Chapter 2: FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS AND THEIR GRAPH

Determining the Sample Size

 Sample size refers to the number of participants or observations included in a study.
Usually it is denoted by a variable n.
 The margin of error is the error we expect to commit in getting the sample since it is an
estimate of parameter.

𝑁
Slovin’s Formula: 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 (𝑛) = 1+𝑁𝑒 2
Where n = required sample size
N = the size of the finite population
e = margin of error

Example : A group of researcher was tasked by the House of Representative to survey whether student
in Metro Manila favor the moving of the start of classes from June to September. If there are 1,000, 000
students and 10% margin of error are expected, compute the sample size.

Given N= 1, 000, 000

e= 10%
𝑁
𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 (𝑛) =
1 + 𝑁𝑒 2

1, 000, 000
𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 (𝑛) =
1+ (1, 000, 000)(0. 10)2

1, 000, 000
𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 (𝑛) =
10, 001

𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 (𝑛) = 99. 9

𝑺𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝑺𝒊𝒛𝒆 (𝒏) = 𝟏𝟎𝟎

Example 2: Suppose that you have a group of 1,000 city government employees and you want to serve
them to find out which tools are best suited in their jobs. You decide that you will use 0.05 as a margin of
error. Using Slovin’s formula, what is the required sample size?

Given N= 1, 000
e= 0. 05

𝑵
FORMULA : 𝑺𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝑺𝒊𝒛𝒆 (𝒏) = 𝟏+𝑵𝒆𝟐

𝟏, 𝟎𝟎𝟎
SOLUTION : 𝑺𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝑺𝒊𝒛𝒆 (𝒏) = 𝟏+(𝟏, 𝟎𝟎𝟎)(𝟎. 𝟎𝟓)𝟐
 𝟏, 𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑺𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝑺𝒊𝒛𝒆 (𝒏) =
𝟑. 𝟓

𝑺𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝑺𝒊𝒛𝒆 (𝒏) = 𝟐𝟖𝟓. 𝟕𝟏𝟒

𝑺𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝑺𝒊𝒛𝒆 (𝒏) = 𝟐𝟖𝟔

Definition: A Frequency Distribution is a two-column table that summarizes a list of measurements or

responses. Column 1 of the frequency distribution table is a list of classes. These classes can be single
numbers, intervals of numbers or categories . Column 2 of the frequency distribution is the frequency column.
The numbers in this column represent the number of measurements or responses that were measurements or
responses from their corresponding numeric classes or category classes.

EXAMPLE 1: Suppose that in a previous semester, a random sample of my students were asked what their
age was. The frequency distribution below summarizes the list of the ages that make up the sample. The
Classes Frequencies, f first column of the table is a list of age intervals, or age
(Age Intervals) (counts) classes.The frequency number in row 2 of the table is
15—24 68 68. This means there were 68 students in the sample
25—34 72 between and including ages 15 and 24. From the next row of
35—44 34
the frequency distribution, we see that there were 72
45—54 16
55—64 8 students who said they were between and including ages 25
65—74 2 and 34. There were 34 students between and including ages
35 and 44, 16 students between and including ages 45 and
54, 8 students between and including ages 55 and 64, and 2
students between and including ages 65 and 74.

EXAMPLE 2: 10 randomly selected history students were asked how many absences they had in their
history class last semester. The 10 responses are summarized in the table.
Classes Frequencies, f You can tell 1 student had zero absences, 3 students
(absences) (days absent) had one absence, 4 students had two absences, and so
0 1 on. Example 2 gives us an example of a frequency
1 3 distribution where the classes are single numbers.
2 4 Example 1 gives us an example of a frequency
3 0 distribution whose classes are number intervals. It is
4 1 also possible to make a categorical frequency
5 1 distribution with qualitative data. The next table gives
us an example of a categorical frequency distribution .
EXAMPLE 3: 100 randomly selected students were asked their blood type.

Classes Frequencies, f
(blood type)
A 40
B 11
AB 4
O 45

EXAMPLE 4: Earthquake magnitudes for the month of July were randomly selected. The data is summarized in
the frequency distribution.

Classes Frequencies, f
(magnitudes) (Number of Earthquakes)
0.0—0.9 5
1.0—1.9 15
2.0—2.9 17
3.0—3.9 13
4.0—4.9 45
5.0—5.9 35
6.0—6.9 10
7.0—7.9 5

EXAMPLE 5: Gasoline prices of regular unleaded from 30 gas stations were randomly selected. The data is
summarized in the frequency distribution.

Frequencies, f
(Number of Gas Stations)
15

5
2

GRAPHS OF FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION - most effective way of presenting statistical

data because relationships are brought about clearly

Data Presentation: Graphical Form

- Bar Graph
- Line Graph
- Circle/Pie Graph
- Pictograph
Bar Graph
o It can be used to organize data/ information visually.
o It is helpful in comparing quantities

EXAMPLE:
o Vertical Bar Graph

o Horizontal Bar Graph

o Table

- A multiple bar graph may be used

to compare data of comparable
quantities.
 - LINE GRAPHS most practical and
effective device to show general
trend, pattern or changes over a
given time.

- CIRCLE GRAPH
 PIE CHART - consists of a circular region divided into sections that do not overlap and each section
represents a part or percentage of the whole being considered

EXAMPLE:
To get an idea of how the family budgeted the monthly income of P 15, 000, the table shows the distribution

Housing Food Utilities Transportation School Others

4000 4900 1640 1300 1660 1500

Although the table already present a picture of the family budget, a circle graph can give it more vivid
presentation.

To construct a circle graph, we apportion the 𝟑𝟔𝟎° of the circle to match the percentage distribution of the
family budget
Percentage for each category:

𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟎
𝑯𝒐𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 = = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟕% 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = = 𝟖. 𝟕%
𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝟒𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟔𝟔𝟎
𝑭𝒐𝒐𝒅 = = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟕% 𝑺𝒄𝒉𝒐𝒐𝒍 = = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏%
𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝟏𝟔𝟒𝟎 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎
𝑼𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒔 = = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟗% 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒔 = = 𝟏𝟎%
𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎
 FAMILY BUDGET
10

26.7
11.1

8.7

10.9

32.7

HOUSING FOOD UTILITIES TRANSPORTATION SCHOOL OTHERS

PICTOGRAPH
o effective tool to obtain attention
o uses pictures or symbols to indicate message of the obtained numerical information

Interpretation :