DESIRED LEARNING COMPETENCIES

 TO ASSESS HOW STRUCTURAL AND

FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY OF PROKARYOTES
CONTRIBUTE TO THEIR SUCCESS IN
COLONIZING DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS
 TO CATEGORIZE PROKARYOTES BASED ON
THEIR MORPHOLOGICAL AND
PHYSIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES
 TO EVALUATE EVIDENCE OF THE EVOLUTION
OF EUKARYOTIC ORGANISMS FROM
PROKARYOTIC ORGANISMS
DISCUSSION OUTLINE

1 PROKARYOTES
2 PROTEOBACTERIA
αβγδε
3 NONPROTEOBACTERIA
4 ARCHAEA
 PROKARYOTES
PROKARYOTES
 Coined by Edouard
Chatton in 1937
 Lack nuclear membrane
 Under Kingdom Monera
 Comprise one of three
distinct cell types
 Robert Whittaker
 Carl Woese
 Population of cells with
similar characteristics
PROKARYOTES
PROKARYOTES
PROKARYOTES
PROKARYOTES
PROKARYOTES
PROKARYOTES
PROKARYOTES
PROKARYOTES
PROKARYOTES
PHYLOGENETIC OVERVIEW
PHYLOGENETIC OVERVIEW
GRAM-STAINING
GRAM-STAINING
GRAM-STAINING
 PROTEOBACTERIA
PROTEOBACTERIA
 Largest phylum of bacteria
 Most metabolically diverse
 Significant in medicine,
agriculture, and industry
 ALL are Gram-negative
 ALPHA-PROTEOBACTERIA
Azospirillum
 Soil bacterium
 In association with plants
 Tropical grasses
 Nitrogen fixing
 Nitrogen to Ammonia
Gluconobacter & Acetobacter
 Used in the industry
 Convert ethanol to
vinegar or acetic acid
 ALPHA-PROTEOBACTERIA
Rickettsia
 Obligate parasite with insects and ticks as vectors
 Induce phagocytosis and undergo binary fission
 R. prowazekii, R. typhi, and R. rickettsii
 ALPHA-PROTEOBACTERIA
Rickettsia
 ALPHA-PROTEOBACTERIA
Rickettsia
 ALPHA-PROTEOBACTERIA
Ehrlichia
 Obligate parasite
 Ticks as vectors
 Live within WBCs
 Causes erhlichiosis
 ALPHA-PROTEOBACTERIA
Caulobacter
 Stalked/Prosthecae
 Found in low nutrient
aquatic environments
 Anchored and
responds to changing
nutrient levels
 ALPHA-PROTEOBACTERIA
Hyphomicrobium
 Budding/Prosthecae
 Found in low nutrient
aquatic environments
 Resembles asexual
reproduction of yeasts
 ALPHA-PROTEOBACTERIA
Rhizobium and Brachyrizobium
 Important in agriculture
 Infect root of legumes
 Cause nodules
 Fix nitrogen to ammonia
Bartonella
 Causes cat-scratch disease
Brucella
 Causes brucellosis
 Able to avoid phagocytosis
ALPHA-PROTEOBACTERIA
 ALPHA-PROTEOBACTERIA
Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter
 Important in agriculture
 Nitrifying bacteria
 Chemoautotrophs
 Nitrosomonas: Ammonium
 Nitrobacter: Nitrite
 Ammonia monooxygenase
 Nitrite oxidoreductase
 ALPHA-PROTEOBACTERIA
ALPHA-PROTEOBACTERIA
 BETA-PROTEOBACTERIA
Thiobacillus
 Chemoautotroph
 Sulfur oxider
 Uses elemental sulfur
or hydrogen sulfide
 Produces sulfate
Spirillum
 Freshwater
 Uses polar flagella
 Different from spirochetes
 BETA-PROTEOBACTERIA
Sphaerotilus
 Sheathed
 Freshwater
 Sheaths are for protection
and nutrient accumulation
 Sewage bulking
Burkholderia
 Can degrade up to 100
organic compounds
 Can grow in disinfectant
solutions
 BETA-PROTEOBACTERIA
Neisseria
 Present in mucous
membranes of mammals
 N. gonorrhea: gonorrhea
 N. meningitidis: meningitis

Zoogloea
 Used in sewage treatment
 Essential part of activated
sludge system
BETA-PROTEOBACTERIA
 GAMMA-PROTEOBACTERIA
Beggiatoa
 Oxic-anoxic interface
 Aquatic sediments
 Locomotion via gliding
 Chemoautotroph
 Oxidizes hydrogen sulfide
Franciscella
 Can only be grown in
blood or tissue extract
 Causes Tularemia
 GAMMA-PROTEOBACTERIA
Psudomonas
 Pathogenic
 Extracellular products
 High genetic capacity
 PORINS
 EFFLUX PUMPS
 Nosocomial infections
 Nitrogen as final e- acceptor
 Nitrogen loss
 GAMMA-PROTEOBACTERIA
Azotobacter and Azomonas
 Free-living in soil
 Nitrogen fixing
Acinetobacter
 A. baumanii
 High-resistance to
antibiotics (CRABS)
 Respiratory pathogen
Coxiella
 Causes Q fever
 Capsule forming
 GAMMA-PROTEOBACTERIA
Enterics
 Live in the intestines
 Fimbriae for attachment
 Pili for conjugation
 Bacteriocins
 Escherichia coli
 Usually nonpathogenic
 Salmonella
 Usually pathogenic
 S. enterica
 S. bongori
 KOH antigens
 GAMMA-PROTEOBACTERIA
Yersinia
 Caused the Black Plague
 Rodents and ticks as vectors
Erwinia
 Plant pathogen
 Causes soft rots
 Hydrolyzes pectin
Proteus
 Highly motile
 Exhibit swarming behavior
 DELTA-PROTEOBACTERIA
Bdellovibrio
 Attacks other bacteria
 Reproduces within periplasm
DELTA-PROTEOBACTERIA
 GAMMA-PROTEOBACTERIA
Desulfovibrio
 Sulfur reducer
 Uses elemental sulfur or
sulfate as electron acceptor
 Organic compounds as
electron donors
Myxococcus
 Predatory
 Forms myxospores
 Most complex life cycle of
all studied bacteria
 GAMMA-PROTEOBACTERIA
Desulfovibrio
 Sulfur reducer
 Uses elemental sulfur or
sulfate as electron acceptor
 Organic compounds as
electron donors
Myxococcus
 Predatory
 Forms myxospores
 Most complex life cycle of
all studied bacteria
GAMMA-PROTEOBACTERIA
 EPSILON-PROTEOBACTERIA
Campylobacter
 Flagellated
 Microaerophile
 Helical
 C. fetus
 C. jejuni
Helicobacter
 Flagellated
 Microaerophile
 Curved
 Peptic ulcers
 GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA
Firmicutes and Actinobacteria
 Differentiated by G+C ratio
 FIRMICUTES
Clostridium
 Obligate anaerobe
 Endospore forming
 C. tetani: Tetanus
 C. botulinum: Botulism

Epulopiscium
 Surgeonfish
 Half a millimeter length
 No binary fission
 High genetic capacity
 FIRMICUTES
Bacillus anthracis
 Anthrax
 Biological weapon
 Endospore forming
Bacillus thuringiensis
 Toxic crystals
 Endospore forming
 Imortant in agriculture
 Recombinant technology
 Bt GMOs
 FIRMICUTES
Staphylococcus
 Grape-like clusters
 S. aureus: Golden
 Enterotoxin
 FIRMICUTES
Lactobacillus
 Anaerobe
 Lactic acid producing
 Lactobcacilli succession
 Vagina, mouth, intestine
Streptococcus
 Pathogenic
 Lactic acid producing
 Powerful enzymes for
pathogenicity
 Beta and Alpha groups
 S. pneumoniae
 FIRMICUTES
Mycoplasma
 Pleomorphic
 Fungi-like filaments
 Once considered viruses
 517 genes: gene loss
 M. pneumoniae
 ACTINOBACTERIA
Mycobacterium
 Filament-forming
 Drug-resistant
 Acid-fast staining
 M. tubererculosis
 M. leprae: Leprosy
 Slow and fast growing
Propionibacterium
 Causes acne
Frankia
 Nitrogen fixation in alder
ACTINOBACTERIA
 ACTINOBACTERIA
Streptomyces
 Soil
 Asexual spores
 Filamentous growth
 Geosmin
 Antibiotic producing
 CYANOBACTERIA
Cyanobacteria
 Gram-negative
 Cyan pigmentation
 Blue-green algae
 Nitrogen fixation
 Gas vacuoles
 Unicells, colonies, filaments
 Earth’s oxygen
 CHLAMYDIA
Chlamydia & Chlamydophila
 Unique life cycle
 Elementary body
 Intermediate body
 Reticulate body
 Airborne route
 Trachoma
 Urethritis
 Psittacosis or ornithosis
CHLAMYDIA
ANOXYGENIC PHOTOSYNTHEIS
ANOXYGENIC AND PHOTOTROPHIC
 ANOXYGENIC PHOTOSYNTHEIS
PURPLE BACTERIA
Utilize bacteriochlorophylls
and carotenoids
 Different behavior at low
and high light levels
 Alpha, Gamma
 ANOXYGENIC PHOTOSYNTHEIS
PURPLE SULFUR BACTERIA
Gamma-Proteobacteria
 Found in irradiated and anoxic bodies of waters and
sulfur-rich volcanic lakes and springs
 Prefer meromictic lakes
 Representative genera: Chromatium, Ecothiorhodospira
 SPIROCHETES
Spirochetes
 Helical shape
 Axial filaments
 Treponema: Syphilis
 Borrelia: Lyme disease
 Leptospira: Leptospirosis
 ARCHAEA
Archaea
 Conventional morphology
 Nonpathogenic
 Methanogens
 Extremophiles
 Halophiles
 Acidophiles
 Alkaliphiles
 Thermophiles
 Cryophiles
 READING ASSIGNMENT

WOLBACHIA: MASTER
MANIPULATORS OF
INVERTEBRATE BIOLOGY
BY WERREN, BALDO, & CLARK
In at most 1500 words, write a paper on the:
(a) diversity, (2) known effects on
invertebrates, and (c) medical and agricultural
importance of the bacteria Wolbachia

TNR, 12, Legal

 REFERENCES

Werren, J. H., Baldo, L., & Clark, M. E. (2008).

Wolbachia: master manipulators of invertebrate
biology. Nature Reviews Microbiology
doi:10.1038/nrmicro1969

Tortora, G.J., et al. (2012). Microbiology: An

Introduction, 12th Edition. US: Pearson Publishing.