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Civil Materials Lab Concrete Mix Test
Civil Materials Lab Concrete Mix Test
Civil Engineering Materials
Laboratory
Procedures
Concrete
Mixing
And
Testing
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CCC1
Concrete Mix Design and Testing
Objective
The purpose of this trial mix is to determine the proportions of
cement, water, and aggregate needed to produce an optimum
concrete mixture. This is accomplished through the development
of a strong, durable, workable, and economical mix by varying
respectively, the strength, air content, slump, and yield.
Equipment
Concrete Mixer
4 Cylinder Molds (6"x 12")
Tamping Rods
Slump Cone
Air Meter Apparatus
Procedure
I. Batch Quantities:
1) Use your course packet, and classroom explanations to
design a trial batch of concrete with the following
Design Criteria:
a)
strength at 28 days: 4000 psi
b)
maximum coarse aggregate size: 3/4"
c)
determine the specific gravity of coarse aggregate
by using your previous lab results from ASG1
d) Assume the specific gravity, water content and
absorption of the fine aggregate to be equal to
those values measured and calculated for the
coarse aggregate of ASG1. Use RD(SSD)
e) fineness modulus: use lab results of ASG1
f) slump: 3" to 4"
g) volume of batch 1.0 cubic foot
h) Water/Cement ratio:
Group: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
W/C: 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.44
2) Be sure to have the batch quantities calculated AFTER the
ASG7 experiment and BEFORE coming to the Laboratory to
start the CCC1 experiment. You will NOT be allowed to
start the mixing UNTIL your calculations are checked by
the instructor.
3) Prior to the start of the lab, the laboratory assistants
will sieve out approximately 60 lb. of DRY coarse aggregate
and 55 lb. of DRY fine aggregate for each lab group.
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CCC1
Concrete Mix Design and Testing
II. Mixing Procedure:
1) Prewet the large pan, a sheet of plastic (60”x120”x6mil),
the trowel, the slump cone, the consolidation rod, and the
inside of the mixer. Let the water sit in the mixer at
least 5 minutes, then dump it out. Put the sheet of
plastic inside the big pan.
2) Weigh out all quantities of ingredients and place in them
in the hopper in the following order: ½ of the fine and
½ of the coarse aggregate, mix for 1 minute.
3) Then add ½ of the water, then mix for one minute.
4) Pour in the remaining fine and coarse aggregate,
and ¼ of the water, and mix for 2 minutes.
5) Add the remaining water and all of the cement.
6) Mix for 5 minutes.
III. Slump Measurement:
1) Dump concrete from mixer onto the plastic sheet.
2) Dampen the slump cone and place it on a flat and moist
surface on the plastic sheet. A student should be standing
on the two foot pieces of the cone.
3) Fill the cone in three layers, tamping each layer 25 times.
The rodding strokes should be uniformly distributed over the
surface and just penetrating into the layer below. Level off
the top of the sample using the rod in a sawing motion .
4) Lift the cone vertically and set the cone next to the sample.
Place the tamping rod across the top of the cone and over the
sample. Measure the slump from the bottom of the rod to the
top center of the sample to the nearest 1/2".
IV. Weight per Cubic Foot, Yield, Air Content (Gravimetric)
1) Obtain the measuring bowl from the air meter apparatus.
Obtain the dry weight of the empty bowl to the
nearest 0.1 lb. Then determine the volume of the
bowl as done in previous labs (obtain weight of bowl dry
and bowl filled with water, convert each weight to mass).
2) Fill the bowl in three layers, rodding each layer 25 times.
The rodding should be uniformly distributed over the surface
and just penetrating into the layer below. After rodding
each layer, strike the side of the bowl 10 to 15 times with
a mallet to close any voids left by the tamping rod and to
release any large bubbles of trapped air.
3) After consolidation of the concrete, strike off the top
surface by sliding the strike off bar across the top flange
or rim of the measuring bowl with a sawing motion until the
bowl is just level full. Obtain the weight of the full bowl
to the nearest 0.1 lb.
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CCC1
Concrete Mix Design and Testing
4) Calculate unit weight of concrete (Lb./ft3):
5) Calculate Volume in batch:
ft 3
Vb volume _ of _ concrete _ per _ batch, __
batch
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Wcem W fa Wca
Ww
SG SG
V SGcement fa ca
b
62.4 Lb. 3
ft
Where:
SGcement 3.15
SG fa RDSSD _ fine _ aggregate
SGca RDSSD _ coarse _ aggregate
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CCC1
Concrete Mix Design and Testing
W Ft 3 _ of _ concrete _ produced
6a) Calculate Yield: Y = 1
T
u batch
Y
6b)Calculate Relative Yield: R y
Ydesign 1 ft _ of _ concrete
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If Ry > 1.0, volume yielded is larger that designed (1ft3)
If Ry < 1.0, volume yielded is smaller that designed (1ft3)
7) Cement Content and Cement Factor:
N = Wcem/Y = [Lbs. of cement used]/[Ft3 of concrete produced]
Nf = N{27/92.6} =[Bags of cement]/[yard3 of concrete produced]
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8) Air Content: Gravimetric Method:
T T
AC g t u 100%
Tt
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CCC1
Concrete Mix Design and Testing
V. Air Content: (Pressure
Method)
1) Use the same bowl & sample which was used in Step IV.
2) Clean top lip of the bowl very well, clean the outside of
bowl. Attach the lid of the air meter apparatus, and clamp
it tight.
3) Fill the space between the lid and bowl with water. Squirt in
water through one petcockvalve until water comes out the
other petcockvalve. Then close both petcockvalves.
4) Using the thumbknurledknob below the pressure meter,
close the air chamber valve.
5) With a hand pump, increase the air pressure in the air
chamber until the needle is at the 2.5 position, in the
initial pressure range, near the 6 o’clock position.
Wait 5 seconds for the compressed air to cool.
Using the thumbknurledknob, release air until the
needle is at zero percent.
Then close the knob.
6) Push down on the thumb lever.
While holding the thumb lever down,
tab the bowl 10 times with a rubber mallet.
7) Read the air content value indicated by the needle.
8) Open the thumbnob valve and the petcock valves, remove the
bowl lid and empty and clean the bowl and lid.
Special Note: All students will be expected to clean up the
laboratory following the mixing of concrete
and to dispose properly of any surplus concrete.
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CCC1
Concrete Mix Design and Testing
VI. Casting Concrete Cylinders:
1) Fill 4 cylinder molds in three layers, rodding each layer
25 times. The rodding should be uniformly distributed over
the surface and just penetrating the layer below. Tap the
side of the cylinder mold several times after rodding each
layer to remove large air bubbles.
2) Level the cylinders using the rod in a sawing motion.
3) Let the cylinders set on a level flat surface for 24 hours.
After that period, the cylinders must be stripped, marked,
and stored in the moisture chamber until time to test.
4) Cylinders will be capped and, tested for compressive strength
on 7, 14, and 28 days. The fourth cylinder will be tested
for splitcylinder tensile strength at 28 days,
as will be discussed in the next testing procedure.
CCC7, CCC14, CCC28
VI. Testing Concrete Cylinders
1) Apply a compression load at a rate of 1020% of the load
range, until failure. The Tinius Olsen plotter will plot
load (lb.) versus axial shortening (0.001” per plotted inch)
Discussion
Perform the necessary calculations, and discuss the importance of
these values. After the cylinders have been tested for the 7,
14, and 28 day compressive strengths, plot the results as shown
in Graphs C.1, C.2, and C.3, and discuss your results.
Special Note: All students will be expected to clean up the
laboratory following the crushing of the concrete
cylinders.
References: Standard Specification for Concrete, ASTM C 94
Air Content (Volumetric Method): ASTM C 173
Air Content (Pressure Method): ASTM C 231, AASHTO T15282
Air Content (Gravimetric): ASTM C 138 AASHTO T12182
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Slump and Yield: ASTM C 138, ASTM C 143, AASHTO T12182
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CCC1
Concrete Mix Design and Testing
Water Coarse Fine Cement
Group W/C (Lb.) Aggregate Aggregate (Lb.)
(Lb.) (Lb.)
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CCC7, 14, 28
Concrete Mix Design and Testing
28 day
(kips)
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CCC28
Concrete Mix Design and Testing
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CCC28
Concrete Mix Design and Testing
CCC28
Concrete Mix Design and Testing
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CCT28
Tensile Strength by Splitting; a 28 day Test
Objective:
The purpose of this test is to determine the tensile strength of
concrete by splitting a test cylinder that has cured for 28 days.
Theory
Tie cylinder will be placed on its side and loaded top and bottom
by narrow bearing strips. According to ASTM Spec. C496. these
strips should be nominal 1/8" thick plywood, about an inch wide
and free of imperfections, and a little longer than the (12"
long) cylinder. The intention is to approximate as nearly as
possible a load applied on a LINE along the cylinder top and
bottom.
If we COULD apply a line load, P
the stress distribution would
be as shown in Fig. CCT281:
Figure CCT281. Split cylinder
Internal stress
P
An infinitesimal element on the
vertical diameter is subjected
to the following stresses:
2P D2
Vertical Compression: vc x 1 (1)
LD r D r
2P
Horizontal Tension: t (2)
LD
Where: P = applied load (lbs)
L = cylinder length (inches)
D = cylinder diameter ( inches)
r = distance of element from top of cylinder
It is the tension in which we are interested and we can compute
the tensile strength at failure by using equation (2). 2 is
practically constant except for a region close to each loading
surface.
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CCT28
Tensile Strength by Splitting a 28 day Test
Rate of Loading
ASTM C496 specifies a rate of loading, since the behavior of
concrete is sensitive to that variable. The load should be
applied continuously without shock at a constant rate within the
range of 100 to 200 psi per minute. The instructor will run the
testing machine, but each group is to observe the test of its own
specimen and to note the results.
Discussion
You should find that the tensile strength of concrete is very
much lower than its strength in compression. This is why steel
reinforcement is added to concrete structures. Concrete
structures are expected to develop tiny tensile cracks and
thereby to transfer tensile stresses to the steel (provided the
concrete and steel are bonded together satisfactorily).
The splitting tensile strength test is convenient because it
utilizes a regular test cylinder as prepared in the field on most
construction jobs. A special tensile specimen is not needed.
But the tensile strength as measured by the splitting tensile
test usually gives results about 15% higher than values obtained
by direct tension tests.
Refererces: ASTM C 49671, AASHTO T19874
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