13.

021 – Marine Hydrodynamics, Fall 2004

Lecture 17

c 2004 MIT - Department of Ocean Engineering, All rights reserved.

Copyright °

13.021 - Marine Hydrodynamics

Lecture 17

4.7 – Turbulent Flow – Reynolds Stress

u = ū + u0 (1)
By definition:

∂ ∂u
ū0 = u − ū = ū − ū = 0, also ū = etc.
∂x ∂x
Substitute Eq. (1) into governing equations and take ( ):

∂ui ∂ ūi ∂u0i ∂ ūi

continuity : = + = 0, ∴ =0
∂xi ∂xi ∂xi ∂xi
|{z}
↓
0
∂ui ∂ ūi ∂u0i ∂u0i
but =0= + , ∴ =0
∂xi ∂x ∂xi ∂xi
|{z}i
↓
0 just shown

Momentum Equation:
∂ui ∂ui 1 ∂τij 1 ∂p
+ uj = =− + ν∇2 ui
∂t ∂xj ρ ∂xj ρ ∂xi
We write ui = ūi + ui and we apply ( ) then:

1
  2
∂ui ∂ ūi ∂u0i  ν∇2 ui = ν∇ ui
= + ; similarly
∂t ∂t ∂t
|{z}  ∂p ∂ ∂ p̄
∂xi
= ∂xi
(p̄ + p0 ) = ∂xi
etc.
0

∂ui ¡ ¢ ∂ ∂ ūi ∂ ūi ∂u0 ∂ 0

uj = ūj + uj0 (ūi + u0i ) = ūj + u0j + ūj i +u0j u
∂xj ∂xj ∂xj ∂xj ∂xj ∂xj i
| {z } | {z }
0 0

From continuity:

∂ 0 ∂ 0 0 ∂u0j
u0j ui = u u − u0i
∂xj ∂xj j i ∂xj
|{z}
0→by continuity

Finally:
∂ ūi ∂ ūi 1 ∂p ∂ 0 0
+ ūj =− + ν∇2 ūi − uu
∂t ∂xj ρ ∂xi ∂xj i j
| {z }
1 ∂
τ
ρ ∂xj ij

Reynolds averaged N-S equation:

∂ ūi ∂ ūi 1 ∂ £ ¤
+ ūj = τij − ρu0i u0j
∂t ∂xj ρ ∂xj
Reynolds stress:

τRij ≡ −ρu0i u0j

2
4.8 – Turbulent Boundary Layer over a Smooth Flat Plate.

u
y log
Uo

δ 1/7

U y
Uo u log
o δ

(1/7)th power velocity profile law:

ū ³y ´1
7
= , (2)
Uo δ
where δ = δ(x) to be determined. From equation (2):
δ
δ∗ = 8

θ= 7
δ∼
= 0.0972 δ
72
τo
¡ ¢− 1
ρUo2
= 0.0227 Uνo δ 4 ← using another empirical formula for friction
(Blasius’ law of friction) for pipes
Von Karman’s moment equation:

µ ¶− 1
τo d Uo δ 4 7 dδ
2
= (θ) → 0.0227 = ← ODE for δ
ρUo dx ν 72 dx
1
δ ∼ −
= 0.373Rx 5
x
µ ¶− 1
U x 5
δ (x) ∼
o
= 0.373x
ν

For δ(0) = 0 and assuming turbulent boundary layer at x = 0, i.e., tripped at x = 0 or Rx >> 1,

3
 1
δ ∼ −
= 0.373Rx 5
x
Then,
√
δ (x) ∼ x laminar
4
δ (x) ∼ x /5 turbulent (grows much faster)

Laminar Turbulent
p √ ³ ´1 ³ ´
x /5 . . . 71 th power law
5 4
Blasius δ ∼ 1.72 Uνo x
∗ ∗
δ ∼ 0.047 ν
Uo

¡ ¢ −1/
D = 0.036 ρUo2 BL RL 5

D - 1/
Cf = = 0.073RL 5 for RL > 5 × 105
1 ρU 2 BL
2 o

Logarithmic Velocity Profile Law.

0.242
p = log10 (RL Cf ) ← Schoenherr’s formula
Cf

Summary of Boundary Layer over a Flat Plate.

Laminar (Blasius’) Turbulent (1/7 power law)

δ −1/2 δ −1/5
x
∼ R x x
∼ Rx
−1/ √ −1/ 4
δ∗ ∼
= 1.72 × Rx 2 ∼ x δ∗ = δ
8
∼
= 0.047xRx 5 ∼ x /5
−1/
−1/ τo ∼
= 0.0227ρUo2 Rδ 4
τo ∼
= 0.332ρUo2 Rx 2 −1/
∼
= 0.029ρU 2 Rx 5
o
−1/ −1/
D∼
= 0.664ρUo2 (BL)RL 2 D∼
= 0.03625ρUo2 (BL)RL 5
D
Cf = ρUo2 (BL)
−1/2 −1/5
Cf = 1.328RL Cf = 0.0725RL

4
 Cf

C f L ~ RL−
1
2

C fT ~ RL−
1
5

~ 0.01

ln (RL)

RL ~ 1.6 x 104

For τo , the cross-over is at Rx ∼ 3.4 x 103 , i.e.,

(τo )laminar > (τo )turbulent for Rx < 3.4 × 103

(τo )laminar ∼ (τo )turbulent for Rx ∼ 3.4 × 103
(τo )laminar < (τo )turbulent for Rx > 3.4 × 103

Therefore, for most prototype scales:

(Cf )turbulent > (Cf )laminar

(τo )turbulent > (τo )laminar