Functions and Equations

Directly Proportional y=kxy=kx k=yxk=y

x

kk: Constant of Proportionality

Inversely y=kxy=kx k=yxk=y
Proportional x

Quadratic formula x=−b±b2−4ac−−−−−−−√2ax=-b±b2-4ac2a

Concave up: a>0a>0

Concavity
ax2+bx+c=0ax2+bx+c=0 Concave down: a<0a<0

Discriminant Δ=b2−4acΔ=b2-4ac

Vertex of the parabola V(−b2a,−Δ4a)V(-b2a,-Δ4a)

Concave up: a>0a>0

Concavity
y=a(x−h)2+ky=a(x-h)2+k Concave down: a<0a<0

Vertex of the parabola V(h,k)V(h,k)

Zero-product A×B=0⇔A=0∨B=0A×B=0⇔A=0∨B
ex : (x+2)×(x−1)=0⇔(x+2)×(x-1)=0⇔
x+2=0∨x−1=0⇔x=−2∨x=1x+2=0∨x-1=0⇔x=-
property =0
2∨x=1

Difference of two (a−b)(a+b)=a2−b2(a-b)(a+b)=a2-b2 ex : (x−2)(x+2)=x2−22=x2−4(x-2)(x+2)=x2-22=x2-4

squares

Perfect square ex : (2x+3)2=(2x)2+2⋅2x⋅3+32=(2x+3)2=(2x)2+2⋅2x⋅

(a+b)2=a2+2ab+b2(a+b)2=a2+2ab+b2 3+32=
trinomial 4x2+12x+94x2+12x+9

Binomial theorem (x+y)n=∑k=0n nCk xn−k yk