*\.l-.-.

Q.*t
c\ t-s-c,\; ^
a ".rl oL1;.n.^-,^\it

tG-",-t-Eo^. t'o ,.tols'

L,n ".. o\'..'q o n
l-r"" pc ,'e' o,.'d t^
f
Iit..
r (-^
" U,I I'F \.l
r taoc-i N"J 'o"'E
t."* \*"^
i''\i) I o,,, | )
In.*.,
'T""'" +ir* I fr )
t i:.; \ \, ,r qVtU rr
L' ( ).
,, ,
',
i-,,1,i'',, -' '.'* ''- 1;\\'^ "tttt , ^ ,.* -
{ rr'rtt)i 3Gr
n l

[v') r;,^J- ?'(;t

b'i'' Yfqt'
rlIi" ,h, rno.ke Q ptf# ; tf
'.1',im1n.*L {,'.)crr1
q
\\:+,In,1 ).,..,r.;ive o:.6font-U (. "..i =G,*, ('ctpoUf* , ir&'\tr;')
C

.*OU uocs\<$ r.r.\L k-" \^irU' k*Y"Cu'',' fe- *rqAi' f"lf'

I \o,urec, .-.rF o-&'., L)..r-^.''J teco'-nt- p-ut'{-/*(t'
v]...r" ''"?J*]-W'"
,\-,. \\*q 'i'..,!-^,rhr.- \,.,.[., \^"ori1 onJ' UTnnu''ut
.r_
- l o, \^,,,: \, r*' .\/r( 4 r.t clfllrtt , " \,;, cfl() A4. o1o= "1., -{ur^* "i\
t,c is.c rf\ri,r.\' Lr!' ,-,],*o\ \ .,1\.:. \. i,n i-.-t^ .,r,-&J-' h" U'* .so**-t-*

,,l,z.t'L \.,in,, .{o.a*&'^1 i rnan ce i'( x-'- 8, xo-t.-^th"

^ci.^ oL}* P*k,"
I ,, t t,n,', ,,,"!J ",,. ;N:i p-, L" . il
i,
'-'*-t!,,- * F": t- ove^ (t'me- 'ri" o'tuva prob\'".'^' 'b
r ., r t- l.,,-
Il
t Lr 'J).r -.r=' ve f I \ L.* l/
'-rf,. D o.Fi, {ttn.. tr-tr
,;5;.,
\-.$./ ,':
,:-\ e o,.,1 ,.rLon q .^:', \\n pe-^n,:r. tr'* f .^"j;"?f;firr"u,
l^e"e ti-
r\,c'\Lo \r\UJ\ .,.l, (1 n"{Ps ()P ct^'f}i
\rhee
","il-,r* ) \tj*- t.\Y
,J/ aU
crrl,!cr^f;,.Vt{^,rt t1^,,, (-c.^
..,;. },xov:cla ttlt" 'fL^"'UtiO
t--t b' )*'' J L" 1"'i"'oT-Erc
^',.;^"",,1$'.:;,, ,t$, op-rr,'.p
l\f 3"'yeck"' o-^J0
rr:..{i\-s"t;^ ..r{^.",u .,lf:^' "'i\'
j-,,!,
(tr
['!^rt-"''
,''., p , c\o '* . ' t t"-tp 't
i*-pxov-e
"i;"" kr cr--^C t t'
"\'''
,
J- *-e i f* o
l*^-kJ
1 i^r L a o\ rr-tl'
",
( ot1* ct
-\.1".
y.,...1 ol.of,,- ,*,''-'-t '-'}'^: '

b"o*, \.,r,
I
I
'l
.t
I
,
:
Of- Ul r --- N-ors--l-tN qge*---e.rR-qurr.s-*--
'\ 5"'*
&*
ct-A 8L:o-"

b'\o
b't
&.o.\
AcLc-L
Pose Bo"A-
B*^J
f -th
{
tb) 1+.\u-
O. L* - P*s Pe.ss

Q","

i &--"1
gtr-P -+
5nJ

{, {. {" {i
C. ' Bo^J" A " Bs..A Q.6""[ .

'- i
.+ d-eaL
#r:6'.ro
J I\e4I q/-tLY R^po*". o+ tr [-6^
rDtt (.U'V V
--> ?a^iEc*L \

l-
rtdr :. :-Ifz lF^r,-"

HIg)
Jo"-
\
=
[r, \e- *\o
vi

IT-tu^ q" J" te

t^
L;e- Jo(\t op 9-0"I,
r,")bq fr,{^.$ a
,,_"f.^7
-+^q- )
 u\T 9 fr,.€
.A
I

h*l -.1o

+-
-
k*d'loL*,t t:"ir'b
6o
SSa" 'do
t*.,I*
CJ.ta-q^rS5,-
Lt^.
rc
fi,ort'c: tB \L
'-t %\ t&sf
\4
_\ x-o

iz\a

E=st

\tt\aq" {5'Lto'.,t- 1;'c"18'

\o s-Ifo- txr*ut'-, P,-
-.'*

]u ffi1R,-. \ Rr'
ivaaLred
&p
**"tf.rTl-'
-l
,i) r)

CL Q-e.res

Vd
Vo= Fc--.

vi
\tvO :_ __--_
Rt Xc,
R't-=t -
J.,5tr
MB\ jelef
hle-["r.*. Vo-- !o
\ + 5ttlR'
\"\kn '
Uo. )---
/rc r;\Jn'c'
=-ru ^ fioi b
.
-l
Ai.ro,".
\_Yl
"t
\
Av =V: ._
Yr I l+ \'P R.L I
vi t + \"cR'c'
'--'..--.--. ".'-.'..;. .--
I
i
i
 Ar-- -J."
L---'
a
* | \-R''c'
nztax-h& o
r Av
\nr\ --
s \
,e-

+ p R,u;

A.l,
t"t
\ )
^ \rli
F. c'
G:i"
\n,\ =

'-ffi)
lu\ -=

qc!'

-To &.p + l'- ,X"-epo*-"'

{--o , Av--
+-, [Ar\= r

Vl+o
+1 t'
t rrC,.rqre-r \/ ,6-

Av = J

Av= -=\+ r - o-o

11

.l\
o
{p1

oJ = {*,
$* : 3'r2'b +''
r:1,
>E
.$
1)\ff' 3dbL*;
H)t^. Au1>"r^*-
ffi)gL...= tLJ-'r;.
t+ es
, a- L'- P** D'"t*
N
U.jtp*g.- I R. Ol*lse
-.\ \\ rBrE)
Xcr = P, qF {c
oID-|. Pr
 ,r/ Itt
Pa-cs 16,
Fr'sr
% trt '.
o u'd-p-c-
l-:-'.=

R" -- P, tr11. J""rl

9' rJo
Vi "-l

9t' lrtu : 'sel- -t *(t passki

\.- V;^ R,
/,u, z
R.*,1
\r.Pc, ili' "SE) [-*.\

V"= !o= y
I* |
t'
'@
i-('
Ar= )t , \d{- )

V; r*l _
S-R' c' \-+
)

i.o
J
R'C,

X
*s1sb."t "b A'r 'A., --,
\

Inr\ =

I r.^r,- = .I
I
\ A,\ --

* i:il' \
I
?, C1

'l

-:ya *L
Hts+;,
As J'l .- A't
e$ J>8" 4 = {ro'+;
S"'A nM )*,o - ?a,<4 f, t*n @@
Cy-
*Vc<

1
v0
vi '-[ T
I, @
'u -r+o JB \"e{
=,
J'ecile
+
,b,t, -Pa*< fr'ta' cNcu,f
1. P
"8

L -Lo,*lr.*)'
- 3)-g

tt( o ;n vop-7ua frlY

p,6@: prearre,ncf, \&,vonr<- -'^!,lulx'
O l^^ v^tto7c fr*n
L*s;c l":-?6'j>s P-)
F'tvn-(ft'n' 'o-
fie -l'f +t^L';;-4-*)gId"'^k^
uJL,i"\,.. F*tw '&
o ftW' 6rcu;l ?nwosa 4 o ft<co'r,-^)*/
it'@ 2lnou:6 ch \^os 6- ('*a*^'6 {o4 pctn/te-
Lrrr: - ?o/'^- ftL; , ';ur
+\^^b
d|tu, ^c"'W * -l+o);l k#z
l-*tt'>""-'fi

fffi*-^ff#,,Wru'ff^
*y*"^f *ifi feAb'L f{r, #'e ou*+uh' via. Cayote(

CL +. U^uJu.' chq + Bt ^^l R:--

b<b;Aq "

ft ,StnTlQ oP?<oocLt @t^ b<' W"r) io tt-< )ez;Xn + u-

ltr,r,
- [o o\n )St*']< Lcld la'sa
{4
f*
-{Ui'YL&r1ce + P,t 2& i^ firvBE
*t )etr,*-,-r^u) ir, ag*
W\],L o*1. i Ll ?rf?> =- o, I
Ta ft1ry
-Ih"o Ft a*Lp
t ?, = Ly = Or
d-
lVe Cayc;v( Ct i4 c*Lc*U*A
.,1 ''l a r* ,v f.
cJ= &ct
+" 0;\N
-l-\ L.#- X.* ^L 'tr. .

but -la'3a $rc'r c;rc*if +" \'t *e

^ 'rlil
TC*Yq + Alo^A-
o

; + Lvuz-
i"rft+ Pvs*e*6
h' rurrctx"*^ry
'""H" F*?,ur^r("\ respon*€
t-y,
i'9
4 :u' ::*w
L/ 9o vt+t ar-o*T U
goo ?147_ urx^ t# loLvBL 6il^
6u'+P'blL
*-. p.+Ea = X --ffi =-t'4oPrl-"

?r--v&= =P = -S* - 1"+-

Wvav5)
?s 9 --auP-cvlP "t\-
fzr'\-\ze
L3 bl'4oYtl- Cu'ee' I {o l'--tL- <b-'Ao'r{vay)
)(cr 'l& P* ^b ft
ct= W
-n
x 69 ?-^-
n'*t en 7IFrtzx..[E- votw<)
^rr{Ji
,,=7*",*r, \6oo 7€ sa"Ao'A
$a<- 3'oo ftr swd^il'vav9)
?
cay---Lc1 =- 1"u95t ("=330a
3;*oo 7f
+dr. 7F
+
../
i,
Cr:l6oo11 -I
Vi=t6o+-t\- 3
 P"fi!ler"'t
I
n
)e*;fiA a- fr-r,',b -ot^)o{ atL;ve LPF
v"\1 ^ a4r oP-dry.,
M*u't\c'( ,L L?nz--
+" ha.rv- * C\rLt - "ff ,UI
So tutTdn g,l tlge - o, I
xo,?
R,: - god Y) fr
,'a-an"') vYP
?s = L4o F-r'- Q*z l&o F-JL-

?r=8,
> =- \ &o F-^rL-
?r -b F. \
? 9.,_x I pn>X \Bo Pru- .
g* Frv, VoL *'
yF s@nADNJ
r3A 6 ?F Cr* L3oo

f/ t'
{zr
l:-sP-l* \
V4

V.
J-
LW= \3orrL 1
 ,.-
Pfabl e ,n aQ f orJs{ \{? tr
*u' s o r - ^'^r :%,
;",!,:;-i-':,t'
'LV*
;"'
4;;'^'e #'fu
L'i'^LD
c&r\ L-e-

ahtt'^naff-
'
^'d^;t
""rUA
l

$t,Lqq r t .t n(\ qr+.tuelr4 )eu.r inlub Lrtus

Vecatltg
4 ^9 e'
tI^'L l-lo 1-o
rtc^\*€- k eL'Y
C*'r{u'n{,t:;u|;t';"*i
; coioelfotnc?-
S<LL'L
**"d' s/"6 coYa'c^4a"ncz'
*,,; ,;^*;*
Leb CL -- looo ?F
P,=# \
(oo, Ptr

--__31.gF*
g --r\---
-- 3l' \c
(\
?g- -- or_o^f
{)40,a {ha-
LnyS P^
.,, .7-p1p6rvbQ'
lkvu,e,nc).(
(2'
"i*l*
{us?otv>e,, ,.ttu

[r^,? u^rnffi'')'
t&- = lAt
z lrn>
lv cc

1 1
vo
v; 'zt'8 ? -tu' lr,
.L tra =g l, I F-r.- ?.

+
*ee-{Y u*-re €tar
tA Pt
@Tg
C1

*-*1 T
t vo
vt
I frg @', -L+o fu I St'oiz
ht3h -?d/"<
t,
.L
Plv,, C.,tfc*if

;,

L
-l J"g

tt Li _
p,tr
hnb-,!
F6@: ?rwxo^cU
:"Y ---*\ h;d^ A# * *)fu^tUn.",.)

{ie ::il':; ;H: I{#

l,<c,aL i6 &'n
*"t{
' I L4'
,, i; n+=,{ *}
tT,
-\ Ytr"5- toYrr--
*oi*'o{ for>tL'v-ur
G\euxol 7o*\rion's
6xrr-
-r^Q-
ff;r" t". #
. CL
c\*^*oe^, 'i*rw; a;*
6r7o,ot{
. rr
tl /t
W=6-/c* ''!- f'
-Vrre,q Ct. C&

?t= *"/* o
"J ?t ^Y 4 '
+, 6w Xc, --.,E.
D,estryr) & e?*\)--*)e'r ;rt*-7otre acffi- fi rcur- -b
.*-rLf f'*f'^'A + te-trYlz- or>z &Tt A
*
hora
o?- ^ f u:;[L
^{A'
eebt'"L^M- #t h'fue*L ,tA^^L '
**r ry
-tk* b4- 7^^A'
*oL*Lrw) '- r l- 4L'Lt'
fYo-,l {+^e- 716
- )sb
feidn^g= l' 6 'Ltfr
s,*vsr gtl:-+
w'i"r z .a= l'6An = e?F,--
W Lg Crr""^)

?t= u*l*-- Ji3, 5v+

vx_ L>aPt- ,^.^ ''6 fn
.*<nXA) t'n

?s= PJ- = o*T /

lu=.JE \.*-'P fc a:-
,V&
L-a - snf, (*/r-*) 7 rr /'tz*?Y:.--x cta4
*

cI= 3Zg f F Cv*s1of F,44

C,= A : 31aY? ?t
is'9 tss
.tr, cc
q
1
r-1F- ?o?r vo
J,
|
3royF
l++r.*
7
V; P-=++P-n*-
I
\t
)-
7

L ,>y rr\,G
| '/t
hst^ rt ('
27 6 Operational Amplifiers and Li

Solution I
From the 741 data sheet in Appendix 1-l (enlarged frequency response in Fig.
5-13(a)), the op-amp unit gain cutoff frequency isf
= 800 kHz. From Eq. 5-6, the
high c'rtoff frequency of op-amp is
{
lu
^

FromEq. ll-12,
I "A,
= 800 kHz

circuit upper cutoff frequency is approximately,

f' = 0'65f = 0'65 x 800 kHz

= 520 kHz

11A BANDPASS F'LrE8S

Mu lti-stage Bandpass Filter

A bandpass filter can be constructed simply by connecting low-pass and high-pass

filters in cascade (see Fig. 11-14). For example, suppose a low,pass circuit with
"f = 100 kHz is cascaded with a high-pass circuit which hasf, = tb t<Hz. The low-

.o
/" = '100 k1z = fa /. = 10 kHz = f,, vo

T?
{a) Cascaded iorv.pass and high-pass filters

'I

-3 dB

I I

v,tv,l I

t2

f
(b) Bandpass frequency responsc

Figure ll.lilBandpass filter circuit consisting of low-pass and high-pass stages

connected in cascade, The lor','-pass stagc sers the high cutoff frequencyfi and the
high pass stage detemrines the lovr cutotf fiequency /r.
 Ch. ll_-ActiveFilters 27 7

kHz, while the high-pass circuit will

passcircuit will pass all frequencies up to 100
the combination gives a filter with a
pass
block all frequencies below 10 kHz' So'
band from l0 kHz to 100 kHz'

Single-S tage First-Order Bandpass Filter

Asingle-stagebandpassfilterisshowninFig'11-15.'Jf'Tcapacitorswerenot are se-

*rfO look like an inverting amplifier' The capacitors
;6d;;the-circuit negle't'i ut low frequencies and Xcr small
lected to have Xq taiiiiellough to be
enough to be neglected at high frequencies'

o, e
o

}-igurell.15Single.stagebandpasstiltercircuit.Forawidepassband,thecutotT
trequencies ,. ,.,"by *uling Xt' = R'
at/r and atXcz = R2 atfi'

from the low fre-

At low frequencies, Xcz is so large that it can be eliminated
circuit is an inverting am-
qu.n.y.quivalent.ir.rlt. Aishown in fig. 1l-16(a), the
ptintt with a voltage gain of
R,
o,.=z=rGmF RZ

circuit, Xcr becomes much smaller than

At signal frequencies in the pass band of the
Rr, So, the circuit gain becomes
o =If
/r.
Rr

mid-
The above equati,ns show that for voltage
gain to be down by 3 dB (from the
frequencY gain),
Xcr ='Rr at,fr (1 1-15)

where/r is the low cutoff frequency'

,*#
27 8 Operational Arnplifiers and Linear ICs

oo
oo

(a) Low frequency equivalent circuit

R^
l,
L1

z2

l
I
I
I

(b) High frequency equivalent circuit

Z"
^r'
^t
r,
Figure 11-16 r,ow frequency and high frequency equivalent circuits
for the
single-stage bandpass filter, capacitor c2 can ue negtlctea
at low frequency and cr
can be disregarded at high frequency.

At high frequencies, Xcr becomes so small compared to Rr that it can be elimi-

nated from the high-fiequency equivalent circuit, But, X62 is no longer large
enough
to be ignored. So, the high frequency equivarent circuit is as shown in rri!-.
ll-16(b). Once again, the circuit is an inverting amplifier ancl its voitage gain is "
 Ch. 11 * Active Filters 21 9

A-"
x* il R,
,'1r'-
R:

So, the circuit voltage

Xc: is much larger than Rr'
At frequencies in the pass-banil'
gain is once again

r
,rr. -R'
RI

3 dB from its mid-frquencY

Fromtheaboveequations,thevoltagegainisdownby
value when,
(11-1?)
Xcz = Rz at fz

-*'if,l',:::iifl;T:T.T,-ffilJ; * an inverring ampliner when rhe signar rre-

and as a low-
ouency is in the p.r;l;;i, as a high-p;;il;i;tio* irtqutncies' by Eq' l1-15
Theiow ;rfffi;;;ncy
is-detumined
ouss frlter for high frrqu.*i.r.
iscatculated frorn Eq.
ll-17.
Il'o'*.i,ii;f.ff ffi;*yapproach or rarrtinfinrietistot'-frr$ is likely to give un-
The normal design BIFEI op-amps are used'
acceptably ,ru[ tupu?ituntt
-d;;"itp"i;;; of the smallest capacrtor
'ulo"by r.i;;rinf tne value
So, it is usually in relation
u' ir,r*irro rro* rqliri? and bt substituted into Eq' 1l-15
R, can-be calculated
(cJ. Then R: csn"ri",r'."r*r;;
I

i
ro Rz for the desired vottage
gain. The R;;;; ,lil; cr'
si;'ff;irurr.n, 'ffigh at the op-amp input terminals' i, is iltenunled bv resistor Rr
to carcurare c,.
I
shoui<l be rnrde .q*i* n, tbr resisranc;;;lti;

Exampie 1tr'9
a voltage Sain of 1 and
ut in Fig' 1l-15, to have
Design a single-stage bandpass llj:t'
UunO from 300 Hz to 30
kHz'
a fuit
e'
Solution oo

Select C: = 1000 PF

From Eq. l1-17, Xa = Rzatfz

1

O[' R.- =
=--;=
/ti: Lz
=
ffiktz x looo pF

k0 t17c standard value)

(use 5.36
= 5'3 kO
5'36 kO (use 5.6 kO standard value)
ftr = Rz =
Rr = R: = 5.36 kO
ForA, = I

From Eq. 11-16

t' - zrr|rR, ffix5.36ko
(standard value)
= 0,i pF
280 Operational Amplifiers and Linear ICs

oo
.o
'1000 pF

vi

t
I

+
Figure ll.l7 Bandpass filrer designed
in Example I l-9;I = 300 Hz and
fz = 30lJl2.

Wide-Band and Narrow-Band Bandpass Fr.rters

The bandpass filter discussed above is essentially a wide-band circuit,

and its typical
frequency response is illustrated in Fig. 11-18(a). Narrow-band bandpass
filters'have
the kind of frequency response shown in Fig. ll-lg(b).
fhe bandwidth of the filter circuit is,
B = fr- f' (11-18)
The circuit Q iauor is the relationship of the center frequency
.
width
. f to the band-

{
O =4B (1 1- le)

factor is afgure of merit for a filter circuit. It defines the selectivity

T.h. 0. of the
passing the center frequency and rejecting other frequencies.'
ll*l^ i. Figure
Q of 10 has u *u.t narrower bandwidth thin a
1 l - 18(b) shows that a filter with a

filter with Q equal to l. The filter with the higher p is the most selective
of the two.
Narrow-band filters are usually classified urlhor. with a
Q factor grearer than 5,
while wide-band circuits have a e less than 5.
The center frequency of the firter can be determined from,

f,={W) (1 1 -20)

For the wideband filter designed in Exampie 1l-9,

f" = f(f,J) = VBoo Hr, 30 kHr)

= 3kHz
 286 Operational Arnplifiers and Linear ICs

Solution
Select Cr = Cz = 1000 pF
From Eq. fi-ZA,
fo={7F=\,(lDffiil 10.9 kHz)
= 10.6 kHz

From tq. lt-24, Rs=Ro=:-1-=- I

2nCtf" 2zr x i000 pn x-O-O fUz

= 15.01 kO (use 15 kf,) standarti value)

Rr = rt: = r?q = Rr - Rr = Rs = 15 L,f)

From Eqs. ll-18 and ll-19, ,,\ _ f, =

lo.6 kHz
f, - f, 10,9 kHz I0.3 kHz -
t1 1
-

Eq.11-26, Rz: RIZQ - l) = t5 koi(2 x 17.7) - t)

= 515 kO (use 5l I kO + lrio)

II.IO 8A'UDSTOP FILTEN

The function bandsrop filter, also known as a band-rejeci

of
9f^u
signal frequenciei. This is the inverse oi
Jilter, is to block a
Pun9 ttre bandpass lilter function. A
bandstop filter with a very narow stop
band is sometimes known as a notch filter.

Low-Pass and High-pass Filters

as Sandstop Filter

Figure 1l'Z\(a)shows how a bandstop-flter

can be constructed by parallel-connect-
ing a low'pass filter and a high-pass filter.
The circuit inputs can be connected in

Low-pass H igh-pass
resp0nse
res 00nse
f" = 100 k1z = f, I

f"=10kHz=i,
ft f,
(a) High-pass and iow.pass filters combined
---}-
f
to produce a bandstop response
(b) Bandstop {requency resp6nse

Figure ll'21 Bandstop filter consisting of parallel-connectecr

row-pass an<J hrgh-pass circuits
\\'ith a summing circuit to combine the[ ouiputs,
The high-pass stage determines[. and the
low-pass stage setsI,
 Ch. ll - Active Filters 2 8 1
@

to avo:
a:r'JilP!':ffitiu$l
as illustrated,
.i,"i,hasacuroff iU,'rr{;iql"T#$ifti:rg-"ffi ;l':'#fi{}

tiffi
i0 tHr,:tti:1ff
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il*"'"'ffiH;,'l,t Ifi l?"1,T5'{i?,iil.lq q'*::: high-pass filters
The rowpa* und
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as BandstoP
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methodof creating'.!."9"9-p,1ln:,':'?,t-t#rl\:rtJH:::::i13ff:#:::
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.'H';
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