Sets

A PREPARED BY: MARK IGNACIOS G.
TOBIAS
Any group or collection of objects is called a
set. The objects that belong in a set are the
elements, or members, of the set.
SETS │MARK IGNACIOS GERONES TOBIAS

EXAMPLE:
The set consisting of the four seasons has spring, summer,
fall, and winter as its elements.
The set of months in a year.

The set of denominations of Philippine paper currency in
production at this time.

Methods of Describing Sets
■ Describe the set using words.
■ List the elements of the set inside a pair of braces,

{ }. This method is called the roster or tabular
method. Commas are used to separate the elements.

EXAMPLE:
The set consisting of the four seasons.
Using the roster method, we would write
S = {spring, summer, fall, winter}
The order in which the elements of a set are listed is
not important
S = {summer, fall, spring, winter}
S={winter, spring, fall, summer}
S = {fall, summer, spring, winter}
Roster Method/ Tabulation Method
The set of the days in a week.
Set A contains the set of the days in a week.
Word Description/ Rule or Defining Property Method

Write a word description for the set S ={a, b, c, d, e, f,
g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z}

Basic Number Sets
Natural Numbers or Counting Numbers N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...}
Whole Numbers W = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...}
Integers Z = {..., -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...}
Rational Numbers Q = the set of all terminating or
repeating decimals.
Irrational Numbers I = the set of all nonterminating,
non-repeating decimals.
Real Numbers R = the set of all rational or irrational numbers.
... are called an Ellipsis and indicate that
the elements of the set continue in a
manner suggested by the elements that
are listed.

Try!
Use the roster method to write each of the given sets.
a. The set of natural numbers less than 5
b. The solution set of x + 5 = -1
c. The set of negative integers greater than -4
Solution:
a. N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, ...} Ans: {1, 2, 3, 4}
b. Adding -5 to each side of the equation produces x = -6.
Ans: {-6}
c. {-3, -2, -1}.
A set is well defined if it is possible to determine whether
any given item is an element of the set.
Mathematical Notation/Translation
The statement “4 is an element of the set of natural numbers”
can be written using mathematical notation as 4 ϵ N. The symbol
ϵ is read “is an element of.” To state that “3 is not an element
of the set of natural numbers,” we use the “is not an element
of” symbol, ϵ , and write 3ϵN.
EXAMPLE:
Determine whether each statement is true or false.
Solution: a. Since 4 is an element of the given set, the
a. 4 ϵ {2, 3, 4, 7} statement is true.
b. -5 ϵ N b. There are no negative natural numbers, so
c. ½ ϵ I the statement is false.
c. Since 1 2 is not an integer, the statement
d. The set of nice cars is is true.
a well-defined set. d. The word nice is not precise, so the
statement is false.
Let M be the set of all counting numbers less than 10.
Roster Method/ Tabulation Method

M = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
Word Description/ Defining Property Method
M = {counting numbers less than 10}
Set-Builder Notation
M = {x | x ϵ C, x < 10}
Set-Builder Notation
Another method of representing a set is set-builder notation.
Set-builder notation is especially useful when describing infinite
sets.
M = {x | x ϵ C, x < 10}
the set of all and x is less than 10
x’s x is an element of the set of
such that
counting numbers
EXAMPLE:
Use set-builder notation to write the following sets.
a. The set of integers greater than -3.
b. The set of whole numbers less than 1000.
Answer:
a. {x | x ϵ I and x > -3}
b. {x | x ϵ W and x < 1000}

QUIZ
1. If J is the set of all prime 2. Use both roster and word description
numbers, which of the method to describe the following sets:
following items are true? a.F=the set of whole numbers less than 10.
Which are false? b.A=the set of counting numbers less than 8.
a. 1 ϵ J f. 51 ϵ J c.I= the set of even counting numbers.
b. 2 ϵ J g. 57 ϵ J d.L=the set of counting numbers between
c. 0 ϵ J h. 59 ϵ J 5 and 12.
d. 6 ϵ J i. 89 ϵ J e. E=set of integers between -5 and 4.
e. 7 ϵ J j. 5 ϵ J f. D= the set of even counting numbers.
g. U = the set of counting numbers between 10 and 11.
3. Use the set-builder notation to describe the following sets
a. A = {4,8,12,16,20}
b. B = {3,5,7,9,11…}
c. C = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,…}
d. D = {…,-1,0,1,2,3,4,…}
e. E = {1,2,3,4,5,6,…}
Prime
1. If J is the Numbers
set of all prime
numbers,
A primewhich
numberof theis a whole
following items are true?
number greater than 1 whose
Which are false?
only factors are 1 and itself.
a. 1 ϵ J False f. 51 ϵ J False 657===6(1)
51 57(1)
51(1)
Numbers that have more than ==3(2)
3(19)
3(17)
b. 2 ϵ J True g. 57 ϵ J False
two factors
c. 0 ϵ J False
are called
h. 59 ϵ J True
composite numbers.i. 89
d. 6 ϵ J False Theϵ Jnumber
True
1 ise.neither prime nor
7 ϵ J True j. 5 composite.
ϵ J True
2. Use both roster and rule method to describe the following sets:
a.F=the set of whole numbers less than 10. Roster Method
b.A=the set of counting numbers less than 8. a.g. F=
f.b.
e.d.D=
c. EUL==={2,4,6,8,10,…}
A=
I= Ø or { }
{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
{1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
{-4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3}
{6,7,8,9,10,11}
c.I= the set of even counting numbers.
d.L=the set of counting numbers between Word Description
5 and 12.
e. E=set of integers between -5 and 4. a.
g.f.c. F=
I=
b.d.e.UD=
A=
E= {whole
{even
{counting
= {counting
L= {integers numbers
counting
numbers
numbers
between
f. D= the set of even counting numbers. less
numbers}
numbers
between
between
-5 and than10 10}
4}5less
andthan
and } 8}
1112}
g. U = the set of counting numbers between 10 and 11.

Null or Empty Set
A set with no elements. We denote this by the symbol
Ø or { }.
EXAMPLE:
The set of counting numbers between 1 and 2.
Ø or { }
There is no Counting Numbers between 1 and 2.
3. Use the set-builder notation to describe the following sets
a. A = {x | x = 4n ; n ∈ N, n≤5}
a. A = {4,8,12,16,20} a. A = {x | x = 4n ; n ∈ C, n≤5}
b. B = {3,5,7,9,11…} b. B = {x | x = 2n-1; n ∈ C, n≥ 2}
c. C = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,…} c. C = {x | x ∈ W}
d. D = {…,-1,0,1,2,3,4,…} d. D = {x | x ∈ Z}
e. E = {1,2,3,4,5,6,…} e. E = {x | x ∈ N}

SUBSET
Set A is a subset of set B, denoted by A ⊆ B, if and only if
every element of A is also an element of B
EXAMPLE: {2, 4, 6} ⊆ {2, 4, 6}
{5, 10, 15, 20} ⊆ {0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30}
Proper Subset
Set A is a proper subset of set B, denoted by A ⊂ B, if every
element of A is an element of B, and A ≠ B.
EXAMPLE:
{5, 10, 15, 20} ⊂ {0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30}
Subset Relationships A ⊆ A, for any set A,
Ø ⊆ A, for any set A
Number of Subsets
𝑛
A set with n elements has 2 subsets,where n is a
natural number.
EXAMPLE: { },
{ 1 }, { 2 }, { 3 }, { 4 },
{1, 2, 3, 4}
4
{1,2}, {1,3}, {1,4}, {2,3}, {2,4}, {3,4},
2 = 16 subsets {1,2,3}, {1,2,4}, {2,3,4},
{1, 2,3,4} SETS │MARK IGNACIOS GERONES TOBIAS
Set Relation
EQUAL SETS
Two sets A and B are said to be Equal if they have precisely
the same elements. We denote this idea using a notation A=B.
EXAMPLE:
A={d,e,f} B={e,f,d} C={e,d,t} D={f,e,d}
A=B=D≠C
EQUIVALENT SETS
Set A is equivalent to set B, denoted by A ~ B, if and only if A
and B have the same number of elements.
EXAMPLE:
A={a,e,i,o,u} B={1,2,3,4,5} C={1,4,3,2,5} D={AEIOU}
A~B B ~ C and B = C D ~ A, D ~ B and D ~ C

A~B~C
FINITE SETS and INFINITE SETS
If it is possible to list down all the members or elements of
a given set then it is finite, otherwise, the set is infinite.
EXAMPLE:
FINITE SETS
Set of counting numbers from 1 to 20.
INFINITE SETS Set of letters in the English Alphabet.
Set of prime numbers.
Set of all even integers.
CARDINALITY OF A SET
The cardinal number of a finite set is the number of
elements in the set. The cardinal number of a finite set A
is denoted by the notation n(A).
EXAMPLE:
A = {1, 4, 6, 9}
n(A) = 4 Set A has a cardinality of 4.”
OPERATIONS ON SETS
The Complement of a Set

The complement of a set A, denoted by A', is the set of all
elements of the universal set U that are not elements of A.

Example:
Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, Find
S = {2, 4, 6, 7}, and a. S’
T = {x | x < 10 and x ∈ the odd counting numbers} b. T’
Solution:
a. The elements of the universal set are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10.
From these elements we wish to exclude the elements of S, which are
2, 4, 6, and 7. Therefore S’ = {1, 3, 5, 8, 9, 10}.
b. T= {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}. Excluding the elements of T from U gives us
T’= { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10}.
The Complement of the Universal Set and the
Complement of the Empty Set.
U’ = Ø Ø’ = U

UNION
The union of two sets A and B denoted by A∪B is the set defined
by A ∪ B = {x | x ∈ A or x ∈ B}.
Example:
Let A = {1, 4, 5, 7}, Solution:
B = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, a. A∪B = {1, 4, 5, 7} ∪ {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
C = {3, 6, 9}. = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} or {1, 4, 5, 7, 2, 3, 6}
Find: a. A∪C = {1, 4, 5, 7} ∪ {3, 6, 9}
a. A ∪ B
b. A ∪ C = {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9} or {1, 4, 5, 7, 3, 6, 9}
INTERSECTION
The intersection of two sets A and B denoted by A∩B is the set
defined by A∩B = {x | x ∈ A and x ∈ B}
Example:
Let A = {1, 4, 5, 7}, Solution:
B = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, a. A∩B = {1, 4, 5, 7} ∩ {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
C = {3, 6, 9}. = {4, 5}
Find: a. A∩C = {1, 4, 5, 7} ∩ {3, 6, 9}
a. A∩B
= { } or Ø
b. A∩C
The Cross Product
The cross product between two sets A and B denoted by A × B
is the set defined by A × B = {(x,y)| x ∈ A and y ∈ B}.
Example:
Find the cross product of the given sets.
M ={ x | x is a prime number less than 10}
N ={ positive divisors of 14 less than 10}
Solution:
M ={2,3,5,7} M × N = {(2,1),(2,2),(2,7),(3,1),(3,2),(3,7),(5,1),(5,2),
N ={1,2,7} (5,7),(7,1),(7,2),(7,7)}
QUIZ
GIVEN: U = {x | x ϵ C, x < 10}
A = {x | x is a composite number less than 10}
B = {x | x is a positive divisor of 8}
1. Find the following sets. 2. Find the cardinality of each
a. A’ f. A’ ∩ B’
set defined in number 1.
b. B’ g. (A ∪ B)’
c. A ∪ B h. (A ∩ B)’ 3. Find the cross product of set
d. A ∩ B i. A ∩ B’ A and B.
e. A’ ∪ B’ j. A’ ∩ B
VENN DIAGRAM
The relationship between sets can be illustrated using geometric
figures called Venn Diagrams introduced by the English Mathematics,
John Venn. The geometric figures used are rectangles and circles or
any closed figures.
Example:
U A A B A B

JOINT AND DISJOINT SETS
If two sets do not have a common element, we say that the sets are
Disjoint, otherwise they are said to be Joint Sets.
QUIZ II
• CALCULATE THE MEAN AND MODE.
• CONSTRUCT A COMPLETE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE WITH
THE DATA BELOW.
• THEN, SOLVE FOR THE MEAN, MEDIAN AND MODE.
55 70 57 73 55 59 64 72
60 48 58 54 69 51 63 78
75 64 65 57 71 78 76 62
49 66 62 76 61 63 63 76
52 76 71 61 53 56 67 71

GIVEN THE DATA BELOW, SOLVE FOR THE MEAN, MEDIAN AND MODE.
137 152 127 147 141 157 132 153 166 147 136 134
146 142 162 169 149 135 166 157 141 146 147 148
163 133 148 150 136 127 162 152 143 138 142 153
145 154 144 126 139 126 158 147 136 144 159 161

Universal Set
The set of all elements that are being considered is called the

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Sets

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A PREPARED BY: MARK IGNACIOS G.

SETS │MARK IGNACIOS GERONES TOBIAS

The set of months in a year.

SETS │MARK IGNACIOS GERONES TOBIAS

■ List the elements of the set inside a pair of braces,

SETS │MARK IGNACIOS GERONES TOBIAS

Word Description/ Rule or Defining Property Method

SETS │MARK IGNACIOS GERONES TOBIAS

SETS │MARK IGNACIOS GERONES TOBIAS

Roster Method/ Tabulation Method

SETS │MARK IGNACIOS GERONES TOBIAS

SETS │MARK IGNACIOS GERONES TOBIAS

SETS │MARK IGNACIOS GERONES TOBIAS

A~B B ~ C and B = C D ~ A, D ~ B and D ~ C

The Complement of a Set

SETS │MARK IGNACIOS GERONES TOBIAS

SETS │MARK IGNACIOS GERONES TOBIAS

SETS │MARK IGNACIOS GERONES TOBIAS

SETS │MARK IGNACIOS GERONES TOBIAS

SETS │MARK IGNACIOS GERONES TOBIAS

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