Instantaneous and Average Power

• The instantaneously power, p(t)

p(t )  v(t ) i (t )  Vm I m cos ( t   v ) cos ( t   i )
1 1
 Vm I m cos ( v   i )  Vm I m cos (2 t   v   i )
2 2
Constant power Sinusoidal power at 2t

p(t) > 0: power is absorbed by the circuit; p(t) < 0: power is absorbed by the source.

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 Instantaneous and Average Power

• The average power, P, is the average of the instantaneous

power over one period.
1 T 1
P   p(t ) dt  Vm I m cos ( v   i )
T 0 2

1. P is not time dependent.

2. When θv = θi , it is a purely
resistive load case.
3. When θv– θi = ±90o, it is a
purely reactive load case.
4. P = 0 means that the circuit
absorbs no average power.

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 Instantaneous and Average Power
Example 1
Calculate the instantaneous power and average power absorbed by a
passive linear network if:
v(t )  330 cos (10 t  20)
i (t )  33 sin (10 t  60)
Solution 1

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 Instantaneous and Average Power

Question 2

A current I  33  30 flows through an impedance Z  40  22Ω . Find

the average power delivered to the impedance.

Solution 2

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 Apparent Power and Power Factor

• Apparent Power, S, is the product of the r.m.s. values of

voltage and current.
• It is measured in volt-amperes or VA to distinguish it from
the average or real power which is measured in watts.

P  Vrms I rms cos (θ v  θi )  S cos (θ v  θi )

Apparent Power, S Power Factor, pf

• Power factor is the cosine of the phase difference between

the voltage and current. It is also the cosine of the angle
of the load impedance.

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 Apparent Power and Power Factor

Purely resistive θ – θ = 0, Pf = 1 P/S = 1, all power are

v i
load (R) consumed
Purely reactive θv– θi = ±90o, P = 0, no real power
load (L or C) pf = 0 consumption
Resistive and θv– θi > 0 • Lagging - inductive
reactive load θv– θi < 0 load
(R and L/C) • Leading - capacitive
load

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 Complex Power

Complex power S is the product of the voltage and the

complex conjugate of the current:

V  Vm θ v I  I m θi

1
V I  Vrms I rms  θ v  θ i
2

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 Complex Power

1
S  V I  Vrms I rms  θ v  θ i
2
 S  Vrms I rms cos (θ v  θi )  j Vrms I rms sin (θ v  θi )

S = P + j Q

P: is the average power in watts delivered to a load and it is

the only useful power.
Q: is the reactive power exchange between the source and
the reactive part of the load. It is measured in VAR (Volt Ampere Reactive).
• Q = 0 for resistive loads (unity pf).
• Q < 0 for capacitive loads (leading pf).
• Q > 0 for inductive loads (lagging pf).

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 Complex Power

 S  Vrms I rmscos (θ v  θi )  j Vrms I rms sin (θ v  θi )

S = P + j Q

Apparent Power, S = |S| = Vrms*Irms = P 2  Q 2

Real power, P = Re(S) = S cos(θv – θi)
Reactive Power, Q = Im(S) = S sin(θv – θi)
Power factor, pf = P/S = cos(θv – θi)

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 Complex Power

 S  Vrms I rms cos (θ v  θi )  j Vrms I rms sin (θ v  θi )

S = P + j Q

Power Triangle Impedance Triangle Power Factor

10
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Example 1:

Solution 1

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Example 2:

Solution 2

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Example 3: For the given circuit, calculate:
(a) the power factor
(b) the average power delivered by the source
(c) the reactive power
(d) the apparent power
(e) the complex power
Solution 4

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Example 4:

Solution 5

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