Voice –indicates the form of the transitive verb which signals whether the subject is the doer of receiver

of the action.
 Active Voice – shows the subject as the doer of the action.
Examples:
 We decorated our home for the holidays.
 They distribute gift bags to indigent families.
 The researchers compared the behavior of two groups of children.

 Passive Voice – shows the subject as the receiver of the action. The passive voice consists of the past participle
of the main verb used with a form of the verb be.
Examples:
 Our home was decorated for the holidays.
 Gift bags are distributed to indigent families.
 The behavior of two groups of children was compared (by the researchers).
Changing Active to Passive Voice
Active Passive
Present (base form/s form of the verb) (is, are + past participle)
dances is danced
dance are danced
Past (past tense of the verb) (was, were + past participle)
danced was danced/ were danced
Future (future tense of the verb) (will be/ shall be + past participle)
Will dance will be danced/ shall be danced
Active – Passive Voice
Transform active to passive voice by following these steps.
 Make the receiver of the active sentence the subject of the passive voice sentence.
Ex. The children ate the cookies.
The cookies were eaten by the children.
 Transform the verb into a form of to be plus the past participle of the main verb.
Ex. The children ate the cookies.
The cookies were eaten by the children.
 Put the subject/agent of the active sentence into a by phrase. It is placed after the past participle.
Ex. The children eat the cookies.
The cookies were eaten by the children.
Rewrite each sentence changing the verb from active to passive.
1. The doctor examined the patient.
2. John will deliver the message tomorrow.
3. My boss made the decision yesterday.
4. A student wrote the winning essay.
5. The home furnishes the basic education of the child.

Direct and Indirect Speech

We often have to give information about what people say or think. In order to do this you can use direct or
quoted speech, or indirect or reported speech
Note: Direct speech gives the exact words of the speaker. On the other hand, indirect speech gives the words of the
speaker as reported by another person.
Direct Speech ( Introductory part and Qouted Indirect Speech
part) The boy said that he did his assignment.
The boy said, “I do my assignment.” He said that he was happy.
“I am happy,” he said. She said she had taught online the day before
She said, “I taught online yesterday.”

When direct speech is changed into indirect speech, the following changes take place.
For Statements:
1. The introductory word “that” is used.
Benny said, “It was rainy yesterday.” > Benny said that it was rainy the day before.
2. When the verb in the introductory part is in the present tense, then the verb in the quoted part remains the same. (no
change in tense)
She says, “ The air is clear.” > She says that the air is clear.

3. When the verb in the introductory part is in the past tense, then the verbs within the inverted commas will undergo
corresponding changes in the indirect speech statements.
Present ----- Past She said, “ The place is near.” > She said that the place was near.
Past- Past Perfect Eva said, “ I went to New York last week.” > Eva said that she had gone to New York the
week before.

4. When the quoted part expresses a fact in the general truth, the verb in the indirect speech is in the past tense.
“Taal is the smallest volcano in the Philippines,” the teacher said.
The teacher said that Taal is the smallest volcano in the Philippines.

For Questions:
In Wh- question, the question words who, what, when, where, why and how serve as link between the
introductory clause and the reported question.
“Why do you follow the Camino Real?” he asked his father.
He asked his father why he followed the Camino Real.
They ask, “ When will you leave?”
They ask when I will leave.
“Where will you live after graduation?” the teacher asked.
The teacher asked where I would live after graduation.
5. In yes- no questions, the connector if or whether is used as a link between the introductory part and the reported
question.
Note: if – answerable by yes or no.
whether-- choices

“Do you remember what I told you?” Leon asked Maria,

Leon asked Maria if she remembered what he told her.
“Are we leaving today or tomorrow?” he asks.
He asks whether they are leaving that day or the next day.
6. For Commands and requests
Say- ask, advsie, request, order, forbid
Said – asked, advised, requested, order, forbade
 The verbs tell, order, request, bid, or command are used in the introductory part.
“Baldo answered me,”Leon said.
Leon told Baldo to answer him.
 The doctor said to the patient, “Quit smoking.”
The doctor advised the patient to quit smoking.
 Captain says, “Follow me.”
Captain says to follow him.

Aside from changes in the verb tense, word order and introductory word used changes in pronouns, adjectives
and adverbs also take place when changing direct speech to indirect speech.

For adverbial expressions of time: Pronouns:

Today > that day
last night > the night before I- he/she/I our- their
last week> the week before me- him/her ours-theirs
tonight> that night my- his/her you- I/me/us/they/them
now> then/ that time me-they you- their
tomorrow > that night us- them

Place: here> there