RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 1

College of Engineering and Industrial Technology

APPROVAL SHEET

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of

Science in Civil Engineering, the study entitled REVITALIZING OF
BARANGAY MALAMIG THROUGH HEAVY METALS MITIGATION BY
FOLIAR METHOD TOWARDS GREEN ENVIRONMENT has been submitted,
assessed, and is hereby recommended for approval and acceptance.

Dr. Noel D. Binag

Date Adviser

Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering by the Oral Examination Committee.

Engr. Neneth R. Valencia

Chairman

Prof. Mauro D. Yasay Prof. Jethro Jhames D. Jose

Member Member

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering with a grade of ______.

Engr. Orlando Echaluse

Date OIC CEIT Dean

 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 2
College of Engineering and Industrial Technology

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Foremost, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to:

God, who gave us strength, patient, eagerness to finish our conducted

researched.

Dr. Noel Hugo D. Binag, for the continuous support, for his patience,

motivation, enthusiasm, immense knowledge and for his constructive criticism.

His guidance helped us in all the time of research and writing of this thesis. We

could not have imagined having a better advisor and mentor.

Beside to our advisor, we would like to thank Sir John Paul Reynales

& Sir Jose Joshua Nolasco for their insightful comments and hard questions

to build our conducted research.

Our sincere thanks also go to Josel Godezano (Science Research

Specialist in DENR), for giving us other ideas and accommodation to help us

to fully understand our study.

To Catherine C. Manalili and Jaspher T. Manabat from City

Environment Sanitation Services, Greening and Beautification, Mandaluyong.

We would like to express our deepest gratitude for helping us by giving their
 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 3
College of Engineering and Industrial Technology

advice and ideas to help us to finish this research and also by letting us plant

our samples in Dansalan Street, Brgy. Malamig, Mandaluyong City.

In addition, we thank the DENR-ERDB and DENR-EMB, who gave us

the data that we need to complete our research study.

To Intertek Testing Services Philippines. INC, for providing analysis

and data for our research and being a venue for us to translate our ingenuity to

word and figures.

To Franco Salvador, for guiding us in making our design and giving the

best idea for the aesthetic of our work. Our heart is full of gratitude for keeping

up with us and helping to finish our design.

We are extremely grateful to Janine Catayoc, David Paolo Estacio,

Debir Tan, for lending a hand to complete and refine our paperwork

wholeheartedly and without hesitation, we have no valuable words to express

our thanks, but our heart is still full of the favors received from them.

And finally, to our beloved Parents and Family, we our ultimately

grateful by loving, praying, carrying and giving supports to complete thus

thesis successfully.
 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 4
College of Engineering and Industrial Technology

DEDICATION

The success and attainment of this research is dedicated to our beloved

families, to Cagat Family, to Cantonjos Family, to Maramba Family, Martinez

Family, and Relampagos Family, and as well as to our friend who are always

on our side, giving us the necessary help that we need upon making this

research study possible, we are wholeheartedly and very thankful to all of your

supports.

We would also like to dedicate this study to the future researches who

wish to conduct such similar study that our research could help them achieve

the success of their own study.

Above anything else, we dedicated this research study to our Almighty

Lord God who gave us patience, strength, eagerness to finished and attain the

success of this study.

-The Researchers
 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 5
College of Engineering and Industrial Technology

ABSTRACT

Heavy metals are defined as metallic elements that have relatively high

density compared to water. With the assumption that heaviness and toxicity

are inter-related, heavy metals also include metalloids, such as arsenic, that

are able to induce toxicity at low level of exposure.

This study aims to reduce air pollutants such as heavy metals with high

concentration in air. It was conducted at thoroughfare of Dansalan corner

Arayat Street. The four urban plant species of plants are designed alongside

the thoroughfare of a busy street. Plant leaves are proven to accumulate

heavy metals in air via foliar method. Atmospheric heavy metals may be

absorbed via foliar organs of plants after wet or dry deposition of atmospheric

fallouts on plant canopy.

Our plants came from a developed and clean environment and after that

transported in a contaminated environment. The plants were uncovered for

approximately 17 days to assimilate sufficient sum of lead and copper. After

the said length and presentation, the sample will undergo a chemical

investigation to obtain the rate of overwhelming metals.

 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 6
College of Engineering and Industrial Technology

It will easily discern from the result that proves and will give a quantity to

satisfy the experiment. In conclusion, the four species of plant have proven to

be compelling in lessening air pollutants and can survive in a cruel

environment. With that, it is concluded that this plant can be placed and

designed along the roads while absorbing pollutants.

-The Researchers
 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 7
College of Engineering and Industrial Technology

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages

TITLE PAGE I

APPROVAL SHEET II

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT III

DEDICATION IV

ABSTRACT V

TABLE OF CONTENTS VII

LIST OF TABLES XII

LIST OF FIGURES XIII

APPENDICES

CHAPTER
 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 8
College of Engineering and Industrial Technology

I. PROBLEM AND IT’S BACKGROUND

Introduction 1

Background of the Study 5

Theoritical Framework 6

Conceptual Framework 7

Statement of The Prolem 9

Objective of the Study 9

Hypothesis 10

Scope and Delimitation of The Study 11

Significance of The Study 12

Definition of Terms 13

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Potential of Plant to accumulate heavy metals 16

Heavy metal of higher concentration leads to toxicity 17

Health hazards of heavy metal toxicity in human

and its sources 17

Lead 17
 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 9
College of Engineering and Industrial Technology

Copper 18

Leaf absorption via Foliar Method 18

Green City of India 19

Green Buildings 25

The Greenest Cities of Europe 26

Green roof 31

Urban Planning 32

Sustainable Development 34

Urban Life—The Face of the Future 35

The Environment—An Essential Asset for Cities 36

Internal City-Environment Interactions 39

Environmental Health Risks and Hazards 41

Environmental Planning 42

Building greener cities: nine benefits of urban trees 45

Synthesis of the Study 49

 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 10
College of Engineering and Industrial Technology

III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Researcg Method 51

Coordinating with the authorities.

(DENR-ERDB & DENR-Toxic and Hazardous

Waste Research, Development, & Extension Center) 52

Identifying of 20 urban plants given by DENR-REDB 53

Selection of 4 urban plants among others that are

expert in copper and lead absorption based on

the recommendation of DENR-ERDB 64

Gathering of essential parts of the 4 urban plant species 64

Testing of 4 urban plant species under chemical analysis 66

Investigating the environmental condition

of Brgy. Malamig 67

Revitalizing Brgy. Malamig by designing the

environmental urban planning using the

 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 11
College of Engineering and Industrial Technology

4 urban plant species 69

Statistical Treatment of Data 69

Social Survey 70

IV. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

The most effective specie among the plants

have eliminated the higher amount of heavy metals. 70

Percentage of copper content under the

experimental condition 71

Percentage of lead content under the

experimental condition 72

Revitaling of Brgy. Malamig using the

4 urban plant species 74

Perception of the respondents in revitalizing
Brgy. Malamig 81
 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 12
College of Engineering and Industrial Technology

V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 86

CONCLUSIONS 86

RECOMMENDATIONS 87

REFERENCES 89
 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 13
College of Engineering and Industrial Technology

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE

Table I. Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Subjects 70

Table II. Difference in Initial and Final Accumulation of

Heavy Metals 74

Table III. Copper content of the 4 urban species of plant 75

Table IV. Lead content of the 4 urban species of plant 77

Table V. Single Anova for Italian Grass 78

Table VI. Single Anova for Indian Tree 79

Table VII. Single Anova for Santan 79

Table VIII. Single Anova for Eugenia 80

Table IX. Perceptions of the Respondents regarding on the

Revitalizing of Brgy. Malamig 81

 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 14
College of Engineering and Industrial Technology

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURES
Figure 1. Rizal Technological University 4

Figure 2. Boni Tunnel 4

Figure 3. Triangle Park 4

Figure 4. Research Paradigm 8

Figure 5. Rose Garden 20

Figure 6. Japanese Garden 20

Figure 7. Gandhinagar 21

Figure 8. Bhopal 21

Figure 9. Jamshedpur 22

Figure 10. Thiruvananthapuram 22

Figure 11. Bangalore 23

Figure 12. Delhi 23

Figure 13. Hyderabad 24

Figure 14. Pune 24

Figure 15. Ljubljana 27

Figure 16. London 28

Figure 17. Hamburg 29

Figure 18. Oslo 30

 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 15
College of Engineering and Industrial Technology

Figure 19. Eugenia 53

Figure 20. Manila Palm 53

Figure 21. White Angel 54

Figure 22. Fire Tree 54

Figure 23. Bougainvillea 55

Figure 24. Santan 55

Figure 25. Yellow Bell 56

Figure 26. Narra 56

Figure 27. Agave 57

Figure 28. Ferns 57

Figure 29. Kamuning 58

Figure 30. Cassia 58

Figure 31. Calanchoes 59

Figure 32. Acacia 59

Figure 33. Tsaang-Gubat 60

Figure 34. Palmera 60

Figure 35. Creeping Fig 61

Figure 36. Picara 61

Figure 37. Gumamela 62

 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 16
College of Engineering and Industrial Technology

Figure 38. Niyog-Niyugan Vine 62

Figure 39. Creeping Daisy 63

Figure 40. Ti Plant 63

Figure 41. Gloves 64

Figure 42. Garden Water Can 64

Figure 43. Garden Scissors 65

Figure 44. Ziplock 65

Figure 45. Garden Shovel 65

Figure 46. Weighing Scale 65

Figure 47. Sample of urban plant species 66

Figure 48. Location of Brgy. Malamig 67

Figure 49. Land Use Map of Brgy. Malamig 68

Figure 50. Initial and Final Percentage of Copper Content 72

Figure 51. Initial and Final Percentage of Lead Content 73

 RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 17
College of Engineering and Industrial Technology

APPENDICES

A. Laboratory Test 85

B. Vegetation 94

C. Documentation 106

D. Letters 113

E. Computation 114

F. Curriculum Vitae 120