EXPERIMENT NO.

AIM:Introduction and implementation of R-Language

2.1 Introduction: R is a programming language and free software environment

for statistical computing and graphics supported by R foundation for statistical
computing .It is widely used among statisticians and data miners for developing
statistical software and data analysis polls.

2.2 Features:
1. R language and its libraries implement wide variety of statistical and graphical
techniques
2. It is easily extensible through functions and extensions.
3. R community is noted for its active contributions in terms of packages.
4. R is static graphics.
5. R has rd, its own LaTeX -like documentation format.

2.3 implementation:

1) Variable: Variable is any value whose value is not fixed.In r language there is no
need to write data type of variable. It can assign value either using arrow <- or
using assignment character = .
Syntax: variable<- value assign or variable =value assign
Example:x<-5

2) Vectors: It is simplest data structure in r language. A vector is a sequence of data

elements of same basic type.
Syntax:V1<-c(components)
Example:V1<-c(2,3,5)
3. List:It is the object which contain elements of different type- like
strings,numbers,vectors.It also contain matrix or a function.
Syntax:l1<-list(components)
Example:l1<-list(2,2.4,3.5)

4. Operators: R language has mainly 4 categories of operators in R programming

language
1) Arithmetic operators:+,-,*,/,^,%%
2) Relational operator: <,>,==,<=,>=,!=
3) Logical operator: &,|,1,&&,||
4) Assignment operator:=,<-,->,<<-,->>

5) Matrices:Matrices are the R objects in which the elements are arranged in 2-

rectangular layout. They are similar to vector but they additionally contain the
dimension attribute.
Syntax: m1<-matrix(range,no. of rows,no. of columns,Byrow=True/False)
Example:matrix(1:6,2,3,Byrow=true)

2.4 functions in R- language: A function in R programming environment,is set

of instructions.A programmer builds a function to avoid same repeating text or
reducing complexity.
1) Built in functions: there are mainly 3 kinds of built in functions.
A. General functions
B. Maths function
C. Statistical function
2) User Define functions: functions written by user is known as user defined
function.It involves name,arguments and a body.
Syntax:Function name<-function(arguments)
{
Computations on the arguments
Some other code
}
Call a function:Function name(parameters)
Example: Evaluate the power of any number
Solution: abc<-function(x,y)
{
x<-x^y
}
Call abc function:abc(5,2)
Output:25