MODEL NO:- 3
MODEL NO:- 4
MODEL NO:- 5
 CHAPTER-8
3-D COMMANDS
8.1. POLYSOID: Take command > right click > height > give height dimension + enter >
right click > width > give width dimension + enter > o + enter > select sketch.

8.2. BOX: Take command > specify starting point > right click > cube > give dimension >
enter.
Or
Take command > specify starting point > right click > length > give length dimension + enter
> width dimension + enter > height dimension + enter.

8.3. WEDGE: Take command > specify starting point > cube > give dimension > enter.
Or
Take command > specify starting point > right click > length > give length dimension + enter
> width dimension + enter > height dimension + enter.

8.4. CONE: Take command > specify center point > give radius value + enter > give height
of cone > enter.

8.5. SPHERE: Take command > specify center point > radius (or diameter by right click) >
enter.

8.6. CYLINDER: Take command > specify center point > give radius value + enter >
height of cylinder > enter.
8.7. TORUS: This command is used to make a circular tube.

Take command > specify center point > give radius + enter > tube radius > enter.

8.8. PYRAMID: Take command > specify center point > dimension + enter > height >
enter.Or
Take command > right click > sides > enter no.s of sides > specify center point > dimension
+ enter > height + enter.

8.9. HELIX: Take command > specify center point > give first radius value + enter > give
second radius value + enter > right click > turns > give no.s of turns + enter > height value +
enter.
Then we can use sweep command.

8.10. PLANAR SURFACE: Take command > specify first point > give dimension > enter.
Its value will be corner to corner. This surface can be solid, extrude.

8.11. EXTRUDE: Creates a 3D solid by extruding a 2D object.

The sketch must be closed and region.
Take command > select 2D object > right click > give dimension > enter.

8.12. PRESSPULL: To increase or decrease side of object.

Take command > click on surface > move or give dimension.

8.13. SWEEP: To make an object like pipe.

In this path is changed and cross section is same.
Draw a path and also draw a cross section like figure.
Take sweep command > select cross section object > right click > click on path.

8.14. REVOLVE: Use like mirror command.

Take command > select object > right click > give axis points > give angle of revolution >
enter.

8.15. UNION: This command is used for combining two solid objects.
Take command > select objects > right click.

8.16. SUBTRACT: This command is used for subtract a shape.

Take command > select object that you want to keep > right click > select object that you
want to subtract.

8.17. INTERSECT: Take command > select objects > right click > only comman part you
get.
 CHAPTER-9

3D-DRAWING

MODEL NO: - 1
MODEL NO: - 2
MODEL NO: - 3