A Seminar Report

On

SOLAR ENERGY POTENTIAL OF INDIA

Submitted by
Student1: 1609121043
Student2: 1609121041
Student3: 1609121037
Student4: 1609121045

Under the Guidance of

Mr. Anand Kumar Pandey
Associate Professor
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department

2017-18

JSS MAHAVIDYAPEETHA
JSS ACADEMY OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, NOIDA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
C-20/1, SECTOR – 62, NOIDA- 201301
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my
knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by
another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for
the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of
higher learning except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.

Signature of Student-1:

Student’s Name: Prateek Pandey

Roll No: 1609121043

Date:

Signature of Student-2:

Student’s Name: Pranjal Srivastava

Roll No: 1609121041

Date:

Signature of Student-3:

Student’s Name: Nitin Prakash

Roll No: 1609121037

Date:

Signature of Student-4:

Student’s Name: Rahul Mishra

Roll No: 1609121045

Date:
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
DECLARATION .............................................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS….........................................................................................ii
ABSTRACT…................................................................................................................iii
LIST OF TABLES & FIGURES.....................................................................................iv
CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………….…….1
1.1 CURRENT SCENARIO….................................................................................1
CHAPTER-2 SOLAR ENERGY……………………………………………………….5
2.1 STATEWISE SOLAR ENERGY POTENTIAL…...........................................7
CHAPTER-3 TARGETS AND INITIATIVES...............................................................8
3.1 TARGETS..........................................................................................................8
3.2 GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES........................................................................9
CHAPTER-4 ACHIEVEMENTS...................................................................................11
CHAPTER-5 CONCLUSION.........................................................................................13
REFERENCES................................................................................................................14
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

With immense please We, “Prateek Pandey,Pranjal Srivastava, Nitin

Prakash , Rahul Mishra” presenting “Solar Energy Potential of India”
Seminar Report as part of the curriculum of our Bachelors Programme. We
wish to thank all the people who gave us unending support throughout.

We express our profound thanks to our Coordinator “Mr. ANAND

KUMAR PANDEY” who guided and supported us all along .And all
those who have indirectly guided and helped us in preparation of this
seminar.

Prateek Pandey (1609121043)

Pranjal Srivastava (1609121041)
Nitin Prakash (1609121037)
Rahul Mishra (1609121045)
 ABSTRACT

Solar power in India is a fast developing industry. The country's solar installed capacity
reached 26 GW as of 30 September 2018.India expanded its solar-generation capacity 8
times from 2,650 MW on 26 May 2014 to over 20 GW as on 31 January 2018.The 20 GW
capacity was initially targeted for 2022 but the government achieved the target four years
ahead of schedule. The country added 3 GW of solar capacity in 2015-2016, 5 GW in 2016-
2017 and over 10 GW in 2017-2018, with the average current price of solar electricity
dropping to 18% below the average price of its coal-fired counterpart.
In January 2015 the Indian government expanded its solar plans, targeting US$100 billion in
investment and 100 GW of solar capacity (including 40 GW from rooftop solar) by
2022. India's initiative of 100 GW of solar energy by 2022 is an ambitious target, since the
world's installed solar-power capacity in 2017 is expected to be 303 GW. The improvements
in solar thermal storage power technology in recent years has made this task achievable as the
cheaper solar power need not depend on costly and polluting coal/gas/nuclear based power
generation for ensuring stable grid operation.
In addition to its large-scale grid-connected solar PV initiative, India is developing off-grid
solar power for local energy needs. Solar products have increasingly helped to meet rural
needs; by the end of 2015 just under one million solar lanterns were sold in the country,
reducing the need for kerosene. That year, 118,700 solar home lighting systems were
installed and 46,655 solar street lighting installations were provided under a national
program just over 1.4 million solar cookers were distributed in India.
In January 2016, Prime Minister Narendra Modi and French President François
Hollande laid the foundation stone for the headquarters of the International Solar
Alliance (ISA) in Gwal Pahari , Gurgaon. The ISA will focus on promoting and developing
solar energy and solar products for countries lying wholly or partially between the Tropic of
Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. The alliance of over 120 countries was announced at the
Paris COP21 climate summit. One hope of the ISA is that wider deployment will reduce
production and development costs, facilitating the increased deployment of solar technologies
to poor and remote regions.
A report published by the Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis (IEEFA)
found that India installed 10 GW of solar in 2017, almost double its record in 2016.
Crucially, India’s “Scheme for Development of Solar Parks” has proven successful at
attracting foreign capital toward construction of the world’s largest ultra-mega solar parks.
 LIST OF TABLES & FIGURES

TABLES

• Table 1.1: ACTUAL INSTALLED RENEWABLE - BASED PLANTS IN INDIA

(Source : Green Business Centre)
• Table 2.1: Energy Potential
(Source : MNRE)
• Table 4.1 : ACHIEVEMENTS
(Source : MNRE)

FIGURES
• Fig . 1.1: Installed Capacity
( Source : MNRE)
• Fig. 1.2: Energy Balance
(Source : Wikipedia)
• Fig. 1.3: Energy Map of India
(Source : www.eia.doe.gov)
• Fig. 1.4: Energy Network of India
(Source : geni.org)
• Fig. 2.1: Temperature Variation in India
(Source : www.globalsurfers.com/Weather/India.gif)
• Fig. 2.2: Kurnool Ultra Mega Solar Park, Andhra Pradesh
(Source : Mercom India)
• Fig. 2.3: Solar radiation intensity of India
(Source : Wikipedia)
• Fig. 2.4: Solar PV Production Capacity
(Source : Wikipedia)
• Fig. 4.1 : Energy Distribution
(Source : MNRE)
• Fig. 4.2 : Kurnool Ultra Mega Solar Park, Andhra Pradesh
(WORLD’S LARGEST SOLAR PLANT; Source : Mercom India)
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

India is a peninsula situated in the South Asia containing one of the largest network of water bodies
and mountain ranges. The tropic of cancer passes through 23.5 degree. Because of its geographical
location it has a huge potential of renewable power generation. Here we are going to see what are
the factors affecting and enhancing the growth of this industry, the role of government.

CURRENT SCENARIO

Fig . 1.1: Installed Capacity

Source: MNRE

To better understand the current situation in India and the future of the renewable energies market,
it is important to look at the trends in energy consumption, growth of the current grid, and the
availability of transportation and equipment used there. Since thermal generation is based on
burning coal or oil, increases in CO2 emissions, which damage the environment and affect global
warming, accompany this growth. As the graph below shows, it also increases the dependence on
imports, which will continue into the future unless the policy changes.

a) Energy consumption and production up to 2005:

Since the 1980’s, and still currently, India has encountered a negative balance in overall energy
consumption and production. This has resulted in the need to purchase energy from outside the
country to supply and fulfill the needs of the entire country. As we will demonstrate later, the
Government is more sensitive to renewable energy potential and has started to put reforms and
projects, incentives and legislation in place to convince investors and companies to make the shift.
These will be discussed in a later section.

Fig. 1.2: Energy Balance

Source: Wikipedia

b) The breakdown of energy sources for power production of India in 2005 :

India is a large consumer of coal, which makes up more than 57% of its total consumption.
However, more than 1/3 of energy consumed comes from renewable resources, predominantly
from large hydropower. India has had a negative Energy Balance for decades, which has forced the
purchase of energy from outside the country. India is a large consumer of coal, which makes up
more than 57% of its total consumption. However, more than 1/3 of energy consumed comes from
renewable resources, predominantly from large hydropower. India relies heavily on coal energy to
produce electricity. A strong second is hydro power, followed by natural gas. The consumption of
all renewable energies represents fully one third of the total consumption. This is a significant
figure, and we will see later that this sector has a great future.

Following is a table of the actual plants and installations for producing power based on to
renewable energies. We will show that only a small fraction of the potential capacity of renewable
energies is currently being tapped.
:

Table 1.1: ACTUAL INSTALLED RENEWABLE - BASED PLANTS IN INDIA

Source: Green Business Centre

c) Distribution of the different kinds of plants and lines of transportation:

As mentioned, India relies principally on coal for 57% of total energy consumption. As we can see
on the map, coal production is extensive and is located in central and north-eastern parts of the
country. Hydro power plants are distributed along the west coast from the southern tip to about ¾
the way up the coast, in the extreme north, and some in the east from rivers flowing from the
Himalayas. Source Units Installed Windfarms MW 557 Windpumps Nos 3289 Small Hydro (upto
3 MW) MW 122 Biomass Gasifiers X 10 6 2.12 Solar PV kW 825 6 Except for the fact that the gas
and products line don’t extend, the country has the largest railway network in Asia and the second
largest in the world under a single management. Roads are taking developmental changes to the
most remote corners of the country.
 Fig. 1.3: Energy Map of India
Source: www.eia.doe.gov

d) India Energy grid:

The electric network is extensive throughout India with 440 kW or 750 kW power lines. The main
power grid is still concentrated in the north on a north-west/south-east axis, from 8 Afghanistan to
the Bay of Bengal and on a second axis from Bombay on the central west coast to the north-east of
India, through Bhutan. The above map indicates that new 440kW power lines have been approved
or proposed to expand the network further. Those proposed lines will be located mainly on the east
coast.
Fig. 1.4: Energy Network of India
Source: geni.org
CHAPTER 2: SOLAR ENERGY

Because of its location between the Tropic of Cancer and the Equator, India has an average annual
temperature that ranges from 25°C – 27.5 °C. This means that India has huge solar potential. The
sunniest parts are situated in the south/east coast, from Calcutta to Madras. Solar energy has several
applications: photovoltaic (PV) cells are placed on the roof top of houses or commercial buildings,
and collectors such as mirrors or parabolic dishes that can move and track the sun throughout the
day are also used. This mechanism is being used for concentrated lighting in buildings.
Photovoltaic (PV) cells have a low efficiency factor, yet power generation systems using
photovoltaic materials have the advantage of having no moving parts. PV cells find applications in
individual home rooftop systems, community street lights, community water pumping, and areas
where the terrain makes it difficult to access the power grid. The efficiency of solar photovoltaic
cells with single crystal silicon is about 13 % - 17%. High efficiency cells with concentrators are
being manufactured which can operate with low sunlight intensities.

Fig. 2.1: Temperature

Variation in India Fig. 2.2: Kurnool Ultra Mega Solar Park, Andhra Pradesh
Source: www.globalsurfers.com Source: Mercom India
/Weather/India.gif
Fig. 2.3: Solar radiation intensity of India
Source: Wikipedia

Fig. 2.4: Solar PV Production Capacity

Source: Wikipedia
STATEWISE SOLAR ENERGY POTENTIAL:

Table 2.1: Energy Potential

Source: MNRE
CHAPTER 3: TARGETS & INITIATIVES (MNRE)

TARGETS:

 The Government has up-scaled the target of renewable energy capacity to 175 GW by the
year 2022 which includes 100 GW from solar, 60 GW from wind, 10 GW from bio-power
and 5 GW from small hydro-power. The target of 100 GW capacity set under the National
Solar Mission (NSM) will principally comprise of 40 GW Rooftop and 60 GW through
Large and Medium Scale Grid Connected Solar Power Projects. With this target, India will
become one of the largest Green Energy producers in the world, surpassing several
developed countries. Government of India in its submission to the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change on Intended Nationally Determined
Contribution (INDC) has stated that India will achieve 40% cumulative Electric power
capacity from non-fossil fuel based energy resources by 2030.
 The Secretariat of International Solar Alliance is being hosted by Government of India.
The Government has provided land and $30 million (Rs.175 crore) for this secretariat, and
also to support it for five years. The participants, mostly in Latin America and Africa
including the US, China, and France, would work together to increase solar capacity across
emerging markets. The Framework Agreement of the ISA was opened for signature on 15
November, 2016 in Marrakech, Morocco on the side-lines of 22nd Conference of Parties to
the UNFCCC. So far 24 countries including India have signed the Framework Agreement.
With Cabinet approval on 28 December, 2016, India has become the first country to ratify
the ISA treaty.
 A target of 16660 MW grid renewable power (wind 4000 MW, solar 12000 MW, small
hydro power 250 MW, bio-power 400 MW and waste to power 10 MW), has been set for
2016-17. Besides, under off-grid renewable system, targets of 15 MW eq. waste to energy,
60 MW eq. biomass non-bagasse cogeneration, 10 MW eq. biomass gasifiers, 1.0 MW eq.
small wind/ hybrid systems, 100 MW eq. solar photovoltaic systems, 1.0 MW eq. micro
hydel and 100,000 nos. family size biogas plants have been set for 2016-17.
GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES:

National Solar Mission:

26 SPV projects of aggregate 330 MW capacity have been commissioned. Thus, 523 MW solar PV
projects and 202.5 MW solar thermal power projects have been commissioned under the bundling
scheme. Under the 100 SPV power plants, 78 projects were selected to set up 98 MW capacity
projects from 12 States. Against this, 71 projects of total capacity 90.80 MW have been connected
to grid.A Payment Security Mechanism involving a revolving fund of Rs.486 crore has been put in
place to ensure timely payments to developers in the event of delays/ defaults in payments by the
purchasing State Utilities to NVVN.Under the 750 MW VGF scheme under Phase II Batch I, large-
scale ground-mounted solar PV projects with cumulative capacity of 490 MW have been
commissioned and are under commercial operation, thereby bringing the aggregate capacity
commissioned and under commercial operation in this scheme to 680 MW across seven states.
Under the 2000 MW VGF scheme under Phase II Batch III, Letters of Intent and PPAs have been
signed for 2395 MW in five states. Under the 5000 MW VGF scheme under Phase IV Batch II,
Letters of Intent and PPAs have been signed for 1020 MW in three states. Under the scheme for
setting up of 1000 MW of Grid connected Solar PV power projects by CPSUs and Govt.
organizations under various Central/State Schemes/Self use/3rd Party sale/Merchant sale with
Viability Gap Funding (VGF) under Phase-II of JNNSM, MNRE had allocated 1037.26 MW
capacity to 16 CPSUs/Govt. Organizations within the sanctioned funds of Rs.1000 Crore for this
scheme

Research and Development:

The Research and Development efforts of the Ministry are directed towards technology
development and demonstration, leading to commercialization, apart from strengthening the
capacity of R&D/ Academic Institutions and Industry for taking up advanced research for
technology development. The ultimate goal is to reduce the cost and improve efficiency in the near
future. The prominent projects taken up include advanced research and demonstration of higher
efficiency solar cells, solar thermal power generation, hydrogen energy storage and fuel cells
development, development and deployment of improved biomass cook stoves, etc. Research &
development activities have been taken up with national laboratories, universities, scientific &
educational institutions & industry for improvements in the renewable energy systems and
products. The focus is on improved efficiency, cost reduction and technology transfer and
demonstration for their commercialization. A National Laboratory Policy for Renewable Energy
Sector is under finalization.MNRE is also partner to IMPacting Research Innovation and
Technology (IMPRINT), a flagship national initiative of the Government, under which MNRE has
agreed to support five projects in the area of biofuel, hydrogen and fuel cells, storage for SPV and
Solar Thermal Systems with specific deliverables. The MNRE share of Rs.3.69 crore for these
projects will be provided under the RD&D Programme.

Net Metering Policy:

The consistent follow-up by the Ministry resulted into the notification by State Electricity
Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) of thirty four States on net-metering and feed-in-tariff to
encourage rooftop solar plants. Net-metering scheme has been rolled out in all States/ UTs which
will help in meeting 40 GW rooftop grid connected solar projects. So far, 20 States namely Andhra
Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Jharkhand,
Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Punjab, Puducherry, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu,
Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and West Bengal have come out with Solar Policy
supporting grid connected rooftop systems.

Solar Rooftops:

• All major sectors i.e. Railways, Airports, Hospitals, Educational Institutions, Government
Buildings of Central/State/PSUs are being targeted besides, the private sector
. • Ministry has tied up with ISRO for Geo tagging of all the Rooftop plants using ISRO’s VEDAS
Portal.

Solar Tariffs Attaining Grid Parity:

• Solar tariffs have fallen to an unprecedented low of Rs.4.34 / kWh through reverse auction for
one of six projects of 70 MW each to be put up in Rajasthan under the National Solar Mission. This
trend is continuing and is moving towards grid parity.
CHAPTER 4 : ACHIEVEMENTS

The gross installed capacity of grid interactive renewable power in the country stood at about 50
GW as on 31st December 2016 as shown in Table 1.3. As of December 2016, solar, wind, biomass
and small hydropower contribute about 16 per cent of the total installed capacity for The Minister
of State for Power, Coal, New and Renewable Energy and Mines (Independent Charge), Shri
Piyush Goyal and Mr. Richard Verma, US Ambassador in India witnessing the exchange of
instrument for the launch of US-India Clean Energy Finance Facility (IFEF) Initiative 11
electricity. Renewable energy has been witnessing over 20 per cent growth in the last five years.
From the total renewable power installed capacity of 14,400 MW at the beginning of 2009, it has
reached a capacity of 50,068 MW at the end of December 2016. Wind energy continues to
dominate India’s renewable energy industry, accounting for over 57.4% of installed capacity
(28,700 MW), followed by solar power (9,013 MW), biopower (8,021 MW) and small hydro
power (4,334 MW) as shown in Graph 1.2. 1.18 Till 31st December 2016, over 9828 MW capacity
projects have been registered under GBI, likely to reach 12000 MW during scheme period i.e. up to
March 2017. Funds of Rs.1605 crore have been already disbursed under the scheme. 1.19 India
occupies the fourth position in the world with a wind power installed capacity of 28.7 GW. During
the year against a target of 2400 MW 1,923 MW wind power projects were commissioned. During
the year 2016-17 up to 31st December 2016, 2249.81 MW Solar Power Projects were
commissioned. 1.20 The cumulative biomass power projects including through baggasse
cogeneration with an power generation capacity of about 7907.34 MW have been successfully
commissioned. Off-grid power capacity from biomass gasifier in 8 rice mills and other industries
including flour mill, bakeries for meeting captive demand of electricity and thermal applications
have been installed in various states during 2016-17. Small hydro projects with a capacity of 59.92
MW have been commissioned during the year. Capacity addition from solar power projects
installations using solar photovoltaics and solar thermal technologies are being commissioned
during the year.
 Fig. 4.1 : Energy Distribution
Source : MNRE

Fig. 4.2 : Kurnool Ultra Mega Solar Park, Andhra Pradesh

(WORLD’S LARGEST SOLAR PLANT)
Source: Mercom india

Table 4.1 : ACHIEVEMENTS

Source : MNRE
CHAPTER 5 : CONCLUSION

India is a nation in transition. Considered an "emerging economy," increasing GDP is driving the
demand for additional electrical energy, as well as transportation fuels. India is a nation of
extremes. Poverty remains in areas with no energy services, while wealth grows in the new
business hubs. Coal fired generation currently provides two thirds of the generation capacity, and
hydropower supplies the other third. Yet, India is blessed with vast resources of renewable energy
in solar, wind, biomass and small hydro. In fact, the technical potential of these renewables exceeds
the present installed generation capacity. Unique in the world, India has the only Ministry that is
dedicated to the development of renewable energies: the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.
This bodes well for the acceleration of renewable development throughout the nation -- both to
meet the underserved needs of millions of rural residents and the growing demand of an energy
hungry economy. The development and deployment of renewable energy, products, and services in
India is driven by the need to

• decrease dependence on energy imports

• sustain accelerated deployment of renewable energy system and devices
• expand cost-effective energy supply
• augment energy supply to remote and deficient areas to provide normative consumption levels to
all section of the population across the country
• And finally, switch fuels through new and renewable energy system/ device deployment.

In a report on the Indian economy by Deutsche Bank, in which countries were ranked by
attractiveness for outsourcing and off-shoring, India came in #1, well ahead of China. India is
currently experiencing strong economic growth, while at the same time attempting to extend
modern power services to millions still in poverty. Expanding electrical capacity is essential.
Renewable energy remains a small fraction of installed capacity, yet India is blessed with over
150,000MW of exploitable renewables. The fossil fuel strategy will surely bring price volatility
from dwindling supplies and added pollution from carbon combustion. Tapping India's wind, solar,
biomass, and hydro could bring high quality jobs from a domestic resource. Extending the electric
grid between all states, and ultimately between neighbor nations will expand international trade and
co-operation on the subcontinent. This report is meant only as an overview in hopes that it will
encourage even more rapid and extensive development of the renewable energy resources on the
Indian subcontinent.
 REFERENCES
PAPERS

• Karan Kapoor , Krishan K. Pandey , A.K. Jain , Ashish Nandan: “ Evolution of

Solar Energy in India: A review ”
• Naveen Kumar Sharma , Prashant Kumar Tiwari , Yog Raj Sood: “ Solar Energy
in India: Strategies, Policies , Perspectives , Futue Potentials ”
• Peter Meisen : “ Overview of Solar Potential in India ”
• Annual Report MNRE: (2016-17)

WEBSITES
• India Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES): “http://mnes.nic.in/”
• “http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/internet/inenva.nsf/en/h_eg02268e.html”
• Maps of India: “http://www.mapsofindia.com”
• “http://www.zenithenergy.com/index”
• Confederation of Indian Industry (CII)
• MNRE
• WIKIPEDIA
• GLOBAL SURFERS
• UNEP
• Geni.org