Design of Finite-Duration Impulse Response (FIR) Digital Filter

A few questions

1. How are the specifications given?

By given A( ) and  ( )

2. What is the form of FIR digital filter?

Difference Equation y (nT )   h(kT ) x(nT  kT )
k

(What is T ? sampling period)

Transfer function H ( z )   h(kT ) z  k

k

3. How to select T ?
4. After T is fixed, can we define the normalized frequency r and
A(r ) and  (r ) ? Yes!

Can we then find the desired frequency response

H (r )  A(r )e j ( r ) ? Yes!

5. Why must H( r ) be a periodic function for digital

filter?
r is not H( r ) = H ( n + r ) ? Why? What is its period?
time Tr  1 ( H (r )' s period, not
the sampling period
6. Can H( r ) be expressed in Fourier Series ? Yes!
How?

 0 : sampling frequency? No! T0 : period of x(t )

See general formula :

2
   jn t
x (t )   X n e jn t   X n e jn2f t   X n e
0 0 T0

n   n   n  

2
1 1 T0 / 2  jn t

 
 jn0t
Xn  x(t )e dt  x(t )e T0
dt
T0 T0 T0 T0 / 2

In our case for H(r):


x  H H (r )   X n e jn2 r
 n  
tr  1/ 2

 jn 2 r

T0  1  X n  H ( r ) e dr
1 / 2

What does this mean? Every desired frequency response H(r) of digital

filter can be expressed into Fourier Series ! Further, the coefficients of

the Fourier series can be calculated using H(r)!

Design principle


H (r )  X
n  
n e jn2 r
  

 H (r )   hd (nT )e
 jn 2 r

hd (nT )  X n  n  
Denote
h (nT )  X  1/ 2 H (r )e jn2 r dr
 d n 1/ 2

Consider a filter with transfer function  hd (nT ) z  n
n  

What’s its frequency response ?

 

 hd (nT )(e j 2 r ) n 
n  
h
n  
d (nT )e  j 2 rn  H (r )

given specification of digital filter’s frequency response!

Design Procedure

(1) Given H(r)


(2) Find H(r)’s Fourier series H (r )  h
n  
d (nT )e  j 2 rn

1/ 2
where hd (nT )  1/ 2
H (r )e jn2 r dr

(3) Designed filter’s transfer function


 hd (nT ) z  n
n  

What’s hd(nT) ? Impulse response!

1
Example -10: H (r )  (1  cos 2 r )
2
Solution :

(1) Given H (r ) : done

(2) Find H (r ) ’s Fourier series
 
1
H (r )  (1  cos 2r )   hd (nT )e  jn2 r
2 n  

1 1/ 2
where hd ( nT )   (1  cos 2r )e jn 2r dr
2 1 / 2
n=0

1 1/ 2 1 1/ 2 1 1/ 2 1
2 1 / 2 2 1 / 2 2 1 / 2
hd (0)  (1  cos 2r ) dr  dr  cos 2rdr 
2
n0

1 1 / 2 jn2 r 1 1 / 2 e j 2 r  e  j 2 r j 2nr
hd (nT )   e dr   e dr
2 1 / 2 2 1 / 2 2
1 1/ 2 1 1/ 2
  e j 2 ( n 1) r dr   e j 2 ( n 1) r dr
4 1 / 2 4 1 / 2
1 1/ 2 1
 hd (T )  
4 1 / 2
dr 
4
1 1/ 2 1
hd (T )   dr 
4 1 / 2 4
hd (nT )  0 n  0,1

 
1 1 1
 H ( r )  
n  
hd (nT )e  j 2n r  e  j 2 r   e  j 2 r
4 2 4
 
h (0)  1 , h ( T ) 
1
, hd (nT )  0, | n | 2
 d
2
d
4

(3) Digital Filter


1 1 1
h
n  
d (nT ) z  n  hd (T ) z 1  hd (0)  hd (T ) z 1 
4
z   z 1
2 4

Practical Issues : Infinite number of terms and non-causal


(1) H nc ( z )   hd (nT ) z  n 2M+1 terms
n  
 M 

Truncation => H nc ( z )  h
n M
d (nT ) z ( n
 w ( n) h
n  
r d (nT ) z n )

Rectangular window function

1 | n | M
wr (n)  
0 | n | M
Truncation  window

Effect of Truncation (windowing):

Time Domain: Multiplication ( h and w )

Frequency Domain: Convolution

M
sin  (2M  1)r
wr (e j 2 r )  e
n M
 j 2 n r

sin  r

(After Truncation: The desired frequency Hr

 H r wr frequency response of truncated filter )

The effect will be seen in examples!

(2) Causal Filters:

M M
H c ( z)  z M  hd (nT ) z n 
n M
h
n M
d (nT ) z ( M  n )

2M
k = n+M H c ( z)   hd (kT  MT ) z  k
k 0

2M
Define Lk  hd (kT  Mt )  H c ( z)   Lk z  k
k 0

Relationship: H c ( z)  H nc ( z) z  M
 j 2r j 2r  j 2Mr  Ac (r )  Anc (r )
Frequency Response H ( e )  H ( e ) e  
 c (r )   nc (r )  2Mr
c nc

Design Examples

 n
0.54  0.46 cos | n | M
Hamming window: wh (n)   M
0 | n | M

Example 9-11 Design a digital differentiator

Step1 : Assign H (r )

H (r ) should be the frequency response of the analog differentiator

H(s) = s

=> Desired H (r )  j | 2 f  j 2 f s r

f  rf s

Step2 : Calculate hd(nT)

 1/ 2 1/ 2
hd (nT )   H (r )e j 2 nr dr   ( j 2 f s r )e j 2 nr dr
1 / 2 1 / 2
1/ 2 1/ 2
 1 / 2
H (r )e j 2 nr dr  
1 / 2
( j 2 f s r )e j 2 nr dr
f s 1/ 2
 
n 1 / 2
j 2 nre j 2 nr dr

f 1/ 2
 s  rde j 2 nr r
b
n 1 / 2
b b

a
udv  uv
a
  vdu
a
 s re j 2 nr
f r 1 / 2
  e j 2 nr d (r )
1/ 2

u  r, v  e j 2 nr
n  r  1 / 2 1 / 2 
r 1 / 2
f  j 2 nr 1 j 2 nr 
 s  re  e 
n  j 2n  r 1 / 2
1
fs 1  j n f s  1 1   j n
 
 2 j 2n  e   
 2 j 2n  e

n  n  
f

 s e j  n  e  j n 
2n
fs
j 2 n
2

e j  n  e  j n 
f
 s 2 cos  n 
fs
2 j sin  n
2n j 2n 2

 fs fs 2 j fs
 n ( 1) n
 sin n  (1) n n0
j 2n 2
n
hd (nT )  
 f s  f s sin n  f s [n  sin n]
 n n 2 n 2
 d
[n  sinn ]
 f s lim dn
n 0 dn 2
dn
f    cosn
 s lim
2 n 0 n
f d (   cosn ) / dn
 s lim
2 n 0 d (n ) / dn
fs  2 sinn
 lim 0 n0
2 n 0 

 fs
( 1)n n 1
i.e., hd ( nT )  
n

0 n0

Step 3: Construct nc filter with hamming window (M=7)

 n  1 n 7
fs f
H ( z )   (1) wh (n) z   s (1) n wh (n) z  n
n n

n  7 n n 1 n

H c ( z )  z 7 H ( z )

Example 9-12: Desired low-pass FIR digital filter characteristic

1 | r | 0.15
H (r )  
0 0.15 | r | 0.5
 0.15 1 1
hd (nT )   e j 2 n r dr  (e j 0.3  e  j 0.3 )  sin 0.3 n
0.15 j 2n n

d (sin 0.3 n) / d ( n) 0.3 cos 0.3 n

hd (0T )  lim  lim  0.3
 n0 d ( n) / d ( n)  n 0 1

hd (0)  0.3


  sin 0.3n
hd (nT )  n n0

8
NC filter with 17 weight’s window: H NC ( z )  h
n  8
d (nT ) wh (n) z n , HC  z 8 H NC ( z )
Example 9-13 (90o phase shifter)

 j 0  r  0.5
H (r)  
j  0.5  r  0

0 1/ 2
hd (nT )   je j 2 n r dr   ( j )e j 2 n r dr
1 / 2 0

1 1
 (1  e  jn )  (e jn  1)
2 n 2 n
1 1 cos  n 1
 (e jn  e  jn )   
2 n n n n

1  cosn sinn
n = 0 => hd (0)  lim  lim 0
n  0 n n  0 1
 hd (0)  0

  1
 h ( nT )  [1  ( 1)n ] n0
d
n

2
 n  odd
 n

0 n  0, n  even

2
 n  odd
=> hd (nT )  n

0 n  even

Filter: H NC ( z )  h
n  7
d (n) wh (n) z  n M 7

HC  z 7 H NC ( z )
Fig. 9-32 Amplitude response of digital 90 degree phase shifter