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Chapter 29 - Electromagnetic Induction
Chapter 29 - Electromagnetic Induction
- Induction Experiments
- Faraday’s Law
- Lenz’s Law
- Eddy Currents
- Superconductivity
- If the magnetic flux through a circuit changes, an emf and a current are
induced.
- A time-varying magnetic field can act as source of electric field.
Maxwell
- A time-varying electric field can act as source of magnetic field.
2. Faraday’s Law
Magnetic flux:
Φ B = ∫ B ⋅ dA = ∫ B cos ϕ ⋅ dA
If B is uniform over a flat area A: Φ B = B ⋅ A = B ⋅ A ⋅ cos ϕ
Faraday’s Law of Induction:
- The induced emf in a closed loop equals the negative of the time rate of
change of the magnetic flux through the loop.
- If the loop is a conductor, an induced current results from emf. This current
produces an additional magnetic field through loop. From right hand rule,
that field is opposite in direction to the increasing field produced by
electromagnet.
-The “cause” can be changing the flux through a stationary circuit due to
varying B, changing flux due to motion of conductors, or both.
- If the flux in an stationary circuit changes, the induced current sets up a
magnetic field opposite to the original field if original B increases, but in the
same direction as original B if B decreases.
- The induced current opposes the change in the flux through a circuit (not
the flux itself).
- If the change in flux is due to the motion of a conductor, the direction of the
induced current in the moving conductor is such that the direction of the
magnetic force on the conductor is opposite in direction to its motion (e.g.
slide-wire generator). The induced current tries to preserve the “status quo”
by opposing motion or a change of flux.
- Lenz’s Law gives only the direction of an induced current. The magnitude
depends on the circuit’s resistance. Large R small induced I easier to
change flux through circuit.
3) The induced magnetic field (and the sample) move away from its cause,
i.e. away from the coil's magnetic field. Then, for a conical coil (smaller
radius at the bottom than at the top) the metallic sample will move upward
due to this levitation force, until the force of gravity balances the force of
levitation. (The levitation force is larger at the bottom of the conical coil than
at the top of the coil).
Induced Current / Eddy current levitation:
(2) this repulsive system creates a field in the track (in front and behind
the lift magnets) which act against the magnets and creates a “drag
force”. This is normally only a problem at low speed.
4. Motional Electromotive Force
- A charged particle
in rod
experiences
a
magnetic force F = qv × B that causes
free charges in rod to move, creating excess
charges at opposite ends.
Induced current: ε
vBL
I= =
R R
- The emf associated with the moving rod is equivalent to that of a
battery with positive terminal at a and negative at b.
-This expression can only be used for problems involving moving conductors.
When we have stationary conductors in changing magnetic fields, we need to
use: ε= -dΦB/dt.
5. Induced Electric Fields
- An induced emf occurs when there is a
changing magnetic flux through a stationary
conductor.
- A current (I) in solenoid sets up B along its
axis, the magnetic flux is:
Φ B = B ⋅ A = µ 0 nIA
dΦ B dI
ε =− = − µ 0 nA
dt dt
Induced current in loop (I’): I’ = ε / R
∫ E ⋅ dl = 0
Conservative E
dΦ B (stationary integration path)
∫
Non-conservative E E ⋅ dl = ε = −
dt
- Cylindrical symmetry E magnitude constant, direction is tangent to loop.
1 dΦ B
∫ E ⋅ dl = 2π ⋅ r ⋅ E
E=
2πr dt
∫ B ⋅ dl = µ0 I encl
Ampere’s Law (incomplete)
∫ B ⋅ dl = µ0iC
but also = 0 for surface bulging out
Contradiction?
ε ⋅ A
q = C ⋅v = ( E ⋅ d ) = ε ⋅ E ⋅ A = ε ⋅ Φ E
d
dq dΦ E
iC = =ε
dt dt
Displacement current (iD): fictitious current in region between capacitor’s
plates.
dΦ E
iD = ε
dt
∫ B ⋅ dl = µ0 ( I C + I D )encl
Generalized Ampere’s Law:
∫ B ⋅ dl = 2π ⋅ r ⋅ B = µ0 I encl = µ0 jD A
iD
2 2
r r
= µ0 2 (π ⋅ r 2
) = µ 0 2 iD = µ 0 2 iC
π ⋅R R R
µ0 r
B= i
2 C
2π R
- For r> R B is same as though the wire were continuous and plates not
present.
Maxwell’s Equations of Electromagnetism
Qencl
∫ E ⋅ dA = ε0
Gauss Law for E
∫ B ⋅ dA =0
Gauss Law for B (there are no magnetic monopoles)
dΦ E
∫ B ⋅ dl =µ0 iC + ε 0 dt encl
Ampere’s law
dΦ B
∫ E ⋅ dl = − dt
Faraday’s law
Φ E = ∫ E ⋅ dA
In empty space ic = 0, Qencl = 0
Φ B = ∫ B ⋅ dA
d
∫ B ⋅ dl =ε o µ0 dt ∫ E ⋅ dA
d
∫ E ⋅ dl = − dt ∫ B ⋅ dA
F = q( E + v × B)
8. Superconductivity
Hg
- Sudden disappearance
of R when material cooled
below critical T (Tc).
- For superconducting
materials Tc changes when
material under external B0.
(11:11) Emf Induction while moving a bar magnet over a conducting loop
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qxuGDEz8wDg&NR=1
(10:35), (17:10)
Emf induction while changing the angle phi in a loop