Learn registers and flip flops

Cray Computer :
Cray Inc. is an American supercomputer manufacturer headquartered in Seattle,
Washington. It also manufactures systems for data storage and analytics. Several Cray
supercomputer systems are listed in the TOP500, which ranks the most powerful
supercomputers in the world. Founder was Seymour Cray. The prices start from 500,000
dollars.

Instruction :
In computer science, an instruction is a single operation of a processor defined by the
processor instruction set. The size or length of an instruction varies widely, from as little
as 4-bits in some microcontrollers to many as multiples of a bytes in some very
long instruction word (VLIW) systems. It is of 5-6 types

MIPs architecture :
MIPS (Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipelined Stages) is a reduced instruction
set computer (RISC) instruction set architecture (ISA) developed by MIPS Computer
Systems, now MIPSTechnologies, based in the United States.

Stored program concept

Store Program Control Concept. ... The idea was introduced in the late 1040s by John von
Neumann who proposed that a program be electronically stored in the binary-number
format in a memory device so that instructions could be modified by the computer as
determined by intermediate computational results.

Compatibility
Backward compatibility is a design that is compatible with previous versions of itself. This
typically means that it can seamlessly use the same data and equipment. Forward
compatibility is a design that is compatible with future versions of itself

Memory Model :
A memory model tells you, for a given processor or toolchain, exactly what types
of memory reordering to expect at runtime relative to a given source code listing

NVIC
An interrupt can be triggered internally from the microcontroller (MCU) or externally, by a
peripheral. ... Nested vector interrupt control (NVIC) is a method of prioritizing interrupts,
improving the MCU’s performance and reducing interrupt latency. ... Nested vector interrupt
control ...
Principle of Locality
In computer science, locality of reference, also known as the principle of locality, is the
tendency of a processor to access the same set of memory locations repetitively over a short
period of time. ... Temporal locality refers to the reuse of specific data, and/or resources,
within a relatively small time duration.

Index and Tag

The index for a direct mapped cache is the number of blocks in the cache (12 bits in this
case, because 212=4096.) Then the tag is all the bits that are left, as you have indicated. As
the cache gets more associative but stays the same size there are fewer index bits and
more tag bits

Cache Coherence
In computer architecture, cache coherence is the uniformity of shared resource data that ends up
stored in multiple local caches. When clients in a system maintain caches of a common memory
resource, problems may arise with incoherent data, which is particularly the case with CPUs in a
multiprocessing system.