Parallel Lines Coaxial Cable

𝜇 2𝑠
𝐿= ln ( )
𝜋 𝑑
𝑉𝑐
𝜇 = 𝜇𝑟 ∗ 𝜇𝑜 𝜇 𝐷 𝜆=
𝐿= ln ( ) 𝑓
𝜇𝑟 = 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 2𝜋 𝑑
2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜇𝑜 = 4𝜋 ∗ 10−7 𝐻⁄𝑚 2𝜋𝜀 𝛽= [ ⁄𝑚]
𝐶= 𝜆
𝜋𝜀 𝐷
ln ( ) 360 𝑑𝑒𝑔
𝐶= 𝑑 ⁄𝑚]
2𝑠 𝛽= [
ln ( ) 1 1 1 𝜆
𝑑
𝑅= [ + ]
𝜀 = 𝜀𝑟 ∗ 𝜀𝑜 2𝜋𝛿𝜎𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝛽 = phase-delay / phase-shift constant

𝜀𝑟 = 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 2𝜋𝜎 Characteristic Impedance (ZO)

𝐺=
10−9 𝐹 𝐷
ln ( )
𝜀𝑜 = ⁄𝑚 𝑑 𝑍 𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿
36𝜋 𝑍𝑇 = √ = √
Velocity of the signal in free space 𝑌 𝐺 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶
1 𝑓𝑡
𝑅= 𝑉𝑐 = 3 ∗ 108 𝑚⁄𝑠 = 9.84 ∗ 106 ⁄𝑠 = 180,000 𝑚𝑖⁄𝑠
𝜋𝑎δσc Parallel Lines
𝑉𝑝 = 𝑉𝑓 ∗ 𝑉𝑐 = 𝑘𝑉𝑐
1 120 2𝑠
𝛿= → 𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 1 𝑍𝑜 = ln ( )
√𝜋𝑓𝜇𝜎 𝑘 = 𝑉𝑓 = √𝑘 𝑑
√𝑘 → 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝜋𝜎 Coaxial Cable
𝐺=
2𝑠
ln ( ) 60 𝐷
𝑑 𝑍𝑜 = ln ( )
√𝑘 𝑑
Propagation Constant (γ) unit: (/m) 𝑍𝑂 Vmax and Vmin positions
𝑆𝑊𝑅 = , 𝑅 < 𝑍𝑂
𝑅𝐿 𝐿
𝛾 = √𝑍𝑌 → √(𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿)(𝐺 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶) Smax = position of Vmax
Transmission Line Input Impedance
For AF Signals Smin = position of Vmin
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑗𝑍𝑂 tan 𝛽𝑠
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍𝑜 [ ] 𝜃
𝛾 = √𝑅𝐺 𝑍𝑂 + 𝑗𝑍𝐿 tan 𝛽𝑠 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2𝛽
For RF Signals Special Conditions
𝜃+𝜋
𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝛾 = 𝑗𝜔√𝐿𝐶 Lossless Line 2𝛽
1. If ZIN = ZO Where θ = angle of refl. coefficient
𝑍𝐼𝑁 = 𝑍𝑂
𝛾 = 𝛼 + 𝑗β 𝛽 = phase-shift constant

𝛼 = 𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 2. ZL = 0, ZIN = ? (Shorted) Matching

𝑍𝐼𝑁 = 𝑗𝑍𝑂 tan 𝛽𝑠
𝑅 𝑁𝑝 Open Stubs ZL < ZO
𝛼= ⁄𝑚
2𝑍𝑜 3. ZL = ∞, ZIN = ? (Open)
𝑍𝑂
𝛽 = 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 − 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑍𝐼𝑁 =
𝑗 tan 𝛽𝑠

Reflection Coefficient and SWR

Attenuation
𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙 𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍𝑜 1
Γ= → 4.35𝑅𝑇 𝐴 = arctan
𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑐 𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍𝑜 𝐴(𝑑𝐵/100𝑓𝑡) = √𝑆𝑊𝑅
𝑍𝑂
For Complex ZO 𝑆𝑊𝑅 − 1
Parallel Lines 𝐵 = arctan ( )
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 1 + |Γ| √𝑆𝑊𝑅
𝑆𝑊𝑅 = → 0.2√𝑓(𝑀𝐻𝑧)
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 1 − |Γ| 𝑅𝑇 = Closed Stubs ZL > ZO
𝑑(𝑓𝑡. )
For Pure Resistive 𝐴 = arctan √𝑆𝑊𝑅
Coaxial Cable
𝑅𝐿 √𝑆𝑊𝑅
𝑆𝑊𝑅 = , 𝑅 > 𝑍𝑂 1 1 𝐵 = arctan ( )
𝑍𝑜 𝐿 𝑅𝑇 = 0.1 [ + ] √𝑓(𝑀𝐻𝑧) 𝑆𝑊𝑅 − 1
𝑎(𝑓𝑡. ) 𝑏(𝑓𝑡. )
Quarter-wave Transformer Power Radiated 𝜋ℎ
𝜆 sin2 ( )
ℎ𝑒 = 𝜆
1 ZL = RL (Purely Resistive) 𝑃𝑅 = 𝑃𝑇 ∗ 𝐴𝐶 2𝜋ℎ
𝜋 sin ( )
𝜆
𝑍𝑂′ = √𝑍𝐿 ∗ 𝑍𝑂 𝜆2 𝐺
𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓 = Loop antenna
4𝜋
2 ZL = R + jX (Complex)
120𝜋𝐼ℎ𝑒
𝐸=
𝑅𝑖𝑛 (𝑚𝑎𝑥) = 𝑆𝑊𝑅 ∗ 𝑍𝑂 For Isotropic 𝜆𝑑
𝑍𝑂 𝜆 2
𝑅𝑖𝑛 (𝑚𝑖𝑛) = 𝑃𝑅 = 𝑃𝑇 𝐺 ( )
𝑆𝑊𝑅 4𝜋𝑑 4𝜋𝑛𝐴
ℎ𝑒 =
𝑍𝑂′ = √𝑅𝑖𝑛 ∗ 𝑍𝑂 For Directional 𝜆
A = area of the biggest loop
Radio Wave Propagation 𝜆 2
𝑃𝑅 = 𝑃𝑇 𝐺𝑇 𝐺𝑅 ( ) n = number of turns
Snell’s Law 4𝜋𝑑
𝜆 2 Ground (Surface) wave
𝑛1 sin 𝜃1 = 𝑛2 sin 𝜃2 𝑃𝑅 (𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠) = ( )
4𝜋𝑑 50(𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠)
𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3
𝑛 → 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = √𝑘 √𝑒 √𝑓(𝑀𝐻𝑧)
Electric Field Intensity
Power Density Sommerfield analysis
Isotropic
1. ISOTROPIC SOURCE ANT. For PT = 1kW
𝑃𝑇 𝑊 √30 ∗ 𝑃𝑇
𝑃𝐷𝐼 = ( ⁄𝑚) 𝐸= 𝐴𝐸1
4𝜋𝑑2 𝑑 𝐸=
2. DIRECTIONAL SOURCE ANT. 𝑑
𝑃𝑇 ∗ 𝐺 Directional
𝑃𝐷𝐷 = d = 1 km; E1 = 300 mV/m
4𝜋𝑑2 d = 1 mi; E1 = 186 mV/m
√30 ∗ 𝑃𝑇 ∗ 𝐺𝑇
𝐸=
𝑃𝐷𝐷 𝑑 else
𝐺=𝐷=
𝑃𝐷𝐼 Vertical Monopole 𝐴𝐸1
𝐷 ≠ 𝐺; 𝐺 = 𝜂𝐴 𝐷 𝐸= √𝑃𝑇 (𝑘𝑊)
𝑅𝑇 120𝜋𝐼ℎ𝑒 𝑑
𝜂𝐴 = ∗ 100% 𝐸=
𝑅𝑇 + 𝑅𝑂 𝜆𝑑
Direct/Space Wave

𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √1.5𝑘 [ √ℎ 𝑇 (𝑓𝑡) + √ℎ𝑅 (𝑓𝑡)]

k = obstruction between Tx and Rx

h = height of Tx/Rx