Government Intervention Policy Model

In Increasing National Logistics Transportation

Performance
 Zony Yulfadli
Achmad Wicaksono
Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering,
Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering,
Brawijaya University
Brawijaya University
Malang, Indonesia
Malang, Indonesia
zony_yulfadli1977@yahoo.com
Ludfi Djakfar
Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering,
Muhammad Zainul Arifin
Brawijaya University
Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering,
Malang, Indonesia
Brawijaya University
Malang, Indonesia
 Abstract— Logistics transportation on Java, especially on
the North Coast (Pantura) Line of Java, is still dominated by
the use of truck-based land transportation modes. The effect of
of this has been burdening the facilitiy and capacity of roads on
the North Coast of Java, and causing traffic problems,
unbalanced cargo, and the inefficiency of the freight
transportation itself from the production center to the goods
owner in Java. Likewise, the difficulty of implementing
railroad transport to (and from) the port, including the weak
implementation of dry ports in Indonesia, have impacts on the
length of the process of freight transportation and eventually
give consequences of the increasingly high value of the national
logistics cost. This research specifically discusses the
formulation of public policy in terms of transportation in the
form of logistics transportation. Origin-Destination Matrix
Analysis, Performance, and Existing Conditions of Goods
Transport, using Regression models, GIS, and MDS, as well as
GA to get the best optimization of the model and to compare
models with existing policies. Optimization is then carried out
on the North Coast (Pantura) Line and making the initial
concept of diversion of the route from the North Coast
(Pantura) to the railways and the sea.
Keywords—Intervention Policy, Logistics Transportation
Performance
I. INTRODUCTION
Transportation is an important area of activity in the life
of Indonesian, especially for the industrial sector to create a
distribution system effectively and efficiently. The
expensive cost of logistics is caused by the deficiency in the
selection of the type of modes of transportation that affect
the productivity of the company, the investment climate and
the trade facilities of a country [23]. According to the World
Bank, Logistics Performance Index or Indonesia's logistics
performance ranks 63 in 2016 and ranks 46 in 2018.
Although the increasing logistics costs accounted for 24% of
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. This is much
higher than neighboring countries such as Malaysia and
Thailand. This number is influenced by freight distribution
at the northern coast line of Java as one of the main traffic
corridors of the national economy with a total economic
value reached Rp 1.963 trillion, accounted for 26.5% of total
GDP.
These conditions make imbalances passenger load
so that the production of each transport mode of
transportation in the island of Java also lame which is
dominated by trucks. This results in a smooth flow of traffic
is disrupted and road damage occurs faster due to the excess
capacity. [40]. In addition, the mobilization of the truck
loads in Java are also served by trains and ships but it will
take longer and cost more than using trucks [38].
In previous research, according to Agus Mulyono Taufik
(2016), production of goods in transportation in units of
million tonnes.km/year) on the important traffic each mode
in Java was 74.7% on the North Coast (Pantura) Line of
Java, 14.1% on the Central Line, 4.7% of traffic on the
Southern Line, 1.1% on railways, 5.2% on the cruise line,
and 0.2% on the flight line. Meanwhile, the production of
passenger transportation in units of million seat.km/year on
the important traffic each mode in Java was 64.8% on North
Coast (Pantura) Line of Java, 21.3% on the Central Line,
6.5% on the Southern Line, 6.5% on railways, 0.3% on the
cruise line, and 0.7% on the flight path. To improve the
existing conditions, it is necessary to do some things that are
strategic. These things are: (1) accelerating the construction
of Trans Java toll road, (2) widening and improving the
national road geometric Central Line and Southern Line, (3)
widening and improving geometric way as well as the
addition of a connecting line cross, (4) revitalizing rail road
of 1,067 mm width be 1,450 mm along with the train’s
facility that is capable of transporting larger loads safely, (5)
constructing infrastructure and services in the terminal
integrated mode, especially between the road and the mode
of the rail mode, as well as between the road and the mode
of the port, and (6) escalating concerns of the local
government and their polices to control the malfunctioning
national roads of local socio-economic activities on the
space benefits of national roads.
Therefore, this research will be discussed specifically the
formulation of public policy in terms of transportation in the
form of logistic transport. Origin-Destination Matrix
Analysis, Performance, and Conditions of Existing Freight
Transport pattern, using Regression models, GIS, and MDS,
as well as Genetic Algorithm to get the best optimization of
model patterns and do model comparison with existing
policies. The gained policies are expected to balance the use
of logistic transport modes both overland (road and train) and
sea. The occurance of the balance is expected to provide
improvement in economic terms and also minimize the
occurrence of infrastructure damages.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Public Policy Strategy
Public policy is a series of actions proposed by a person,
group or government in a particular environment, with
existing threats and opportunities, where the proposed
policy is intended to capitalize on the potential and
overcome the obstacles in order to achieve a certain goal
[9].
The making of public policy must go through clear and
concrete stages, as examples: drafting agenda, formulating
activities, adopting/legitimacy policy, implementing policy,
and evaluating policy [59]. After a policy is formulated with
a clear purpose, immediately do the implementation and the
execution is controlled by an evaluation system that is
structured and systematic [20].
B. Freight Transportation
Transportation is an activity of transporting or carrying
goods and/or passengers from one place to another [49].
There are four types of transportation such as land
transportations that use motor vehicle as a facility moving
on the highway, transportation of railway mode that moves
on the rail, sea transportations that use vessels to transport
passengers, goods and/or animals in one trip or more than
one port to another port, and air transportation that flies in
the atmosphere due to the lifting force of the air reaction,
but not because of the air reaction to the Earth's surface that
used for flights [33].
These four modes of transportation have different cost
structures depending on the transportation capacity and the
speed of the equipment used, as well as adjustments to the
prevailing transport flows, including the management of the
company that regulates the course of the use of transport
capacities [3].
C. Freight Transportation Performance (Logistics)
Performance is the level of achievement of a person or
employee in an organization or company that can increase
productivity. There are two factors that can affect the
performance of employees, internal factors and external
factors. In addition to human resources, performance is also
influenced by the Supply Chain Management which
involves the production, delivery, storage, distribution,
sales, and the entire process involved therein to fulfill the
product’s demand [2].
The measurements of logistics performance should be
done to know the results of work achievement according to
what level should be achieved in the activities or according
to the planned. So it is necessary to treat the performance of
logistics organization as something dynamic and
continuously questionable. This will be accelerated to
improve logistics performance [34].
D. Freight Transport Optimation Model
Optimization is a systematic effort to determine the best
choice of an existing set of elements [8]. In mathematical
contexts, optimization can be expressed as an attempt to find
the minimum or maximum value of a function, or is the
process of finding the best value based on the goal function.
• Trade-Off Analysis (TOA) is a process in which
stakeholders are involved to consider different
management strategies and determine the priorities of
the activities. This process requires information to be
able to answer questions from stakeholders regarding
the impact of each different activity on the resources
at issue [5].
• Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) is a technique used
to search for relationships between data spatially.
MDS can determine the dimensions at a minimum
from a group of scale values in each dimension
involved in it. MDS classifications are based on the
similarity of the data. If the data is qualitative is called
nonmetric MDS, whereas for quantitative data is
metric MDS. The way MDS works is by grouping
objects that are adjacent to its attributes [15].
The dissimilarity size between the object i and j, (dij),
is a function that meets the following requirements.
1) dij ≥ 0, for each i dan j
2) dii= 0, for each i
3) dij = dji
4) dik + djk≥ dij, for each i, j, and k
Lack of Fit error is a double interval assessment
method by looking at stress values. This means that
the smaller the stress value gives an indication that the
smaller the error between distances and the similarity
value of the presented space. Stress can be interpreted
informally based on the criteria guidelines on the
relationship between similarity and the end distance.
Stress values are defined as follows [21]
(2.1)
where :
= Euclidean distance
= The deviation of homogeneity relations between
with the dissmilarity of observable objects
The guideline for the stress interpretation is as
follows.
Tabel 2.1 Stress’ Interpretation
Stress Conformity
≥ 20% Poor
10% <stress< 20% Fair
5% <stress < 10% Good
2,5% <stress< 5% Excellent
< 2,5% Perfect
E. Genetic Algorithm
Genetic Algorithm as a branch of the Evolution
Algorithm is an adaptive method commonly used to solve a
search for value in an optimization case. This algorithm is
based on the genetic process that exists in the living
creature, which is the development of generations in a
natural population, gradually following the principle of the
natural selection process of "who is strong is he who
survives" [14].
By imitating this evolutionary theory, Genetic Algorithm
can be used to find solutions to problems in the real world.
Three important aspects for the use of Genetic Algorithms
are:
1. Definition of fitness function
2. Definition and implementation of genetic representation
3. Defenition and implementation of genetic operation
The variables and parameters used on the genetic
algorithm are :
1. The fitness function that is owned by each individual to
determine the level of conformity of the individuals with
criterias that want to be achieved
2. The individual population involved in each generation
3. The probability of the occurance of crossover in a
generation
4. The probability of the occurance of mutation in each
individual
5. The number of generations that will be formed to
determine the duration of application of the genetic
algorithm
In general, the structure of a genetic algorithm can be the
following steps:
1. Raising the initial population
2. Forming a new generation
3. Evaluating solutions
While the genetic operator is used after the evaluation
process of the first phase forms a new population of current
generations. These operators are the selection operator,
crossover and mutation.
 III. METHODOLOGY 2011 53,1 77,8 4 41 240
2012 150 220,9 12 115 681
A. Data Source Easy to be
2013 58,7 86,2 5 45 266
The data that used in this research is a primary data rotten
2014 36,5 53,5 3 28 165
obtained through surveys and secondary data from previous
2015 27,9 41,2 2 21 127
studies. Here are the data’s source along with sampling
techniques. From Table 4.1 it is known that hard-to-be-rotten
goods and easy-to-be-rotten goods have the highest averages
Primary data is obtained by doing field surveys with pre-
in 2012. The following table is the characteristics of rail
defined sampling techniques, which is purposive sampling
by calculating each type of vehicle that has been specified in freight transport.
vehicle’s active hours on certain days. Table 4.2 Freight Distribution Characteristics by Year
Secondary data is obtained from data in the Study of The Unit 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Conntainer Transport between The Corridor of Java-
Sumatra, published by the Ministry of Transportation in Freight Ton 3.746 4.910 6.263 8.429 7.690
2015. In addition, data can be taken from several previous Ton-
Ton - Km 1.811 2.178 2.645 3.564 3.458
studies which also discusses sea transportation as a mode of Km
freight transport especially on the North Coast (Pantura) Line Average
of Java. In addition, it takes reference from some reliable Freight Km 483 444 422 423 450
Distance
online news as an analysis of the mode of transportation.
From Table 4.2, it is known that from 2011 until 2015,
the highest number of distributed freights are in 2014.
B. Data Analysis Techniques
Therefore, it can be concluded that the closer average freight
The data analysis techniques used in this research are as distance, then more freights are distributed.
follows :
Table 4.3 Freight Distribution by Freight Type and Year
 Origin-Destination Matrix for performances and
existing condition of freight transport pattern. The TRAIN UNIT 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
methods are regression models, GIS, and MDS. Thousand
Crude Oil 338 396 501 580 518
Tonnes
 Optimization analysis by using Genetic Algorithm. Thousand
Fertilizer 0 0 6 0 8
 Alternative transport mode selection analysis by Tonnes
using TOA, and AP. Thousand
Cement 536 690 796 1.393 1.270
Tonnes
Thousand
C. Analysis Steps Coal 2.418 2.939 3.772 4.646 4.791
Tonnes
The data analysis steps in this research are as follows : Plantation Thousand
67 276 194 215 104
Products Tonnes
 Analyzing Origin-Destination Matrix, performances, Thousand
and existing condition of freight transport pattern. Container 246 403 637 759 699
Tonnes
The methods are regression models, GIS, and MDS. Quartz Thousand
0 10 0 0 0
Sans Tonnes
 Modeling the patterns that are generated by those Thousand
three methods. Rubber 1 0 0 0 2
Tonnes
 Optimizing the model by using Genetic Algorithm Fast Thousand
12 15 51 49 18
Goods Tonnes
 Analyzing alternative transport mode by using TOA Passenger Thousand
and AP. Delivery Tonnes 26 35 37 42 32
Goods
 Analyzing policy strategies by using PRA. Thousand
Others 102 146 269 745 248
Tonnes
IV. ANALYSIS From Table 4.3, it can be concluded that of all freight
transported, coal is the most widely transported mining
A. Data Characteristics products and the number of freights transported tends to
Before analyzing MDS, it is necessary to look the increase.
characteristics of the data. The following table is the Tabel 4.4 Rail Freight Tranport by Year
descriptive statistics table.
Unit 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Table 4.1 Descriptive Statistics on Freight Distribution by Year
Sby-Jkt
Km 796 796 796 796 796
Variables Year Mean StDev Min. Median Max. Distance
2011 357 407 45 248 1769 Weight- Thousand 2.984. 3.904 4.989 6.706. 6.116.
Jarak Tons-Km 588 .703 .147 723 818
2012 367 439 45 242 1897 Thousand 6.179, 8.794 11.82 15.855 13.592
Hard to be 2013 278,1 319,5 35 196 1385 Capacity Tons 27 ,38 2,62 ,14 ,93
rotten
2014 269,5 324,7 31 179 1397 Capacity- Thousand
2.433 3.884 5.560 7.426 5.903
Freight Tons
2015 200,6 216,2 26 141 945
 From table 4.4 it can be concluded that from 2011 until
2015, the biggest transported freight capacity is on 2014
with 7,436 thousand tons. The following table is the
characteristics of sea freight transport. from 2011 until 2015.
Table 4.5 Sea Freight Transport by Year
Unit 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Freight Ton 3.746 4.910 6.263 8.429 7.690
Ton-
Ton - Km
Km
1.811 2.178 2.645 3.564 3.458
Average
Freight Km 483 444 422 423 450
Distance
As can be seen from Table 4.5, the most transported
freight by sea line are in 2014 with 8,429 tonnes and 423 km
average freight distance.
B. MDS Based on the Transported Freight Types and
Vehicle on the North Coast (Pantura) Line
This research will classify traffic jam data on the North
Coast (Pantura) Line into several groups based on the type of
vehicle that passes through traffic jam on the North Coast
(Pantura) Line and the total weight of transported freight
types on North Coast (Pantura) Line. This MDS analysis
results in several groups of traffic jam points where each
groups have similarities between their members but differs
from other group members. From the classifying results, a
scenario will be conducted for optimization on the land line
and diversion on the line from Pantura to railways, as well as
the sea line as an alternative.
C. Regression Analysis
The obtained data will be analyzed with multiple linear
regression analysis techniques that use computer software,
SPSS.16.0 for Windows. Based on calculations, linear
regression equation models can be made, where Y as the
dependent variable is the density of vehicles on the North
Coast (Pantura) Line, while X1 and X2 as independent
variables are easy-to-be-rotten goods and hard-to-be-rotten
goods.
Correlation coefficient (R) of the model will show the
relationship between the independent variables and the
dependent variable (Y). While the determination coefficient
(R2) shows that the density of the vehicle can be explained
by the independent variables’ coefficient value percentage.
The coefficient of determination (r2) indicates which
effect is dominant towards the vehicle density and between
easy-to-be-rotten goods and hard-to-be-rotten goods.
However, this research only diverts lines from North Coast
(Pantura) Line to railways and sea line for the hard-to-be-
rotten goods because the land route is considered more
efficient for easy-to-be-rotten by considering performance,
both in terms of delivery and quality of goods.
The big correlation between the effect of transporting
goods by trucks in this lane towards the density of vehicles
shows that transporting goods by trucks have a major impact
on causing traffic jam and damaged road on the North Coast
(Pantura) Line.
D. Genetic Algorithm
In this research, optimization of road load balance will be
carried out at 15 points of traffic jam on the North Coast
(Pantura) Line. Road load is each vehicle on the road
accumulated with the weight of each vehicle with PCU
(Passenger Car Unit). Later, researcher will review whether
the burden of the road at each point of traffic jam on the
North Coast (Pantura) Line are not balanced. Then,
researcher will optimize the lane balance where the number
of trucks that transport hard-to-be-rotten goods will be
compared with the weight of the goods themselves, because
the focus on this lane is trucks that load goods, especially
hard-to-be-rotten goods. From the results of this
optimization, it is expected that consideration from existing
policies and / or ideas to create new policies, especially those
that have impacts on reducing traffic jam on North Coast
(Pantura) Line. This will further affect the long-term lane
balance which results in improved economic turnover in
Indonesia. It also has impacts on increasing the duration of
road resilience on the North Coast (Pantura) Line, as trucks
have a huge contribution to it.
E. Potential Underutilized Railways
Railways can be utilized for freight distribution.
Railways has an advantage that this line is a freeway.
However, the railways itself has not been used optimally
used in the distribution of goods. This is proven in the
following table.
Table 4.7 Remaining Load Capacities of Railways
Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Ton 3.746 4.910 6.263 8.429 7.690
Ton-
1.811 2.178 2.645 3.564 3.458
Km
Km 483 444 422 423 450
Table 4.7 shows that the remaining capacities railways
from 2011 to 2014 has increased but decreased in 2015. This
shows that there is a shift in the allocation of distribution
from the railways to another that could be causing mode
inefficiency. From this, railways have great potential to be
utilized in the distribution of good.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
A. Conclusion
Based on analysis towards identification of the existing
movement patterns on the North Coast (Pantura) Line with
the most dense flows, it can be concluded that freight
transport by trucks has a major impact on traffic jam and
damaged road on the North Coast (Pantura) Line, shown by a
large correlation between the effect of transporting freight by
trucks on this lane towards road density. This can actually be
found a formula to reduce this impact, which is load
balancing through regulatory considerations for trucks that
transport hard-to-be-rotten goods and diverting lines from
North Coast (Pantura) Line to railways or sea line.
B. Recommendation
In this research, truck data is not separated between types
of trucks and maximum load. Then it is hoped that in future
researches, this can be considered. In addition, data on the
sea mode as an alternative can also be further analyzed,
considering the potential of this mode is also quite large,
considering that Indonesia is also an archipelagic country.
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