NATIONAL INTEGRATION

ARRANGED BY

NAME NIM

ABDUL LATIF 19063001

ALDI 19063002

ALDO SOSTRO HAMID JOYO 19063003

ANANG PURNAMA 19063004

ARIA MARETNO 19063005

BAHTA PUTRI WULANDARI 19063006

BIMA ANDESKO 19063007

DEDEK RAHMAT 19063008

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITAS NEGERI PADANG

2019

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Contents

COVER ............................................................................................................ i
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................ ii
CHAPTER 1 PRELIMINAR ........................................................................... 1
1.1 Backrground ........................................................................................ 1
1.2 Problem solving .................................................................................. 1
1.3 Purposes of Discussion ....................................................................... 2
CHAPTER 2 DISCUSSION ............................................................................ 3
2.1 Concept and Urgency of National Integration .................................... 3
2.1.1 The Meaning of National Integration ....................................... 3
2.1.2 Types of Integration .................................................................. 4
2.2 Reasons For The Need For Indoneisan National Integration .............. 6
2.3 Historical, Sociological, Political Sources About National
Integration ........................................................................................... 8
2.3.1 The development of the history of integration in Indonesia ..... 8
2.3.2 Development of integration in Indonesia .................................. 10
2.4 Arguments about the Dynamics and Challenges of National
Integration ........................................................................................... 11
2.4.1 The dynamics of national integration in Indonesia ................... 11
2.4.2 Challenges in building integration ............................................ 11
2.5 Essence and Urgency of Indonesian National Integration .................. 12
2.6 Summary of National Integration ....................................................... 13
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................. 17

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 FOREWORD
The author is grateful for the presence of the Almighty for his grace and
guidance so that the Author can complete this paper. therefore, on this occasion
the Author would like to thank all those who have assisted in the preparation of
this paper.
The author is fully aware that this paper is very far from perfect, for that
the authors highly expect criticism and constructive suggestions for the perfection
of this paper.
Finally, the author would like to thank and hopefully this paper can be useful for
all parties who read ...

Padang, August 2019

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 CHAPTER 1
PRELIMINAR
1.1 Background
Indonesia as a country in reality is separated in several parts and levels,
in terms of geography separated by seas with hundreds of large islands and
thousands of small islands. Sometimes many islands have not been given a
name, even lately two islands in the Kalimantan region have become the
property of the State of Malaysia. From the territorial perspective, it appears
that the division of Eastern Indonesia and Western Indonesia, or urban and
rural areas.
This reality also causes the citizenship of Indonesian people to be
different in terms of culture. The grouping of similar citizenship is manifested
in ethnic units. According to the study of Hildred Geetz (1963), there are 300
ethnic groups and 250 types of languages, each of which has its own cultural
identity, including the languages it uses.
In this reform era, the plurality of people tends to be a burden rather than
the capital of the Indonesian nation. This can be seen from the emergence of
various problems whose sources smell of pluralism,
At this time the Indonesian nation is still experiencing a
multidimensional crisis that is shaking our lives. As one of the main problems
of the great crisis is the threat of national disintegration, which until now has
not subsided. Awareness of the importance of harmony between religions,
ethnicity, race, and culture must always be realized through understanding
national integration.
1.2 Problem Solving
To make the discussion easier, we need to formulate the following:
1. Concept and urgency of national integration
2. Reasons for the need for Indonesia national integration
3. Historical sociological, political sources about national integration
4. Argument about dynamics and challeges of indonesian national integration
5. Essence and urgency of indonesian national integration
6. Summary of national integration

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 7. Examples of citizenship practices
1.3 Purposes of Discussion
1. To find out the meaning of National Integration
2. To find out the importance of National Integration.

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 CHAPTER 2
DISCUSSION
2.1 Concept and urgency of national integration
2.1.1 The Meaning of National Integration
Let's explore this term national integration. We can decipher the
term from two senses: etymologically and terminology. Etymology is the
study of the word's origins, its history and also the changes that occur
from that word. Understanding the etymology of national integration
means learning the origin of the words forming the term.
Etymologically, national integration consists of two words
integration and national.
Now, we explore the notion of national integration in terminology.
Terminology can be interpreted as the use of words as a term that has
been linked to a particular context. The concept of national integration is
related to a particular context and is generally put forward by experts.
Following are presented some notions of national integration in the
Indonesian context from experts:
Name
Meaning of National
Integration
Saafroedin Bahar (1996) Efforts to unite all elements
of a nation with the
government and its territory

Riza Noer Arfani (2001) The formation of a national

identity and the integration
of various social and
cultural groups into a
territorial union

In general, national integration is the awareness of shared identity

among citizens. This means that even though we have different castes,

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 religions and regions, and speak different languages, we recognize the
fact that we are all one. This type of integration is very important in
building a strong and prosperous nation

2.1.2 Types of Integration

Regarding this understanding of integration, Myron Weiner in
Ramlan Surbakti (2010) is more suitable to use the term political
integration rather than national integration. According to him political
integration is the unification of society with the political system. Political
integration is divided into five types, that is:
1) nation integration,

2) regional integration,

3) value integration,

4) elite-mass integration, and

5) integration of behavior (integrative behavior).

The successive descriptions are as follows:

National integration refers to the process of uniting various cultural

and social groups into one regional unit and in the formation of a national
identity

Regional integration refers to the problem of forming the authority

of the central national power over smaller social units consisting of
certain social cultural and social groups.

Integration of the mass elite refers to the problem of connecting

between the government and the governed. Bring differences about
aspirations and values closer to the elite and the masses.

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 Value integration refers to the existence of consensus on the
minimum value needed to maintain social order

Integration of behavior of integrative behavior), refers to the creation of

integrated and `accepted behaviors in order to achieve common goals.

According to Suroyo (2002), national integration reflects the

process of unity of people from different regions, or having different
differences in ethnicity, socio-culture, or economic background,
becoming one nation (nation) mainly because of relatively similar
historical and political experiences .

In the national reality national integration can be seen from three

aspects namely political, economic, and socio-cultural aspects. From the
political aspect, it is commonly called political integration, economic
aspects (economic integration), namely economic interdependence
between regions that work together

synergy, and socio-cultural aspects (social-cultural integration),

namely the relationship between tribes, layers of dangolongan

Based on this opinion, national integration includes:

1) Political integration,

2) Economic integration, and

3) social cultural integration

• Political Integration

In the level of political integration there are vertical and horizontal

dimensions. The vertical dimension concerns the relationship of the elite
and the masses, both between the political elite and the masses of
followers, or between the authorities and the people in order to bridge the
gap of differences in the context of developing a participatory political

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 process. The horizontal dimension concerns relationships related to
territorial, interregional, interreligious, religious community and
Indonesian society

 Economic Integration

Economic integration means inter-regional interdependence in an

effort to meet people's needs. The existence of interdependence makes
the region and people from various backgrounds will hold a mutually
beneficial and synergistic cooperation. On the other hand, economic
integration is the removal (lifting) of barriers between regions that allow
smooth relations between the two, for example regulations, norms and
procedures and making rules together that can create integration in the
economic field.

Socio-cultural integration This integration is the process of

adjusting the different elements in to become one unit. The different
elements are scattered

can include race, ethnicity, language religion, customs, value

systems and so forth. Socio-cultural integration also means a willingness
to unite for socio-cultural groups in society, for example ethnicity,
religion and race.

2.2 Reasons For The Need For Indoneisan National Integration

National integration considers the important task of the newly independent

nation-state. Why is that? What is important?

According to Myron Weinerdalam Surbakti (2010), in an independent

state, the factor of a legitimate government (Legate imate) is important for the
formation of a nation-state.

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 This is because the goal of the state can only be achieved if there is a
government that is able to mobilize and direct all the potential of the
community to want to unite and work together.

This ability can not only be exercised through the authority to use
legitimate physical power but also the consent and support of its people
towards the government. So, an ideal relationship between the government
and its people is needed in accordance with the agreed value and political
system. This requires political integration.

The new nation-state, like Indonesia after 1945, building integration is also
an important task. There are two things that can explain this.

First, because the Dutch colonial government had never before thought
about the need to build national loyalty and nationalism in the people of
Indonesia. What the colonialists did was to build loyalty to the colonists
themselves and to the interests of colonial integration itself. So, after
independence, we need to foster national loyalty through building national
integration.

Second, for new countries, this demand for integration also became a
complicated problem not only because of the behavior of the previous colonial
government, but also the background of the nation concerned. The nation-state
(nation state) is a country which consists of many nations (tribes) which
subsequently agree in a large nation.

The tribes have primordial ties which are elements of the state and have
been transformed into ethnic units which in turn demand recognition and
attention at the state level. Ethnic bonding and loyalty are natural, primary in
nature.

The national loyalty is secondary. If these ethnic ties are not noticed or
disturbed, they will be easy and will immediately return to their original unity.
As a result they will untie their commitment as a nation.

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 Judging from the ethnic diversity and primordial ties, the development of
national integration has become increasingly important. It is ironic that the
development of national integration always faces a dilemmatic situation as it
unravels before. Every creation of a sovereign and strong state will also
increasingly arouse primordial sentiments that can take the form of separatist,
racist or religious movements.

The chaos and disintegration of the nation experienced in the early days
of the state, for example, which occurred in India, and Sri Lanka can be said
not only due to political "divisive" colonial but due to the struggle for
domination of primordial groups to govern the country. This shows that after
escaping from colonialism, they compete with each other to gain dominance in
the government of the country. They scramble so that their identities are
appointed and agreed upon as national identities.
Integration is needed to create a new loyalty to the new identities that are
created (national identity). For example; national language, national symbol,
national motto, national deology and so on.
2.3 Historical, Sociological, Political Sources About National Integration
2.3.1 The development of the history of integration in Indonesia
According to Suroyo (2002), it turns out that history explains our
nation had experienced integrated development before having an
independent Indonesian state. According to him, there are three
integration models in the history of the development of integration in
Indonesia, namely 1) the Majapahit empire integration model, 2) the
colonial integration model, and 3) the Indonesian national integration
model.
a. Majapahit empire integration model
This first integration model is Majapahit empire. This vast
empire structure is concentric in structure. Starting with the first
concentric namely the kingdom's core area (nagaragung): the islands
of Java and Madura which were directly governed by the king and his
brothers. The second concentric area is outside Java (foreign countries
and waterside) which are autonomous kingdoms. The third concentric

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 (land of Sabrang) are friendly countries where Majapahit established
diplomatic and trade relations, including Champa, Cambodia,
Ayudyapura (Thailand).
b. Colonial integration model
The second or more accurately called integration model for the
integration of the Dutch East Indies was only fully achieved in the
early twentieth century with areas stretching from Sabang to Merauke.
The colonial government was able to build regional integration as well
as maritime control, while vertical integration between the central
government and regional governments was fostered through a colonial
bureaucratic network consisting of Dutch and indigenous ambtenaar
(employees) who do not have a network with the masses. In other
words the government does not have significant mass support. The
integration of the colonial model was not able to unite the entire
diversity of the Indonesian nation but only for the purpose of creating
a single loyalty to the colonial authorities.
c. Indonesia's national integration model
This third integration model is a process of integration of the
Indonesian people since the independence state in 1945. Although
previously there was colonial integration, the integration of the third
model was different from the second model. The integration of the
second model was intended so that the people of the colony (the Dutch
East Indies) supported the colonial government through strengthening
the colonial bureaucracy and territorial control. The integration of the
third model is intended to form a new unity, namely an independent
Indonesian nation, having a new nationalism spirit or new national
awareness. This national integration model begins with the growth of
national awareness, especially among Indonesians who experience the
educational process as a result of the ethical policies of the Dutch
colonial government. They established movement organizations that
were religious, youth, regional, political, trade economics and
women's groups. These educated people began to realize that their

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 nation was a colony that had to fight for independence if it wanted to
become an independent nation and be equal to other nations. They
come from various regions and tribes who feel as one fate and
suffering so that they unite to gather strength together. For example,
Sukarno came from Java, Mohammad Hatta came from Sumatra, AA
Maramis from Sulawesi, Tengku Mohammad Hasan from Aceh.

2.3.2 Development of integration in Indonesia

Howard Wriggins in Muhaimin & Collin MaxAndrews (1995)
mentions that there are five approaches or ways in which political leaders
develop national integration. The five approaches that we further refer to
as factors that determine the degree of integration of a country are: 1)
The existence of external threats, 2) The political style of leadership, 3)
The strength of political institutions, 4) National ideology, and 5) The
opportunity for economic development.
a.There is a threat from outside

The existence of external threats can create community integration.

Communities will unite, even though they differ in ethnicity, religion and
race when facing a common enemy. For example, when the Dutch
invaders wanted to return to Indonesia, the Indonesian people united
against it.

b.Political leadership style

The political style of the nation's leaders can unite or integrate the
nation's community. Charismatic leaders who are loved by their people
and have great services are generally able to unite their previously
divided people. For example Nelson Mandela from South Africa. The
political style of leadership can be used to develop national integration.

c.Strength of political institutions

Political institutions, for example the bureaucracy, can also be a

unifying means of the nation's society. One and a solid bureaucracy can

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 create the same service system, good, and accepted by diverse
communities. In the end the community united in one service system.

d.Ideologi Nasional

Ideology is a set of values that are accepted and agreed upon.

Ideology also provides a vision and some guidance on how to get to that
vision or goal. If a society, although different, but accepts the same
ideology, then allows the community to unite. For the Indonesian people,
a common value that can unite the people of Indonesia is Pancasila.
Pancasila is a shared social value that can be accepted by all Indonesian
people.

e.Economic development opportunities

If economic development is successful and creates justice, then the

nation's people can accept it as a single unit. However, if the economy
produces injustice, inequality arises. People who are disadvantaged and
poor find it difficult to want to unite or feel one nation with those who
benefit and who get wealth unfairly.

2.4 Arguments about the Dynamics and Challenges of National Integration

2.4.1 The dynamics of national integration in Indonesia

Since we were in state in 1945, efforts to build integration have

been carried out continuously. There are many developments and
dynamics of integration that occur in Indonesia. The dynamics of
integration are in line with the challenges of the times.

2.4.2 Challenges in building integration

In an effort to realize Indonesia's national integration, the

challenges faced come from the horizontal and vertical dimensions. In
the horizontal dimension, the challenges are related to horizontal
divisions which are rooted in ethnic, religious, racial and geographical
differences. Whereas in the vertical dimension, the challenge is the gap

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 between the elite and the masses, where the urban education background
causes the elite to be different from the masses who tend to have
traditional views. Problems relating to the vertical dimension are more
likely to surface after mixing with the horizontal dimension, so this gives
the impression that in the case of Indonesia the horizontal dimension is
more prominent than the vertical dimension.

Related to this horizontal dimension, one of the problems

experienced by developing countries including Indonesia in realizing
national integration is the problem of primordialism that is still strong.
The focal point of primordial shock usually revolves around a number of
things, namely the problem of blood relations (ethnicity), type of nation
(race), language, region, religion, and customs. The still large inequality
and inequality of development and the results of development can lead to
various feelings of dissatisfaction and despair in the issue of SARA
(Ethnic, Religious, Race and Intergroup), separatism and regional
movements, demonstrations and demonstrations. This could potentially
threaten horizontal integration in Indonesia. Related to the vertical
dimension, the challenge is the willingness of leaders to be willing to be
in touch with their people. The leader wants to hear the complaints of the
people, wants to go down, and is close to groups who feel marginalized.

2.5 Essence and Urgency of Indonesian National Integration

A well-integrated society is a hope for every country. Because

community integration is an indispensable condition for the state to build
national glory in order to achieve the expected goals. When a country's society
is always tinged with conflict or conflict, there will be many losses suffered,
both physical material losses such as damage to facilities and infrastructure
that are needed by the community, as well as mental and spiritual losses such
as feelings of concern, anxiety, fear, even mental stress prolonged. On the
other hand, there are also many potential resources possessed by the state
which should be used to carry out development for the welfare of the people

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 must ultimately be sacrificed to resolve the conflict. Thus the state which is
always tinged with conflict in it will be difficult to realize progress.

Full community integration is indeed something that is not possible, because

every community in addition to carrying the potential of integration also holds
the potential for conflict or conflict. Equality of interest, the need to work
together, as well as consensus about certain values in society, is an integrating
potential. On the other hand differences that exist in society such as ethnic
differences, religious differences, cultural differences, and differences in
interests save the potential for conflict, especially if the differences are not
managed and responded to in the right manner and attitude. But whatever the
conditions, community integration is something that is very much needed to
build the glory of the nation and the state so it needs to be strived for. Failure
to realize community integration means failure to build national glory, even
threatening the survival of the nation and state concerned.

2.6 Summary of National Integration

Definition of National Integration

Understanding Integration, Types and Factors of Integration -

Indonesia is a multicultural country, where various ethnicities, religions,
races, cultures and groups live together under one roof, namely the
Republic of Indonesia. That diversity is an ordinary vast wealth that is
bestowed by God, but that diversity can be a huge potential conflict,
when the principle of Unity in Diversity is not applied by all of us.

Factors Forming Integration

Strong national integration, will be formed and developed over the

national agreement on the boundaries of a political society and the
political system that applies to the whole society the. Then a national
consensus on how a life together with a nation must be realized or
implemented through a national consensus on a value system that will

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underlie the social relations between a state society. National integration
in society will be realized if there are factors as follows:

A sense of tolerance, mutual respect and tolerance. Mixed marriages

occur between tribes

The rapid communication and transportation between regions

Increased social solidarity that is affected by intensive group cooperation

in the community facing a joint event.

The functions of government are increasingly running well and wisely,

especially those that touch the lower classes.

The factors driving national integration are as follows:

Historical factors that cause a sense of unity.

The desire to unite among the Indonesian people as stated in the youth
oath on October 28, 1928.

The love of the motherland among the Indonesian people as evidenced by

the struggle to seize, uphold and fill independence.

A sense of willingness to sacrifice for the benefit of the nation and state,
as evidenced by many heroes who died in the fight for the independence
of the Indonesian people.

There is a state symbol in the form of Garuda Pancasila

Development of mutual cooperation culture which is a characteristic of

the nation's personality from generation to generation.

The inhibiting factors of national integration are as follows:

Indonesian people who are diverse in terms of ethnicity with their

respective regional cultures, local languages, religions, races and so on.

The vast territory of the country consists of thousands of islands

surrounded by vast oceans.

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 The magnitude of the possibility of threats, challenges, obstacles and
disturbances that undermine the integrity, unity and unity of the nation,
both from within and from abroad.

The still large inequality and uneven development and development

outcomes that cause dissatisfaction.

The existence of ethnocentrism among a number of ethnic groups which

emphasizes their cultural strengths and underestimates the culture of
other ethnic groups.

Weak national cultural values, due to the strong influence of foreign

culture that is not in accordance with the nation's personality, either
through direct contact or not directly.

Examples of Citizenship Practices

Examples of National Integration in Families:

1. Helping Each Other Family Members

2. Respect for the Opinions of Fellow Family Members

3. Pray diligently

4. Obey to parents

Examples of National Integration in Schools:

1. Uniform

2. Picket

3. Obey to the Rules

4. Obey to the Teacher

5. Flag ceremony

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Example of National Integration in Society:

1. Implementation of mutual cooperation

2. Mutual respect

3. Mutual Sharing

4. Not arrogant

Examples of National and National Integration of Nations:

1. TMII Development

2. Religious Tolerance

3. Implementation of PON

4. Cultural Acculturation and Assimilation

5. Not Creating Specific Groups

6. Respect and Tepa Selira

7. Obey the Law

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

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dan.html

https://www.academia.edu/37537913/URGENSI_INTEGRASI_NASIONAL_SEBAGAI_SALA
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tantangan-identitas.htm

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