Introduction to Digital Switching

Systems.
Vishal Chopra
SDE CTTC, Indore (M.P.)
 INTRODUCTION
What is Communication?
Communication is a process of transferring information
from one entity to another.
What is Telecommunication?
Telecommunication is the transmission of information
over significant distances to communicate.
Every Communication System have mainly two parts:
1.Switching
2.Transmission
 What is PCM (E1)
• PCM or E1 is a digital data stream derived from analog voice using
following steps:
1. Filtering
2. Sampling
3. Quantization
4. Coding
• E1 is European standard with data rate of 2048 Kbps while
American/Japanese standard (T1) has data rate of 1544 Kbps.
• Indian Telecommunication Industry uses European standard i.e. E1.
• One E1 has 32 time slots (Circuits/Channels) each of 64 Kbps thus
32X64 Kbps=2048 Kbps.
• Junctions between two Exchanges are present as “Trunk Ckts.” A
Trunk Group consist of trunks circuits between two nodes as per
the traffic requirement.
 SWITCHING
• A switch transfers signal from one input port to
an appropriate output port.
• A basic problem is then how to transfer traffic to
the correct output port.
• In early telephone networks, operators closes
circuits manually. In modern circuit switches this
is done electronically in digital switching systems.
• If no circuit is available when a call is made, it will
be blocked(rejected). When a call is finished a
connection teardown is required to make the
circuit available for another user.
 Switching Network

Busy Temporary
Idle
Connections
Busy
Idle
A Party Busy B Party
Ports Ports
Idle Busy

Busy
Switching Idle
Busy Matrix
 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRONIC
EXCHANGES
Stored Programmed Controlled Exchange:
• In electromechanical switching, the various functions of the
exchange are achieved by the operation and release of relays
and switch (rotary or crossbar) contacts, under the direction
of a Control Sub-System. When the data is to be modified, for
introduction of a new service, or change in services already
available to a subscriber, the hardware change ranging from
inconvenient to near impossible, are involved.
• In an SPC exchange, a processor similar to a general purpose
computer, is used to control the functions of the exchange.
Structure of an electronic exchange:

RLU RLU

Switching & Main Cable

Subscriber
controller processing Trunk Unit termination
unit
Unit unit unit

RAX
 PSTN Local Network Structure
• As Landline connection are provided on copper pair,
longer length of copper cable results in higher loop
resistance.
R=ρ L
A
As evident from above R is directly proportional to
length, thus longer copper length is avoided.
 PSTN Local Network Structure

• Also following are the reasons to avoid

longer copper pair length:
1. As telecom equipments works on -48 V DC, loop current
decreases with increase in cable length, thus feeble
speech.
2. Copper cable are bulkier and expensive.
3. It is difficult to lay copper cable in City area due to
municipal corporation constraints.
4. With the time and maintenance No. of copper pairs in
U/G cable reduces.
 So What is the Solution?
• To avoid Longer copper pair loops, a network
structure consisting of MSU and RSU is used.
• That is there is a need to reduce the access network
spread.
• To achieve this Main Switching Unit(MSU) at central
location is placed and Remote Switching are installed
at Suburbs and far flung areas.
• MSU and RSU are connected through PCM’s (E1’s)
using transmission systems across Optical Fiber
Cable.
 Advantages of OFC
• With use of OFC between MSU and RSU longer
distances (40-50 Km.) can be supported as losses in
OFC are very low.
• Optical Fiber Cable is cheaper than copper cable.
• OFC is lighter in weight and easy to handle.
• Channel Capacity in Transmission System is very high.
A single fiber pair can support thousands of
channels.
• No Electromagnetic Interference and noise problem
in OFC.
 Access Network
Copper Pair
RSU/
V52 IF

RSU /
V52IF
OFC

OFC
Main Switching
Unit (MSU)
OFC

Line RJ 11
LJU Splitter ADSL
8 Km. copper RJ 11 RJ 11
RSU /
V52IF pair(not suitable) RJ 11 RJ 45

2 Km. Copper
pair

Single User with

Voice and Data
 Call Setup in Telecom N/w
• As the subscriber telephone goes off-hook the variation
in loop current is detected at the switch and dial tone is
fed to the subscriber telephone.
• The subscriber starts dialing Destination No. in the form
of digits using DTMF instrument.
• Dialed digits are collected at the originating exchange
and according to dialed digit destination exchange is
decided.
• The call is routed to destination exchange (IAM) through
various intermediate node (called Tandem or TAX
exchange).
 Call Setup in Telecom N/w (Cont.)
• At the destination exchange the called subscriber status
is checked and informed to Originating Exchange(ACM).
• If the called subscriber is busy, destination exchange
instructs originating exchange to feed suitable tone or
announcement for subscriber busy.
• If the called subscriber is idle, the destination exchange
starts feeding ringing current to the tel. instrument of
called subscriber and sent RBT to the originating
subscriber.
• As the called party answers the call, the destination
exchange cuts both ringing current and RBT, and
simultaneously sends ANM message to the originating
exchange to start charging the call and record the CDR.
 Call Setup in Telecom N/w (Cont.)
• Now the call has entered from setup phase to
conversation phase.
• During the conversation phase the originating Exchanges
keeps on charging the calling subscriber.
• To end the conversation either party can terminate the
call. If calling subscriber terminates the call, originating
exchange will send REL message to destination exchange.
• Destination Exchange will terminate the call towards
called party and acknowledge to originating exchange by
sending RLC message.
Call Setup in Telecom N/w (Cont.)
• At the end of call, both originating and
destination will register the call (CDR) and free
all the Network resources (Ckts. etc.) involved
in call.
 PSTN Network Structure
• The call flow in a PSTN network depends upon the ultimate
destination where called party is located.
• No. of nodes (Tandem/TAX Exchanges) are involved in a call
flow.
• For a call, where called party is in the same city
(SDCA/Tehsil) as the calling party the call flow is between
two Local Exchange only. We says it is a Local Call and call
flow is as below:
• Calling Party->Local Exchange->Local Exchange->Called
Party.
• For a call involving calling and called party in two different
Tehsil (SDCA) of a District(LDCA) the call flow is as follows:
 PSTN Network Structure
• Calling Party->Local Exchange (SDCA A)->L-II
TAX->Local Exchange (SDCA B)->Called Party.
• For a call involving calling and called party in
two different districts (LDCA) of a state (Circle)
the call flow is as follows:
• Calling Party->Local Exchange (SDCA A)->L-II
TAX (LDCA A)-> L-II TAX (LDCA B)->Local
Exchange (SDCA B)->Called Party.
 PSTN Network Structure
• For a call involving calling and called party in two
different districts (LDCA) of different states (Circle) the
call flow is as follows:
• Calling Party->Local Exchange (SDCA A)->L-II TAX (LDCA
A)->L-I TAX (CIRCLE A)-> L-I TAX (CIRCLE B) L-II TAX (LDCA
B)->Local Exchange (SDCA B)->Called Party.
• For an International long distance (ILD) call, the call flow
is as follows:
• Calling Party->Local Exchange (SDCA A)->L-II TAX (LDCA
A)->L-I TAX (CIRCLE A)-> ILD TAX-> Other Country->Called
Party.
 Circle/State A Circle/State B

USER
Local Local Local
Exchange Exchange
Exchange
USER
Local
OFC Exchange OFC L-II TAX
L-II TAX

L-II TAX L-II TAX L-II TAX

L-II TAX

L-II TAX L-II TAX

OFC OFC

L-I TAX L-I TAX

OFC

OFC
International
calls
ILD TAX

Different Call Scenarios

 Future of PSTN
• Present switches are based on circuit
switching i.e. uses dedicated path of 64 Kbps.
• Future switches (NGN) are based on packet
switching that will have efficient use of
network resources.
• NGN also has convergence of different
services like voice, data and other VAS.
Thank You