SCHOOL BASED

ASSESSMENT

NAME: VEDESH RAMROOP

SCHOOL: ZEEBURG SECONDARY
GRADE: 11 TVET
SUBJECT: ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY
SECTION: CORE
TEACHER: V. AMBEDKAR

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Electrical and electronic drafting

Introduction

Drafting is a graphical language that uses lines, symbols, dimensions and notes to convey ideas
and plans by means of drawings. The drawings produced provide information that would
otherwise take many written pages or hours of verbal instruction to convey. Such drawings also
provide:

(a) a means of expressing creative design concepts

(b) a basis for preparing cost estimates

(c) instructions to the electrician working on the installation

(d) a means of keeping a permanent record of completed projects

A complimentary requirement of the electrician is a working knowledge of blueprints. Blueprint

reading refers of the process of interpreting prints [diagrams] to form a mental picture of how an
object will look when completed, or how a circuit works or is to be installed. The reading and
understanding of blueprints begin with the recognition of the lines and symbols that appear in the
diagrams.

Electrical and electronic drafting is accomplished with the aid of special drafting tools and aids
such as templates. One template, for example, may have several symbols that can be easily
reproduced.

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Symbols

The components [parts] used in electrical and electronic circuits vary in shape and size. To
simplify the task of drawing complicated circuits, use is made of symbols. Symbols are simple
graphics or letters used to represent actual components and electrical quantities. The graphical
symbol rarity looks exactly like the component but is usually drawn in such a manner as to
suggest the actual component it represents, and lines are used to represent the wires
interconnecting the various symbols. The use of symbols assists in understanding how a circuit
operates, but presumes that the person looking at the diagram is reasonably familiar with the
operation of the components represented. It is therefore very important that the electrician is
familiar with the various symbols. The graphical symbols for some commonly used electrical
and electronic components are given in appendix. *

In addition, components are usually identified by letter symbols such as R for resistors, C for
capacitors, Q for transistors, etc. Since a graphical symbol may be repeated several times in a
single drawing, it becomes necessary to identify each component. This is achieved by the use of
a reference designator, which is a unique combination of letters and numbers. The letter
identifies the class of the component [a resistor, a coil, etc.], while the number differentiates
between components of the same class. In other words, symbols are further identified by letter-
number combinations such as R1, R2, R3 (sometimes written as R1, R2, R3), to prevent confusion
when more than one component of the same class are used. Numbers are usually assigned [as in
a schematic diagram] so that the lowest number for that class of component is in upper left-hand
corner of the drawing, and proceed consecutively from left to right, and from top to bottom if the
diagram has two or more layers.

Unfortunately, different countries use different symbols, and different symbols have evolved to
represent certain components, and this does cause some confusion.

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Sketching

Many ideas and designs are easily expressed first in the form of freehand sketches before they
are later translated into finished drawings. The draftsman may be called upon to go out and
sketch and electrical system so that it can be modified or updated. In preparing electrical
sketches, a systematic procedure should be followed. For example, the task may be to make a
survey and recorded the existing conditions of the electrical installation within a building. To do
this, the draftsman should first make a sketch of the building's floor plan. While the sketch need
not be to scale, it should be reasonably proportioned. Next, all fuse panels, electrical outlets,
lighting fixtures, etc. should be located and drawn within the floor plan in their respective
positions. If necessary, the drawing should be dimensioned.

There are times when in order to understand how a circuit works, the electrician may be required
to make a sketch of the circuit from an actual circuit board. The do this, he will have to trace the
circuit from component to component and make sketches accordingly. The circuit elements on
the sketch may have to be rearranged several times before the drawing gets to a stage where it
can be properly understood and, therefore, the operation of the circuit clarified. Repair then
becomes easier.

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Electrical Diagrams

A diagram is a drawing or plan that shows how the different elements are connected, or arranged
the form to complete circuit or system. The diagram employs standardized symbols and serves
as a record that will guide those who would have to install, maintain and repair the circuit. It
also provides the basis for preparing cost estimates, and makes copying, studying, modification,
etc. possible.

The electrical and electronic industry uses many types of diagrams, several of which may be
used for a single project. The diagrams are intended to show in diagrammatic form electrical
components and their related connections. Some of these diagrams include:

1. Pictorial diagrams

2. Block diagrams

3. Single-line diagrams

4. Elementary diagrams

5. Schematic diagrams

6 Wiring diagrams

7. Electrical layout diagrams

8. Plot plans

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Pictorial diagrams

Pictorial diagrams show how the components are located within the assembly, as well as wiring
connections. In these diagrams, three-dimensional effects are simulated by drawing several faces
of an object in a single view. They are usually drawn more or less to scale. Pictorial diagrams
are also used to illustrate various components, such as resistors, used in electrical and electronic
systems. An example of a pictorial diagram is given in Fig.

This type of drawing is very easy to follow and proves very useful to those who are not trained in
blueprint reading. They are often used in do-it-yourself kits, and in manufacturing to show how
the finished product would look.

Pictorial diagrams, however, have a disadvantage in that they do not give a clear idea as to how
the components relate to each other electrically, since the circuit’s current-flow paths are not
easily traced. In addition, drawing such diagrams require a lot of time and space.

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Block diagrams

A block diagram uses blocks to show the overall relationships between the various sections or
the operation sequence of the separate units of a system without detailing the internal design of
the units. Individual components and wiring connections are not shown on the diagrams, as they
may unnecessarily complicate the drawing. Instead, the diagrams show in block form the path of
the signal from the input to the output of the system. Each block represents a circuit that
performs a specific function. Squares and rectangles are primarily used, but occasionally
triangles and circles are also used. Graphical symbols are rarely used except as input and output
devices. A brief description outlining the function performed by the circuit represented by a
block is usually written in the block.

The blocks are joined by heavy lines with arrowheads at the ends to show the direction of the
signal flow. The blocks are usually arranged in a definite pattern of rows and columns with the
main signal path progressing from left to right which, incidentally, is the direction in which the
diagram is read. Auxiliary units, such as power supplies and oscillators, etc. are usually placed
below the main diagram. However, power can reasonably be assumed as provided as necessary,
and as such, the power supply block is often omitted.

Fig. shows the block diagram for a regulated power supply.

The operation of the system may be explained as follows: the input a.c. voltage is stepped down
by the transformer and is then rectified. The rectified voltage then passes through a smoothing
circuit and finally through a voltage regulator which produces the final d.c. output.

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Single-line diagrams

A single-line diagram, also referred to as a one-line diagram, is a diagram which shows the
course of an electric circuit, by means of single lines and appropriate graphic symbols. The
conductors [normally two or more] connected between any two components in the actual circuit
are represented by a single line. Single-line diagrams are simplified representations of complex
circuits or entire systems, and are used primarily in areas such as electrical power and industrial
control.

Fig. shows a single-line diagram for the installation in a large building.

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Sub-distribution boards are each connected to separate ways in the main distribution board.
Such a diagram shows the distribution of power with respect to current flow from the power
source to the downstream loads or distribution boards. In complex installations, the electrician
can rely on this diagram to find his way around the installation.

Electrical power systems are normally represented by single-line diagrams which show basic
information about the associated components and circuits and their operating sequence. Fig.
shows a typical power system and its equivalent single-line diagram.

In a typical single-line diagram, the thick connecting lines indicate primary circuits, while the
medium lines indicate connections to voltage and current sources. Again, a single line is used to
represent a multi-conductor circuit. In single-line diagrams, it is standard practice to use either
horizontal or vertical connecting lines, with the highest voltage at the top or left of the diagram,
and successively lower voltages toward the bottom or right. The use of graphic symbols and
component designations as previously described also apply to single-line diagrams. In addition,

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small circles and rectangles are used to depict components, further identified by abbreviations
and letter combinations.

In fact, when designing a large power system, the single-line diagram is usually one of the first
drawings made because it provides the basic information that will serve as a guide in the
preparation of more detailed plans.

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Elementary diagrams

Functional drawings of industrial control circuits and those for electrical power switchgear are
referred to as elementary diagrams. An elementary diagram shows the electrical connections and
functions of a circuit in its simplest form. The diagrams are characterized by the prominent use
of contactors, relays, switches, and overload symbols, as well as the use of notes. The control
circuit components are usually shown between two vertical lines, which represent the control
power supply. The devices and components are not shown in their actual positions, but they are
all identified, so that they can be compared with the actual physical components. The circuit
connections are drawn horizontally from one supply line, through contacts and current-
consuming devices to the other supply line. The circuits making up the diagram are usually
arranged in a functional logical sequence from left to right or form top to bottom, and
connections indicate the current flow paths through the various components. The connections
are made so that the functions and sequence of operations of the various devices and circuits can
be easily traced. A distinct advantage of this circuit is that it clearly shows the effects that
opening or closing the various contacts or the operation of one device would have on other
devices in the circuit. In these diagrams, all lines representing connecting wires are usually
drawn horizontally or vertically. This gives the diagram a layered appearance Control circuits
are usually designed to function in a predetermined logical manner. If two control devices are
connected in series, for example, the AND function results. In Fig. , only when both the
temperature switch and the level switch are on will the heater be energized. Similarly, when two
control devices are connected in parallel, the OR function results. In Fig. , If either the push
button or the foot switch is pressed, the motor will run. The components are so arranged as to
show the sequence of operation of the devices and helps in understanding how the circuit works.
The effect of operating the various control devices, auxiliary contacts, etc., can be readily seen.
Relays, contactors and magnetic motor starters normally have more than one set of auxiliary
contacts. These contacts may appear at several different locations in the diagram and, as such, it
is usual to positively identify the contacts controlled by a particular device.

This form of electrical diagram is sometimes referred to as a ' schematic' or ' line' diagram. An
example of a three-layer elementary diagram is shown in Fig.

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In Fig. , which represents a simple motor control circuit, the contacts marked M are controlled
by the coil M. With the coil M de-energized, power is supplied to the pilot light R through the
normally-closed contact M. When the start button is pressed, the coil M is energized and the
state of the contacts M change. The contact M feeding the pilot light opens and the lamp goes
out. The other contact, M, called the ‘maintaining contact’, closes and keeps the coil energized
after the start button is released. If the stop button is pressed, coil M will de-energize and the
pilot light will again light up. In other words, such a pilot light can be used as a warning to
indicate that the motor has stopped, for whatever reason. Conventionally, the overload contacts
is drawn after the starter coil even though in the actual circuit they are usually located before the
coil.

For proper operation, no two loads should be connected in series in any one line segment. When
two loads are to be controlled by the same device, they must be connected in parallel, as shown
in Fig,

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Generally, an elementary diagram gives a fast, easily understood picture of the circuit. Because
it is quite easy to check for the correctness of electrical connections and the absence of bypass
faults, the diagram also helps in troubleshooting.

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Schematic diagrams

A schematic diagram is a shorthand way of drawing an electric circuit in its simplest form. The
diagram shows the element-by-element relationship of each component of the circuit. These
diagrams are seldom, if ever, drawn to scale, and the components are not usually shown in their
actual positions. However, the components are all specifically identified. The components are
usually arranged neatly, and in a logical sequence. The circuits are often drawn between two
horizontal or vertical lines, representing the power supply rails. The live [or positive] rail is
usually placed at the top or to the left of the diagram, and the neutral [or negative] at the bottom
or right.

Lines joining the symbols indicate that the components are connected. A heavy dot at the
junction of crossing lines means that there is a connection between the conductors, while the
absence of a dot indicates that the conductors cross without connecting.

Fig. shows a simple circuit in pictorial form on its schematic diagram equivalent. As can be
seen, the circuits each have three components; a battery, a switch, and a lamp.

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The schematic diagram facilitates easy tracing of the circuit from the beginning to the end and,
as such, gives a detailed idea of how the circuit or device operates, and aids in troubleshooting.
The lines [conductors] connecting the symbols are usually drawn either horizontally or
vertically; rarely are they drawn slanted. The diagrams are so drawn that for each component, it
is possible to trace a complete conducting loop, or path, leading from one rail of the supply to the
next. The path may consist of one or more components in series, and additional conductors may
branch off to other components. The signal path through the circuit should be clear. In general,
signals go through the circuit from left to right.

There are various types of schematic diagrams. One commonly used type is the elementary
diagram. Another type of schematic diagram is the drawings most frequently used in the
electronics industry. Electronic diagrams generally indicate the scheme, or plan that shows how
electronic components are connected for a specific purpose. Very often, these circuits are drawn
between two horizontal lines.

All components have values or types indicated directly on the schematic diagram, adjacent to the
respective component. Typical examples include 20  for R2, 0.2 F for C1, and 2N3055 for Q3,
etc. When the values are not given in this way, they are usually stated in the parts list or the
notes that accompany the diagram. Power supply connections are normally assumed for op-
amps and logic devices. A little area is usually included at the bottom of the page with the name
of the circuit or device. To save time, schematic diagrams may be drawn freehand using a dark
pencil or ink. These diagrams are used extensively for circuit design and analysis, as well as for
installation and maintenance of the circuit or device. An example of such a circuit is shown in
Fig.

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Wiring diagrams

Fig. shows a single-line diagram of the control circuit for a D.O.L starter fitted with a pilot
light to indicate when the starter is energized.

While installing control circuits, one is guided by the so-called wiring diagrams which indicate
the destination of each lead [cable or wire]. A wiring diagram is a diagram showing how the
electrical connections are made between components by means of wires, terminals, connectors,
etc. It contains information used in the installation and maintenance of electrical and electronic
equipment. A typical wiring diagram shows the circuit components in their actual locations in
relation to each other. The components are usually identified, and all poles, terminals, contacts
and coils are shown on each device. Wiring connections and terminal markings are usually
shown.

As such, these diagrams are particularly helpful when installing devices, or in wiring circuits
because the connections can be made exactly as they appear on the diagram. The diagram also
provides a means of physically tracing the wires when troubleshooting, thereby enabling
electrical faults to be diagnosed to specific parts of the circuit.

A wiring diagram, however, is limited in its ability to convey a clear picture of the operational
sequence of the device. Further, a wiring diagram may be complex, but the electrician must
understand it as he may be required to make changes to either the power or the control circuit.

A typical wiring diagram for a single-phase a.c. motor starter controlled from a remote location
according to the sequence in Fig. is shown in Fig.

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In Fig. , the bold lines denote the power circuit, and the thin lines are used to show the control
circuit. This contrast makes the diagram easier to read. Conventionally, in a.c. magnetic
starters, black wires are used in power circuits, and red wires are used for control circuits. The
power circuit and the control circuit are dependent on each other, but are considered two separate
circuits because they are often at different voltage levels, (the control circuit being fed through a
transformer), and always at different current levels.

The solid connecting wires are usually installed by the starter manufacturer. The wires indicated
by dotted lines must be installed by electrician installing the device. Different manufacturers
present their wiring information differently. Further, to maintain clarity, complex diagrams may
be broken up into several sections with appropriate labelling and instructions to assist in their
installation.

When installing equipment, the electrician may also encounter a form of wiring diagram known
as an interconnection diagram, which shows only external connections between unit assemblies
or equipment. The internal connections of the unit assemblies or equipment are usually omitted
on these diagrams. Another type of wiring diagram is the layout diagram dealing with the

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physical position of major components and with the arrangement of the wires and cables. The
wires are usually marked by sleeves near their ends. This is especially important where several
wires are grouped together, each wire having the same marking at both ends. The terminals to
which the wires are to be connected are usually marked as well. This type of wiring is typical in
electrical panels where the wires are run, or grouped, in a particular way and the terminations are
made at terminal blocks.

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Electrical layout diagrams

An electrical wiring plan or layout diagram shows where the components of a building's
electrical installation are to be located. It is usually placed on a copy of the floor plan which
shows the walls and partitions. The physical locations of the meter, distribution board, socket
outlets, switches, lighting fixtures, and other special-purpose outlets, etc., with all related wiring
and conduits, are identified. Each component is represented by its appropriate symbol in the
exact location where it is to be installed. In addition, appliances as in the kitchen are often
shown on this plan. Some common location symbols for installation drawings are shown in Fig.

A separate drawing is prepared for each floor level. Items such as fluorescent lighting fixtures,
distribution boards and the like, are drawn to scale. However, to locate items such a socket
outlet, switches, etc., measurements are usually made from the center of the component, since
the dimensions of these components are normally exaggerated so that they can be clearly shown.

The distribution board is usually located close to the area where the largest amount of electricity
will be used. In most homes, this is the kitchen. In so doing, the installation will prove less
costly and more efficient since larger loads require larger, and therefore more expensive cables,
and result in large voltage drops when the loads are far from the distribution board.

While the meter may be located inside or outside the building, a convenient position outside the
building is usually preferred because it makes meter reading easier. Lighting fixtures are usually
mounted on the wall, on the ceiling, and sometimes on the outside as security lights.

The wiring for final-circuits is usually indicated by a single line drawn from outlet to outlet and
then to the distribution board. The three types of lines commonly used to indicate final-circuit
wiring are shown in Fig.

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Curved lines, as drawn by French curves, are preferred to straight lines or those drawn
freehanded. Straight lines tend to become confused other lines, while freehand lines lack
neatness.

The feed cable run from the circuit breaker to the first outlet in a circuit is called a “home run”.
Sometimes this line is cut short, and a “home-run” arrowhead is placed at its end to indicate that
the circuit is to be run to the distribution board (home). To identify which distributed board and
which sub-circuit an outlet or appliance is to be connected, circuit references are added to the
layout drawing, as shown in Fig.

Fig. indicates that the wire should be taken to the distribution board # 2 and connected to
circuit 3, i.e., way # 3.

A simple layout diagram is shown in Fig. , which details the lighting circuits. The socket
outlets comprising the power distribution system can also be connected likewise.

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Apart from specifying the type, rating, and location of the components to be used, the plan also
identifies the number and types of circuits in the installation. In effect, the electrical plan details
the electrical work to be done and the materials and fixtures to be used.

When various types of lighting fixtures are involved, it is usual to include a lighting fixture
schedule [specification] with the electrical plan. The schedule should show:

1. The number of each type of lighting fixture.

2. The wattage of each fixture.

3. The location and mounting height of wall fixtures

Procedure or steps in drawing an electrical plan.

1. Draw the floor plan showing all walls, partitions, and major appliances.

2. Locate the meter and distribution board, indicating their voltage and current ratings.

3. Locate all socket outlets using appropriate symbols.

4. Locate all ceiling and wall lighting outlets using appropriate symbols.

5. Show all special outlets and fixtures such as telephones, door bells, etc.

6. Locate all switches using appropriate symbols, and link them up [using lines] to the outlets or
lighting fixtures which they operate.

7. Add the lighting fixtures schedule [specification] and symbol legend if necessary.

8. Fill in the title block section with information such as title of drawing, scale, and sheet
number, etc.

9. Check the drawing for accuracy and completeness of the information provided.

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A wiring layout plan also indicates the paths the wire will take from the distribution board to the
outlets in the circuit. However, a basic floor plan diagram sometimes omit the conduit system
and associated wire runs and wire sizes, in which case, the electrician must plan this aspect of the
job on paper before wires are drawn in.

Generally, before wires are installed the route of each wire run should be planned. The shortest
run is usually the best.

Several circuits may be drawn on the same copy. However, if many circuits are involved,
several copies of the floor plan can be made and used to draw different circuit runs so as to avoid
clutter.

The number of cables to be drawn into a conduit is usually shown by placing a number along the
conduit run, as in Fig. (a), which indicates that there should be three cables in the conduit. The
same information is sometimes communicated by placing three strokes on the conduit as in Fig.
(b).

When conduits carry cables of different sizes, it is usual to indicate this as shown in Fig. (c),
which shows a section of a 20 mm conduit with three 1.5 mm2 cables and six 2.5 mm2 cables.

Fig. shows the installation’s lighting divided into two circuits, with switches controlling lights
as in Fig,..

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Circuit # 1 shows one way of representing the wire runs where the number of strokes on each
line indicates the number of cables in that part of the circuit. Circuit # 2 shows the actual wires
in the various sections of the circuit, and typical connections using the loop-in method of wiring.
The wire runs shown in Fig. , are only one solution. Other solutions (arrangements) may also
be suitable. Similar wire runs may also be drawn for the socket outlets.

During installation, when each wire run is completed according to the plan, it is advisable to
cross out the line on the plan that represents that wire run. By so doing, no wire runs will be
omitted, and the correct number and sizes of wire will be run to the correct place. This
procedure will also be helpful if several people are engaged installing wires.

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Site plans

A site plan [sometimes called a plot plan] is a view from above that shows property boundaries,
the location of the building (or buildings) on the property, and all outside electrical wiring,
including the service point. This type of diagram is drawn to scale with the exception of the
various electrical symbols that must be enlarged to be readable.

Utilities such as electrical power lines and telephone lines also appear on site plans. In order to
prepare the new design drawing, the designer also includes information regarding the available
public utilities and their location on or near the property lines, since this is where he must obtain
power for the new electrical service that will feed the building.

Fig. shows a typical building plot plan with related electrical wiring.

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