CHEMISTRY PROJECT

On

COMPARITIVE STUDY OF COMMERCIAL

ANTACIDS
By

Ramik Sharma
Class XII – B
Roll No:

VIVEKANAND PUBLIC SCHOOL

NEW DELHI

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that RAMIK SHARMA a student of class XII - B has

successfully completed the research on project entitled ‘COMPARITIVE
STUDY OF COMMERCIAL ANTACIDS’ under the guidance of
..................................... (subject teacher) during the year 2018-19 in partial
fulfilment of chemistry practical examination conducted by CBSE, Delhi.

(Signature of external examiner) (Signature of chemistry teacher)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success and final outcome of this project required a lot of guidance
and assistance from many people and I am extremely privileged to have
got this all along the completion of my project. All that I have done is
only due to such supervision and assistance and I would not forget to
thank them.
First and foremost, I would like to express my deep gratitude to our
principal, ............................. for providing us with state of the art
laboratories and infrastructure and also providing her valuable
suggestions and feedback, which were instrumental in shaping up the
project work.
I would like to express my deep gratitude to my chemistry teacher
.....................................who gave me the golden opportunity to do this
project. I am thankful to and fortunate enough to get constant
encouragement, support and guidance from her which helped me in
successfully completing my project work. She further helped me with
understanding the theory behind the reactions.
Also, I would like to extend my sincere esteems to all staff in laboratory
for their timely support.
I would like to thank my parents who morally supported me.
I would also like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to the authors and
publishers of the books and managements of the websites, I referred to
(as in Bibliography), for having provided me with valuable information.

Signature of the student

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 TO DETERMINE THE
EFFECTIVENESS OF
COMMERCIAL ANTACIDS
(Tablets)

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Introduction
Digestion in the stomach results from the action of gastric fluid, which
includes secretions of digestive enzymes, mucous, and hydrochloric acid.
The acidic environment of the stomach makes it possible for inactive forms
of digestive enzymes to be converted into active forms (i.e. pepsinogen into
pepsin), acid is also needed to dissolve minerals and kill bacteria that may
enter the stomach along with food. However, excessive acid production
(hyperacidity) results in the unpleasant symptoms of heartburn and may
contribute to ulcer formation in the stomach lining.

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 Antacids are weak bases (most commonly bicarbonates, hydroxides, and
carbonates) that neutralize excess stomach acid and thus alleviate
symptoms of heartburn. The general neutralization reaction is:

Antacid (weak base) + HCl (stomach acid)—> salts + H2O + CO2

The hydrochloric acid solution used in this experiment (0.1 M)

approximates the acid conditions of the human stomach, which is typically
0.4 to 0.5% HQ by mass (pH ~ 1). Antacids help people who have or get
heartburn. The following information will help people understand how
stomach acid works and what antacid will help those most.

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PROJECTPage 7
 Classification of antacids

Antacid Formula Unwanted Effects

Sodium Bicarbonate NaHCO3 Fluid retention, Alkalosis
Magnesium Diarrhoea, Magnesium
Mg(OH)2
Hydroxide toxicity
Constipation, Drug or
Aluminium Hydroxide Al(OH)3 phosphate binding (inhibits
absorption)

Calcium Carbonate CaCO3 Acid rebound

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MECHANISM OF ACTION

Antacids perform a neutralization reaction, i.e. they buffer gastric acid,

raising the pH to reduce acidity in the stomach. When gastric hydrochloric
acid reaches the nerves in the gastrointestinal mucosa, they signal pain to
the central nervous system. This happens when these nerves are exposed,
as in peptic ulcers. The gastric acid may also reach ulcers in the
oesophagus or the duodenum. Other mechanisms may contribute, such as
the effect of aluminium ions inhibiting smooth muscle cell contraction and
delaying gastric emptying.

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AIM

To Determine the Effectiveness of Commercial

Antacids (Tablets) by conducting a quantitative
analysis.

Motives behind selecting this research project:

Consumerism, in the era of global industrialization, plays a very important

role. There are various product options available for consumers to choose
from. Different manufacturers selling their products, attempting to sway
public opinion in their favor, marketing their products regardless of their
effectiveness in functionality. Hence it becomes the consumer’s right to
experiment and know the most effective, efficient, and value for money
product. There are various methods to conclude that a product out of all
the given competitors is the best. Experimental research is the most
rational and convincing one of those methods. The result of this analysis
could be used to inform oneself as to which antacid is the best and provides
best relief.

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 Material And Chemicals Required
i. BURETTE

ii. PIPETTE

iii. DIFFERENT ANTACID TABLETS

iv. BEAKERS

v. NaOH(sol)

vi. HCL(conc.)

vii. DISTILLED WATER

viii. SPATULLA

ix. BURETTE STAND

x. WEIGHING MACHINE

xi. GLASS ROD

xii. BUNSEN BURNER

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THEORY
The efficiency of antacid tablets may be determined and compared by
finding the number of grams of HCl that can be neutralized by 1 gram of
the tablet, The higher the amount of HCl that can be neutralized by 1 gram
of the tablet, the more efficient the antacid. In determining the efficiency of
an antacid tablet, the volume of un-reacted HCl in the antacid mixture is
titrated with NaOH.

The chemical equation that describes the reaction between HCl and NaOH
is:

HCL + NaOH  NaCI + H2O

The equation to calculate for the amount of HCl neutralized is:

MHCL X VHCL = MNaOH X VNaOH

Acid-base titration is the combination of an acid solution with a base

solution until one fully neutralizes the other. The one that is fully neutralized
is of unknown concentration. At the point of neutralization, the amount
added to reach neutralization determines how much base or acid was in
the solution of unknown concentration. The solution of known solution is
called the “standard solution” or the “titrant.” Acid-base titrations are not the
only type of titration but they are the most common.
Antacids increase the pH of the stomach almost immediately to relieve acid
indigestion, heartburn, gastritis, and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
(GERD). Antacids, like all medications, are attached to a base. Antacids
are attached to sodium, calcium, magnesium, or aluminium.

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Procedure
PART – I: Standardization of HCl solution
i. A solution of NaOH, of known strength was provided. This NaOH
solution was used to determine the strength of the supplied HCl
solution (10 ml of HCl was used for titration).
ii. Phenolphthalein (2 - 3 drops) indicator was used.
iii. This solution was titrated till appearance of pink colour was observed.

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 PART – II: Estimation of the strength of the given Antacid
solution
i. Given antacid solution (10 ml) was pipette out into a 250 ml conical
flask. 20 ml of distilled water and 2–3 drops of phenolphthalein
indicator was added. The solution become pink in color.
ii. 20 ml of the given HCl solution was added from the burette. The
solution turned colorless.
iii. It was mixed thoroughly, and the mixture was warmed carefully on
a hot plate. Bubbling occured because of the liberation of CO 2 gas.
When the red color returned, flask was cooled.
iv. 1 ml of HCl was added at a time, until the color disappeared. The
solution was boiled for 2 minutes.
v. The flask was cooled under the tap.
vi. Excess HCl was back titrated against NaOH solution ( taken in the
burette), whose strength was known. The first appearance of the
pink color gave the end point.
vii. This procedure (Steps 1 to 5 above) was repeated with 10 ml of the
antacid solution.

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ANTACID TABLETS USED
Antacid 1: Antacid 2:
Digene Zantac 150

Antacid 3:
Pantaprazole

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OBSERVATION TABLE

TABLE 1: Standardization of HCl solution

Strength of NaOH solution = 0.1 N

Volume of HCl used = 10 ml
S. No. Initial Reading Final Reading Titre Value (ml)

1 0 6.5 6.5

2 6.5 13 6.5

3 13 19.5 6.5

Strength of HCl = VNaOH X SNaOH = 0.065N

__________
V HCl

Strength of HCl = 0.065 N

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TABLE 2: Determination of strength of Antacid Tablets (SA)
Volume of antacid solution used = 10 ml

ANTACID 1 (DIGENE)

S. No. Initial Reading Final Reading Titre Value (ml)

1 0 11.5 11.5

2 11.5 23 11.5

3 23 34.5 11.5

(10 x SA) + (v x S NaOH) = (20 x S HCl)

Strength of antacid (SA1) = 0.015N

ANTACID 2 (ZANTAC)

S. No. Initial Reading Final Reading Titre Value (ml)

1 0 5 5
2 5 10 5
3 10 15 5

(10 x SA) + (v x S NaOH ) = (20 x S HCl)

Strength of antacid (SA2) = 0.08N

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ANTACID 3 (PENTACID)

S. No. Initial Reading Final Reading Titre Value (ml)

1 0 12 12

2 12 24 12

3 24 36 12

(10 x SA) + (v x SNaOH) = (20 x S HCl)

Strength of antacid (SA3) = 0.01N

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REACTIONS INVOLVED

(i) HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H20

(ii) CaCO3 + 2H3O+Ca2+ + 2H2O + H2CO3  H2O(l) + CO2(g)

For this particular experiment, back- titration occurs when an antacid is

dissolved in excess HCl(aq) and the remaining acid is then neutralized by
the standardized NaOH(aq) (Swartz, 2013). From this, the change in
molarity between the initial concentration of HCl(aq) and the moles
neutralized will determine the mass of the active ingredient in the antacid
that can later prove the effectiveness of antacid brands as buffers.

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RESULT:

1. Strength of HCl = 0.065 N

2. Strength of Antacid Tablet (1) = 0.015 N

3. Strength of Antacid Tablet (2) = 0.08 N

4. Strength of Antacid Tablet (3) = 0.01 N

The antacid which requires the least amount of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
is the best antacid. From the recorded observation, Zantac requires the
least (5 ml), and is therefore the best Antacid.

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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

Antacids are the substances used to neutralize stomach acids. The active
ingredients of most of the antacids are bases of calcium, magnesium and
aluminium. In our work we used three solid tablets for the investigation of
acid neutralization efficiency. 1 g of each solid sample was taken and it was
neutralized with 10ml of HCl .The mixture was then titrated against NaOH
to neutralize the remaining acid. The volume of of NaOH required for the
neutralization of acid left in each sample indicated its neutralization
efficiency. From the volume of HCl required for neutralizing a definite
amount of antacid matter was calculated. This study lead to the conclusion
that in case of solid antacids Zantac is the most effective. This project
provides some idea about the ingredients of various antacids. The
information gained from this project will help people to realize the fact that
it is not the price or brand name or the external appearances that works.
Thus people can save money also.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

i. Patel , T. Baheliya, VK, Prajapati, RK, Yadav, VK, Yadav, AK, Jaiswal, 2014,

Heart burn OTC drugs, Pharma tutor, 2 (11): 16-21,

https://www.pharmatutor.org/articles/antacids-heart-burn-otc-drugs

ii. Lullmann H, Mohr K, Hein L, Bieger D: Color Atlas of Pharmacology. 3rd

Edition. Thieme, Stuttgart Germany. 2005

iii. Katakam, P., Tantosh, N. M., AIEshy, A.M., Rajab, L. J. and Elfituri A. A. 2010

A Comparative Study of the Acid Neutralizing Capacity of Various Commercially

Available Antacid Formulations in Libya, Libyan journal of medical Research

7(1): 41-49.

iv. Practical chemistry for class XII-Laxmi publications (P).Ltd

v. http//:projects.icbse.com/chemistry -313

vi. www.google .com

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