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Indian Mathematicians in Post Christian Era
Indian Mathematicians in Post Christian Era
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Tripura University
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Here our aim is to know some history of our Indian Mathematicians in the post-
Christian era. But it will be a little injustice if we do not first recall the history of Mathematics in
very very short maner of Pre-Christian Era, that will help us to pride to our History of
Mathematics and our Indian Mathematicians.
The History study of the Mathematics in Indian and the history of Indian
Mathematicians is a highly prestigious matter for us as Indians. Mathematics is the subject, if its
manuscript or its written document, specially in detail is not available, then it is very much
difficult to know how much the history contributed in this subject, it is the mater of regret for us
that - for India that happened, either there is no information about the documents or documents
was destroyed or not available. Form the ancient time, it is better to say from the Harappa and
Indus Valley Civilization (mature period 2600–1900 BC) the subject Mathematics was highly
studied by us and also that was also used in practical also, this can be easily understand from their
high developed engineering and in their practical life, it impossible without high development in
mathematics – geometry, number system etc. But we have no document to know upto what level
they were developed.
After Harappa and Indus Valley Civilization the Vedic age came, we have some
documents of that time, and from that the SulvaSutras is the most important mater of our pride.
There are lots of SulvaSutras of different Asramas in Vedic age, some of most important are
Bauddyayan SulbaSutra(800 BC) the oldest, Katyayan SulbaSutra(500 BC), Apastan
SulbaSutra(400 BC), Manav SulbaSutra(500-200 BC) etc. Some of the SulvaSutras was
destroyed by the time, so lots of informations have lost. These SulvaSutras are rich of geometry,
we will be surprise to know that almost all the theorems of Euclidean Geometry (around 300 BC)
was already in the SulvaSutras, The Elements of Euclid (323–283 BC) contains only 467
theorem, but only in Bauddyayan SulbaSutra(800 BC) there are 525 geometric theorems which is
much more that the Euclids Elements(around 300 BC) long before the Elements. So we can
imagine if we include all the theorems of SulvaSutras what will be the number, there are lots of
SulvaSutras of different Asrramas, some of them is not also available. The well known
Pythagorean theorem as we know discovered by Pythagora(570-495 BC) was already in
Bauddyayan SulbaSutra(800 BC) in the form of following form:
“Deerghacaturashrashya crayarajjhuh parshyamanee tirjanmanee ca
jatpritthagbhute kurutostudubhayang koroti ”
that is: “Whatever (area) the length and breath of a rectangle produce separately, the
diagonal of the rectangle produce that (area).”
As our aim is to catch the Post-Christian ear, we are not going in detail of the History
of Mathematics of Pre-Christian era, let us stop here.
India is studying Mathematics and Astronomy from its far ancient time. But the
growth of Mathematical and Astronomical sciences during the post-Christian era is the most
glorious chapter in India. India gave birth a series of great mathematicians in this period. Here we
will take some of their names.
Aryabhata(476-550 AD)
He is the first person who gave the accurate value of π up to four decimal places which
is 3.1416, no other one have done such achievement in that century.
Aryabhata was the pioneer to introduce the concept of ‘Bijganita’ or Algebra. .
Aryabhata is the first person who invented the modern method of finding square root,
but this was started by the western mathematicians long long after the Aryabhata, this was staterd
by Catanio(1546 AD) and Cataldi(1613 AD) in the west first.
Aryabhata was also the first person who gave the general integral solution of linear
Diophantine equation ax+by=c in his Aryabhatiya, which was also first started by west long long
after him.
He had been truly the first and the foremost mathematical genius, produced by the
human race and a forerunner of Newton and other European mathematicians who were to be born
more than thousand years later.
Varahamihira(505-587 AD)
One treatise which Varahamihira summarises was the Romaka-Siddhanta which itself
was based on the epicycle theory of the motions of the Sun and the Moon given by the Greeks in
the 1st century AD. The Romaka-Siddhanta was based on the tropical year of Hipparchus and on
the Metonic cycle of 19 years. Other works which Varahamihira summarises are also based on
the Greek epicycle theory of the motions of the heavenly bodies. He revised the calendar by
updating these earlier works to take into account precession since they were written. The
Pancasiddhantika also contains many examples of the use of a place-value number system.
Another important contribution to trigonometry was his sine tables where he improved
those of Aryabhata giving more accurate values. It should be emphasized that accuracy was very
important for these Indian mathematicians since they were computing sine tables for applications
to astronomy and astrology.
The Jaina school of mathematics investigated rules for computing the number of ways
in which r objects can be selected from n objects over the course of many hundreds of years.
They gave rules to compute the binomial coefficients nCr which amount to
n
Cr = n(n-1)(n-2)...(n-r+1)/r!
r 1 2 3 4 5
n
1 1
2 2 1
3 3 3 1
4 4 6 4 1
5 5 10 10 5 1
Brahmagupta(598-660 AD)
(35, 99), (204, 577), (1189, 3363), ... For the equation 11x2 + 1 = y2 Brahmagupta obtained the
solutions (x, y) = (3, 10), (161/5, 534/5), ... He also solves 61x2 + 1 = y2 which is particularly
elegant having x = 226153980, y = 1766319049 as its smallest solution.
12 + 22 + 32 + .......... + n 2 = n( n + 1)(2n + 1) / 6
13 + 23 + 33 + .......... + n3 = {n(n + 1) / 2}2
In the eight centuary, Lalla amended Aryabhata’s work. Lalla's most famous work was
entitled Shishyadhividdhidatantra. This major treatise was in two volumes. The first volume, On
the computation of the positions of the planets, was in thirteen chapters and covered topics such
as: mean longitudes of the planets; true longitudes of the planets; the three problems of diurnal
rotation; lunar eclipses; solar eclipses; syzygies; risings and settings; the shadow of the moon; the
moon's crescent; conjunctions of the planets with each other; conjunctions of the planets with the
fixed stars; the patas of the moon and sun, and a final chapter in the first volume which forms a
conclusion. The second volume was On the sphere. In this volume Lalla examined topics such as:
graphical representation; the celestial sphere; the principle of mean motion; the terrestrial sphere;
motions and stations of the planets; geography; erroneous knowledge; instruments; and finally
selected problems.
Mahavira(800-870 AD)
Mahavira, the Jain mathematician was the notable commentator of Brahmagupat’s idea
during the ninth century. In his Ganitasarasangraha, he was concerned with the properties of
right-angled triangles, area and circumferance of ellipse, geometric progression series and so on.
He used his mathematical knowledge in various calculation on excavation and shadows.
Mahavira was of the Jaina religion and was familiar with Jaina mathematics. The
only known book by Mahavira is Ganita Sara Samgraha( 850 AD). It consisted of nine chapters
and included all mathematical knowledge of mid-ninth century India. It provides us with the bulk
of knowledge which we have of Jaina mathematics and it can be seen as in some sense providing
an account of the work of those who developed this mathematics. There were many Indian
mathematicians before the time of Mahavira but, perhaps surprisingly, their work on mathematics
is always contained in texts which discuss other topics such as astronomy. The Ganita Sara
Samgraha by Mahavira is the earliest Indian text which we possess which is devoted entirely to
mathematics. Ganita Sara Samgraha contaims: Terminology, Arithmetical operations,
Operations involving fractions, Miscellaneous operations, Operations involving the rule of three,
Mixed operations, Operations relating to the calculations of areas, Operations relating to
excavations, Operations relating to shadows
Among topics Mahavira discussed in his treatise was operations with fractions including
methods to decompose integers and fractions into unit fractions. For example
2
/17 = 1/12 + 1/51 + 1/68.
Mahavira also attempts to solve certain mathematical problems which had not
been studied by other Indian mathematicians. For example, he gave an approximate
formula for the area and the perimeter of an ellipse.
Sridhara(870-930 AD)
Sridhara was possibly of Bengle. Sridhara is known as the author of two mathematical
treatises, namely the Trisatika (sometimes called the Patiganitasara ) and the Patiganita.
However at least three other works have been attributed to him, namely the Bijaganita, Navasati,
and Brhatpati. Information about these books was given the works of Bhaskaracharya(writing
around 1150), Makkibhatta (writing in 1377), and Raghavabhatta (writing in 1493). Sridhara's
gave the well known rule for solving quadratic equations popularly known as sridharacharya’s
formulas, as:
“ Caturahata borgosomoi rhupoiah paksadwayang gunhayet⏐
abyakto borgorhupoiryuktaoo pokshoo toto mhulom ⏐⏐”
in modern mathematical language: If the quadratic equation is ax2 + bx + c = 0, then his
steps to solve it as: Step I: 4a2x2 + 4abx + 4ac = 0
−b ± (b 2 − 4ac)
Step IV: x =
2a
but it is still under question, whether he have taken both the roots or not.
There is another mathematical treatise Ganitapancavimsi which some historians believe
was written by Sridhara.
Bhaskaracharya(1114-1185 AD)
That is: “The earth has attraction power, due to this power heavy mater in the air
comes down to the earth by attraction. With the attractions of the planets and the stars in all the
direction, it is uncertain, where the earth will fall down.”
The modern mathematics “Differential Calculus” , as we know invented by Isac
Newton(1642-1727) and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716), clear work was already in the
work of Bhaskaracharya, almost 500 years ago from the time of so known western
mathematicians discovered that. But the work stopped in the beginning, after him no one looked
at that. But the actual beginning was started by Manjula(10th Century AD), but clear concept has
been seen in the work of Bhaskaracharya. Not only “Differential Calculus” there are lot of
Mathematical concepts that has already been discovered by our Indian Mathematicians hundreds
and thousands years ago from their rediscovery in the west, but we are so uninterested about our
Mathematicians that we only know the name of the western Mathematicians who rediscovered
the old concept as the real discoverer. It is a matter of regret for us.
To calculate the regular motion of the planets he applied “Tatkalika” method or
by “Tatkalika goti” or instantaneous velocity—he subdivide the a day into infinitesimal time
length “Muhurta” or moment and differentiate the situation of a planet in each two consecutive
“Muhurta”. By “ Tatkalika goti” at a moment means the speed at that moment. For that purpose
he knew the differential of sine function. For that his formula was in his word:
“Bibarddhaswa koti jyagun strijyaharah phalang dorjyayontarang│”
Bhaskara also goes deeper into the 'differential calculus' and suggests the
differential coefficient vanishes at an extremum value of the function, indicating deep knowledge
of “Differential Calculus”.
He also gives the well known results for sin(a + b) and sin(a - b). There is also
evidence of an early form of Rolle's(1652 – 1719) theorem;
“ if f(a) = f(b) = 0 then f '(x) = 0 for some x with a < x< b,”
in Bhaskara's work.
Madhava(1350-1425 AD)
Perhaps even more impressive is the fact that Madhava gave a remainder term for his series
which improved the approximation. He improved the approximation of the series for π/4 by
adding a correction term Rn to obtain
Rn = 1/(4n) or
Rn = n/(4n2 + 1) or
Rn = (n2 + 1)/(4n3 + 5n).
Madhava also gave a table of almost accurate values of half-sine chords for twenty-four
arcs drawn at equal intervals in a quarter of a given circle.
Here we should recall the Jaysthadev(1500-1610 AD) for one purpose that
the well known Taylor’s series discovered by(Taylor 18 August 1685- 30 November
1731) was already in the Yuktibhasha of Jaysthadev. But we are not going details of him.
Ramanujan spent his last days bedridden and sick, but the great mathematical brain was
far from being inactive, it can be felt by an event with his mentor Hardy(Godfrey Harold Hardy,
1877-1947, a great British Mathematician):
Once Hardy came over to visit Ramanujan in his bedside, Hardy said “I say, Srinivas, I
thought the number of the taxi I came in was a very dull one. It was 1729”. Without even a
moment’s hesitation, Ramanujan replied, “No, maybe not. It is not a dull number in the very
least. It is the lowest number that can be expressed in two different waysas the sum of two
cubes!”—What a genius the ‘Ramanuja’.
π 2 2 4 4 6 6
= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅
2 1 3 3 5 5 7
12
π = log ⎡⎣ (2 2 + 10 )(3 + 10 ) ⎤⎦
190
24 ⎡ 10 + 11 2 10 + 7 2 ⎤
π = log ⎢ + ⎥
142 ⎢⎣ 4 4 ⎥⎦
3 3 3
2 ⎛1⎞ ⎛ 1.3 ⎞ ⎛ 1.3.5 ⎞
= 1− 5⎜ ⎟ + 9⎜ ⎟ − 13 ⎜ ⎟ + ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅
π ⎝2⎠ ⎝ 2.4 ⎠ ⎝ 2.4.6 ⎠
1 ⎡ 1103 27493 1 1.3 53883 1.3 1.3.5 ⎤
=2 2⎢ + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⎥
π ⎣ 99
2
99 6 2 4 2 9910 2.4 4 2.8 3 ⎦
Ramanujan died, but his work still flourishing the knowledge of different branches of
science, expanding the research in the field of science. In his very short life span, in a unfavorable
environment for his development, with a very much poor family background and with a very ill
health, he did so much work that can’t be imagine.
References: