International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Analysis of CMOS Second Generation Current
Conveyors
Mrugesh K. Gajjar,
PG Student,
Gujarat Technology University, Electronics and
communication department, LCIT, Bhandu
Mehsana, Gujarat, India
Abstract— This paper describes the current conveyors used as a
basic building block in a variety of electronic circuit in
instrumentation and communication systems. Today these
systems are replacing the conventional Op-amp in so many
applications such as active filters, analog signal processing.
Current conveyors are unity gain active building block having
high linearity, wide dynamic range and provide higher gain-
bandwidth product. The authors have simulated above
configuration using TSMC 0.18μm CMOS technology and the
results are also tabulated for comparison.
Keywords— Current conveyor, Current mode, Current mirror,
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CCII, CFOA.
I. INTRODUCTION
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In analog circuit design, there is often a large request for
Amplifiers with specific current performance for signal
processing. The current-mode approach [5,7] considers the
information flowing on time-varying currents. Current-mode
techniques are characterized by signals as typically processed
in the current domain. The current-mode approach is also
powerful if we consider that all the analog IC functions, which
traditionally were been designed in the voltage-mode, can be
also implemented in current-mode. In voltage mode circuits,
the main building block used to add subtract, amplify,
attenuate, and filter voltage signals is the operational
amplifier.
A well-known current-mode circuit is the Current-Feedback
Operational Amplifier (CFOA) [8,9,10]. This circuit, if
compared to the traditional voltage OA, shows a constant
bandwidth with respect to the closed-loop gain and a very high
slew-rate. This makes this circuit of primary importance in the
design of modern LV LP ICs The first stage of CFOA is the
current conveyor (CCII) and the second stage is a voltage
follower which can be implemented using CCII since, CCII
Architecture consist of voltage follower followed by Current
follower.
Current conveyors and related current-mode circuits have
begun to emerge as an important class of circuits with
properties that enable them to rival their voltage-mode
counterparts in a wide range of applications. As a matter of
facts, CCII can be considered the basic current-mode building
block because all the active devices can be made of a suitable
connection of one or two CCIIs. It will be particularly
IJERTV3IS20947 www.ijert.org
Vol. 3 Issue 2, February - 2014
Nilesh D. Patel,
Research Scholar,
Institute of technology, Nirma University, Electronics and
communication department
Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
attractive in the environment of portable systems where a low
supply voltage, given by a single cell battery, is used. These
LV circuits have to show also a reduced power consumption
to maintain a longer battery lifetime. This implies a reductions
of the biasing currents in the amplifier stages, with consequent
reduction in some amplifier performance. The current-mode
approach suffers less from this limitation, while showing full
dynamic characteristics also at reduced supply levels and good
high-frequency performance.
II. CURRENT CONVEYOR
Current conveyors are unity gain active elements exhibiting
high linearity, wide dynamic range and high frequency
performance than their voltage mode counterparts. A current-
mode approach is not just restricted to current processing, but
also offers certain important advantages when interfaced to
voltage-mode circuits. Since their introduction in 1968 by
Smith and Sedra [4] and subsequent reformulation in 1970 by
Sedra and Smith [5], current conveyors lot of research has
been carried out to prove usefulness of this CCII. The CCII is
a functionally flexible and versatile, rapidly gaining
acceptance as both a theoretical and practical building block.
CCII is a three terminal device, schematically represented as:
Figure 1: Second generation current conveyors.
The current-mode approach suffers less from this limitation,
while showing full dynamic characteristics also at reduced
supply levels and good high-frequency performance.
The electrical characteristics of CCII can be shown using
matrix:
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 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 3 Issue 2, February - 2014

good biasing sources showing high resistances as:

𝑟01
( + 𝑅𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑎𝑠 1 ) 𝑅
1 + 𝑔𝑚 1 𝑟01 𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑎𝑠 1
𝑍𝑦 = 𝑟02 ≅ (3)
( + 𝑅𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑎𝑠 2 ) 𝑅𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑎𝑠 2
1 + 𝑔𝑚 2 𝑟02

Figure 2: Characteristics of CCII.

The X node impedance can be obtained by neglecting some
components as:
The output current IZ thus depends only on the input current at 1 1
terminal X, in Fig. 1. This current may be injected directly at 𝑍𝑥 = 𝑟03 + 𝑟04 ≅ 𝑔𝑚 3 + 𝑔𝑚 4 (4)
X, or it may be produced by the copy of the input voltage VY, 𝑔𝑚 3 + 𝑔𝑚 4 +
𝑟03 𝑟04
from terminal Y, acting across the impedance connected at X.
In a class II current conveyor input Y draws no current, The impedance seen at Z node is typically high and it is
whereas, for the older class I formulation, the impedance given by:
connected at X is also reflected at Y. The + sign indicates
whether the conveyor is formulated as an inverting or non- 𝑟07 𝑟08
𝑍𝑧 = (5)
inverting circuit, termed CCII- or CCII+. By convention, 𝑟07 + 𝑟08
positive is taken to mean IX and IZ both flowing
simultaneously towards or away from the conveyor [6]. B. Class AB Second generation Current Conveyor based on a
Differential Pair.
III. CHARACTERIZATION OF CURRENT CONVEYORS

A. Class AB Second generation Current Conveyor based on

Current Mirror.
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Figure 4: Class AB CCII based on Differential Pair.

In this circuit, if the MOS output resistance is negligible, the

voltage transfer error α is always close to unity [1].
𝑟05 𝑟06 𝑟
𝑉 (𝑔 + 𝑔𝑚 6 ) 0 𝑔𝑚 2 𝑔𝑚 2
𝑟05 + 𝑟06 𝑚 5 2
Figure 3: Class AB CCII based on Current Mirror. 𝛼= 𝑥= 𝑟05 𝑟06 𝑟0 ≅ (6)
𝑉𝑦 𝑔 + 𝑔𝑚 6 𝑔 +1 𝑔𝑚 1
In this circuit, IBias1 and IBias2 have to be equal [7, 8]. 𝑟05 + 𝑟06 𝑚 5 2 𝑚1
Considering the products 𝑔𝑚 𝑟0 much greater than 1‚ the
voltage characteristic is very close to the ideal one [1]. In fact: If the load resistances are not very high compared to the MOS
output resistances, the current transfer β is given as [1]:
𝑉 1
𝛼 = 𝑉𝑥 = 1 ≅1 (1) 𝐼𝑧 𝑔𝑚 8 + 𝑔𝑚 7
𝑦 1+
𝑔𝑚 3+𝑔𝑚 5 (𝑟03 /𝑟04 )
𝛽= ≅ (7)
𝐼𝑥 𝑔𝑚 6 + 𝑔𝑚 5
Considering loads connected to X and Z nodes to be 𝑔𝑚 𝑟0 >>1 The parasitic impedance at Y node is given only by the input
β can be given as: transistor gate. Its value is easily evaluated knowing transistor
sizes and the unitary capacitance of the input gate [1].
𝐼𝑧 𝑔𝑚 3 𝑔𝑚 6 𝑔𝑚 7 + 𝑔𝑚 4 𝑔𝑚 5 𝑔𝑚 8
𝛽= = ≅1 (2)
𝐼𝑥 𝑔𝑚 5 𝑔𝑚 6 (𝑔𝑚 3 + 𝑔𝑚 4 ) 𝑍𝑦 = 𝛾𝜔 𝑀1 𝐿 𝑀1 𝐶𝑜𝑥 (8)

If 𝑔𝑚 5 = 𝑔𝑚 7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔𝑚 6 = 𝑔𝑚 9 The X node impedance is inductive. Its resistance part is

given by [1]:
The impedance level at Y node can be ensured by employing

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 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 3 Issue 2, February - 2014

IV. SIMULATION RESULTS.

2
𝑅𝑥 ≅ (9) Simulations are carried out in Eldo Spice tool of Mentor
𝑔𝑚 2 𝑟0 (𝑔𝑚 5 + 𝑔𝑚 6 ) Graphics for all circuits for 0.35u and 0.18u for both circuits
as discussed earlier. Different characteristics are observed.
and its inductive part is given by:
A. Simulation results of Class AB CCII based on
2 Differential pair.
𝑃0
𝐿𝑥 ≅ (10)
𝑔𝑚 2 𝑟0 (𝑔𝑚 5 + 𝑔𝑚 6 )

The Z node impedance is high because it is a parallel of two

transistor output resistances [1].
𝑟07 𝑟08
𝑍𝑧 = (11)
𝑟07 + 𝑟08

C. Current Feedback Operational Amplifier (CFOA).

The current-feedback operational amplifier is positive second

generation current-conveyor CCII+ with an additional voltage
buffer at the conveyor current output (6,9). The non-inverting
port (Y) exhibits high impedance to voltage signals where as Figure 6: Vx VS Vy.
the inverting port (X) present low impedance to the input
current signals. The current at the inverting input (X) of the
current-feedback operational amplifier is transferred to the
high impedance current-conveyor output Z, causing a large
change in output voltage. The current-feedback operational
amplifier has a trans-resistance equal to the impedance level at
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the conveyor Z-output. Therefore, in the literature, the current-
feedback operational amplifier is also referred to as a trans-
impedance amplifier.
The most commercial current-feedback operational amplifier
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is AD844, where the user has access to the high impedance

node TZ. This amplifier can also be utilized as a second
generation current conveyor and current to-voltage converter.
Figure 7: Ix VS Iz.

Figure 5: Current feedback Op-Amp. Figure 8: Frequency Response of CCII.

The applications and advantages in realizing active filter

transfer function using CFAs have received great attention
because the amplifier enjoys the feature of constant feedback
independent of closed loop gain and high slew rate besides
having low output impedance. Thus it is advantageous to use
CFA as a basic building block in the accomplishment of
various analog signal-processing tasks .CFOA offers a higher
slew rate, lower distortion, and feedback component
restriction. It has a high linearity, constant gain bandwidth
product and frequency response is high.

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 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 3 Issue 2, February - 2014

[4] E. Bruun, “A dual current feedback op amp in CMOS current Conveyor,”

Electron. Lett., vol. 34, pp. 2368-2369, 2009.
[5] H Barthelemy ,G Ferry, A 1.5 V CCII-based tunable oscillator for
portable industrial applications, Proceeding of international conference on
Industrial Electronics, 2002 L Aquila, Italy.
[6] Maundy, I. G. Finvers, and P. Aronhime, “Alternativ realizations of
CMOS current-feedback amplifiers for low-voltage applications,” Anal.
Int. Circuits Signal Process., vol. 32, pp. 157-168, Dec. 2002.
[7] Brown,S.Franco.Analytical Foundation of Current Feedback Amplifiers,
Procedings of IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems.
1993; Chicago (USA).
[8] D. F. Bowers. “Applying current feedback to voltage amplifiers”. In
Analogue IC design: The current mode approach. Peter Peregrinus 1990.
[9] A. Soliman. Applications of the current feedback operational amplifier. Analog
Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing. nr. 11; 1996 pp. 265-302.
[10] C. Toumazou, A. Payne, J. Lidgey. Current-feedback versus voltage
Figure 9: Offset.
amplifiers: History 1998.

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Figure 10: Linearity between Vx and Vy.

TABLE I: SIMULATION RESULTS FOR CCII BASED ON DIFFERENTIAL

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PAIR.

Parameters CCII characteristics simulated value.

0.35um 0.18um

Supply voltage 1.5V 1.8V

Bias current 7uA 4uA
Current gain 1 1
Voltage gain 1 1
Current B.W 90MHz 105MHz
Voltage B.W 190MHz 332MHz
Offset 12mV 35mV
Power Consumption 2.9mV 70uW

V. CONCLUSION
In this paper CCII based on differential pair is simulated using
TSMC 0.18um CMOS technology with 1.8v power supply.
Differential pair partially improves for power dissipation and
Terminal impedances but bandwidth reduces a when scaled
down from 0.35um to 0.18um.CCII can be used as a voltage
buffer and current buffer.
REFERENCES
[1] K. C. Smith and A. S. Sedra, 1968,”The Current Conveyor- A New
Building ]Block ” IEEE Proc., 56, 1368-1369.
[2] Behzad Razavi, Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits, India Tata
McGraw- Hill, 2002.
[3] Giuseppe Ferri, Nicola C. Guerrini, Low-voltage Low-Power CMOS
Current Conveyors, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2010.

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