Professional Documents
Culture Documents
HVDC
HVDC
HVDC Transmission
Fundamentals
Sponsor: HVDC and FACTS
Subcommittee
2
Session Overview
• Introduce fundamentals of HVDC transmission
systems
• The presentations are tutorial in nature
• Will provide background for other sessions at
this conference
3
Presentations
• Planning for HVDC Projects,
– Mike Henderson, ISO-New England
• Overview of VSC HVDC
– Neil Kirby, GE Grid Solutions
• Overview of LCC HVDC
– Brian Johnson, University of Idaho
• Changing/Optimizing Electric Power Networks
by Using Flexible HVDC Technologies
– Taixun Fang, Nr Electrc USA, LLC
4
8
9
Development History
• First “Static” VAR Compensator (1930’s)
– Saturated reactors in combination with capacitors
• First HVDC projects (Mercury Arc Valves):
– Berlin-Charlottenburg early 1940’s
– Moscow early 1950’s
– Gotland Island: 1954 (first operating project)
12
Brian Johnson
University of Idaho
14
Topics
• Introduction
• Circuit Configurations
• Converter Operation
• Real / Reactive Power
• Harmonics
• Converter Arrangements
• Control
15
• Ratings
• Power range up to 4000 MW at ± 500 kV
• Power range up to 4800 MW at ± 600 kV
• Voltage range increasing to ± 800 kV with
Power range up to 6400 MW
16
4 6 2
– Inductive filter on dc side –
current stiff
• Reverse direction of power • 6-pulse bridge
flow by reversing voltage
polarity
Berlin Mercury Arc
Valves 1942
17
Gotland Mercury Arc Valve
18
HVDC Operating Configurations
19
LCC Converter Operation
Id
IR
1 3 5
IR
uR
IS
uS IS
Ud
u IT
uT
a
IT
4 6 2
20
21
Harmonic Characteristics
• AC characteristic current
harmonics at fh = 12n +/- 1
• Shunt filters: band pass, high pass,
double-tuned
• Typical ac filter performance
criteria: THD<1.5%, TIF < 45
• DC side voltage harmonics: fh=12n
• Typically 35% of station rating in
installed ac filters
• Harmonic magnitudes diminish
with increasing harmonic number
23
QHF ± QSH
T G
SG
SC
SSC
25
Gate Unit
Smoothing
reactor
Converter
AC bus
DC filter
Shunt
capacitors AC filters
or other
reactive
equipment Telecommunication ~~
Control
system
26
LCC HVDC Converter Station
HVDC-CSC
Converter
Transformers DC Filters
AC Filters DC
AC
Outdoor
Indoor
Thyristor Valves
27
Modular Back-toBack CCC
Asynchronous Tie
28
Generator Outlet Transmission
More power on fewer lines
Improved stability
Lower installed cost
Reduced losses
Double circuit (bipolar line)
Reduced ROW
One line vs. two
29
ITAIPU
2 x 6300 MW
Long-Distance
Bulk Power
3 x 800 kV AC 2 x ± 600 kV DC
6300 MW 6300 MW
Transmission
345 kV AC ± 500 kV DC
400 MW 3000 MW
30
Interconnections
• Firm capacity
• Bypass congestion
• Avoid loop flow
• No limit due to parallel paths
• Interconnect diverse regions
• Asynchronous
31
Asynchronous
Interconnections
• Economic
• Firm transactions
• Shared reserves
• Increase diversity
• Economy energy trade
Asynchonous borders
• Reliability
• Emergency power support
• Mutual assistance
• Isolate disturbances
• ‘Fire-wall’ against cascading
outages
HVDC in North America • Reserve sharing
32
Control Principles
• Two independent control inputs at each
terminal
• Firing angle fast
• AC voltage slow (LTC)
• One terminal controls DC voltage (fast)
• One terminal controls DC current (slower)
• Current order from higher order power
command
• Synchronized firing with PLL
33
Handling Firing Angle Limits
• Alpha min for
rectifier
• Disturbance
• Gamma min at
inverter
• Commutation
failure
• VDCOL
34
Summary
• Overview of LCC operation
• Circuit Configurations
• Real / Reactive Power
• Harmonics
• Converter Arrangements
• Control
35
Planning and integration of Flexible HVDC
into Today’s Grid
The planning process and required studies
Michael I. Henderson
ISO New England Inc.
PES General Meeting
May 2016
Disclaimer
• Properly Presented Information
– Accurately represents the positions of ISO New England
2
Planning HVDC and FACTS - Overview
• Background and Planning Process
• Study Requirements
• Refurbishment Issues
• HVDC and FACTS Lessons Learned
• Future Applications
• Summary and Conclusions
3
Background and Planning Process
4
What Is Planning?
• Identify need for future power system infrastructure
• Meet reliability, economical, and policy requirements
and constraints
• Know your objectives
– Transmission owner – rate base considerations
– Generator owner – minimize cost and maximize revenues
– Regulator – keep rates low and meet policy objectives
– Environmental community – meet air, water, and land
management requirements
– Market resource alternatives – effect on bottom line
– Load – rates and environmental impact
5
Reliability Guides Regional Transmission
Planning Requirements
• North American Electric NPCC
Reliability Corporation
– Reliability Standards for the
Bulk Power System in North
America
• Northeast Power
Coordinating Council
– Regional Reliability
Reference Directory #1
– Design and Operation of the Standards are used to
Bulk Power System ensure that the regional
• ISO New England transmission system can
reliably deliver power to
– Reliability requirements for consumers under a wide
the regional power system range of future system
conditions.
6
Types of Transmission Upgrades
• Generation Interconnection
• Elective Transmission
Generally funded by the
• Merchant Transmission entity proposing the project
• Local Benefit Upgrades
7
Overall Transmission Development
Process for Regional Upgrades*
• Identify needs
• Derive possible solutions
• Define project
• Achieve Reliability and Cost approvals
• Begin state siting
• Stakeholder input throughout
8
Meeting US FERC Order 1000
Requirements
• Changes are underway!
– Competitive process to determine longer-term
transmission infrastructure projects
– Transmission projects for meeting public policy
objectives
– Build on the interregional planning process and
change interregional cost allocation for
transmission projects
9
System Capacity Factor versus Reliability
Upgraded System
Existing System
Reliability
1
0
Economic?
Higher Risk Requires Higher Return
RETURN
RISK
INVESTMENT
$
11
Winners and Losers
Money is the key driver
Balance reliability and investment
Reliability Economy
1
2
Planning Process
• Drivers physical and commercial
13
Planning in a Deregulated Market Requires
Robust Solutions to Deal with Uncertainty
• Markets and bid strategies increase variability
– Unit dispatch
– Unit commitment
– Ancillary services
– Network flows
• Market power issues
– Load pockets
– Dependency on generating units affect transfer limits
• Independent owners and decisions for capital investment
– Resource amounts, locations, and types
– Load serving entities
– Transmission owners
• Technology and physical changes
– Wind and fuel constraints
– Environmental restrictions and targets
– Distributed resources
– Availability and maintenance
14
The Planner’s Job Identifies
• Benefits, costs, and risks
• Basis for application
• Applications meeting corporate, regional, and physical
requirements
• Solutions for flow control and asset utilization
• Reactive supply and voltage control issues
• Acceptable dynamic and transient stability performance
– Speed of response and settings for controls
• Economics of alternative solutions
• Plans with enhanced system performance under a wide
variety of system conditions, including maintenance
15
Possible HVDC Applications
• Network Controllability
– Control of real power
– Voltage control
– Auxiliary control
• Frequency regulation
• Damp dynamic oscillations
• Stabilize transient stability swings
• Asynchronous interconnections
• Transmission over long distances
• Bypass network congestion and inject power
• Submarine applications
• Right-of-way of constraints
• Short circuit restrictions
16
Study Requirements
17
Planning Considerations
• Base case assumptions must assess flexibility
under a wide variety of system conditions
• Contingency Considerations
• Losses
• Coordination with neighboring systems
• System protection, engineering, and design
• Siting and regulatory requirements
18
Conventional versus HVDC and FACTS Control?
• Modeling and planning studies are required to address the three C’s
– Controllability application
• Steady state
• Dynamic
– Coordination of plans and operations
• Existing and planned facilities
• Interface with other entities (facility owners, ISO/RTO, etc.)
– Commercial aspects and cost recovery
• Market issues
• Transmission tariff
• Need for dynamic control is a key driver for FACTS versus
conventional applications
– Dynamic reactive support is the most common application of FACTS
– SVCs and STATCOMs are often found near traditional HVDC
installations
19
Technical Study Considerations – HVDC and FACTS
• Recognize control system interactions
• Types of studies
– Steady state
– Short circuit
– Harmonic
– Transient
– Stability analyses
– Protection and Control
• Consider normal and maintenance system conditions
• Examine extreme contingencies
20
Power Flow Analysis
• Normal and contingency system transfer capability
• Loop flow
• Consistency with long-term system expansion needs
• Voltage performance
• Static and dynamic voltage control performance
• Losses
• Tap ranges for converter transformers
• Others
21
Short Circuit, Harmonic, Transient Studies
• Short circuit
– Short circuit ratio is critical for HVDC control design
– Key driver of FACTS control design
– Auxiliary transformers, etc. can contribute to short circuit
• Harmonic
– Controls to reduce harmonics
– Filtering requirements
• Transient
– Insulation coordination
– HVDC and FACTS response to contingencies and system recovery
• Vital input to develop transient stability models, including unbalanced
faults
– Subsynchronous torsional interactions
22
Stability Studies and Controls
• Protect HVDC and FACTS
– Converter blocks
– Commutation failures
– Integrity of station service
• Enhance system performance with auxiliary controls
– Linear and non-linear controls
– Transient stability
– Dynamic stability
– Frequency response
• Auxiliary stability controls require proper settings
– System swings are becoming more problematic as generators with significant
inertia and reactive capability are displaced by low inertia, low reactive
capability wind generators distant from the transmission network
– Provide system damping
– Reflect changes in the system
23
Control System Issues
• Accurate models
• Acceptable system topologies
• Ramp rates
• Availability and failure modes
• Need for redundancy and monitoring of the status of
key control systems
• Maintenance conditions
• Training of operating personnel
• Field tests
• Continued performance monitoring and adjustment
24
Economic Evaluation
• Compare HVDC and FACTS with other alternatives
• Availability of facilities
• Wholesale market and transmission tariff
– Who pays and who benefits?
– Energy
– Capacity
– Ancillary services
• Related system improvements
• Regulated and merchant system improvements
• Operating and maintenance costs
• Load and no-load losses
25
HVDC and FACTS Issues as Compared with
Conventional Solutions
• Cost Benefit Analysis
– Winners and Losers
– Energy
– Capacity
– Ancillary services
– Consider system improvements required for the HVDC
• Environmental impact
• Reliability and Availability
– Unwanted trips of controllers
• Multiple controllers could trip for a common contingency
– Valve and other equipment failures
– Maintenance and need for spare parts
– System performance and robustness
• Operating Issues
26
Alternatives to HVDC and FACTS
• Wire!
– Isolate load and generation through radial interconnections of
asynchronous systems
– Transmission circuit additions
• Real power control
– Phase angle regulators
– Variable Frequency Transformers
– Special protection systems, such as generation rejection and reactor
insertions to achieve flow control
• Reactive power control
– Switchable shunts
– Synchronous Condensers
– Generator clutch technology
– Special stability controls , such as Power System Stabilizers
27
HVDC Converter Stations contain components with varying
design lives. To obtain the maximum life of the station, we
must consider each element independently.
28
Typical HVdc Station Costs
29
Refurbishment and Replacement
30
Need for Refurbishments
• System changes require updates
– Short circuit availability
– System flows
– Stability performance
– Potential control system interactions
– Harmonic performance
• Life of control systems
– Issues with manufacturers support
– Qualified personnel
– Physical life of equipment
– Desire for open architecture
– Human – machine interface
31
Need for Refurbishments, cont.
• Life of valves
– Availability of spare equipment
– Improved technologies
• Other considerations – state of the equipment
– Firing and protection systems
– Transformers
– Filters
– Smoothing reactors
– Environmental
– Cooling systems
– Maintenance costs
– Outage coordination
• Monitor performance and lost opportunity costs
32
Typical Life of Components
Thyristor Valves 30
DC Filters 20
Ground Electrode 40
33
The Plan
34
Be Careful!
Compare lifetime costs and performance with alternative plans
• Converter station costs
• Harmonics
• Losses in the converter
• Space for converter station and associated
equipment
• VAR consumption for line commutated converters
• Control
• Training of personnel
35
36
37
38
Source: ABB
39
40
HVDC and FACTS Lessons Learned
41
42
Lessons Learned
• Effective communication is required for:
– Planning
– Engineering
– Constructing
– Operating
• Extensive planning studies and adequate modeling of the control systems are
required
– The AC and DC systems interact
– Contingencies on one side of an asynchronous tie can affect the remote system
• Field Tests are necessary to verify the design and performance of the installation
• Shakedown Period is required prior to declaring commercial operation
• System Events and Future System Improvements should be captured
– Verify and Update models
– Revisit Operating Procedures
• Watch System Protection and Control System designs and responses, especially as
the system evolves
– Ensure consistency with desired performance
43
Lessons Learned, cont.
• Studies require extremely detailed evaluations
of multiple system conditions
• Increased use of power electronics on the
system is giving rise to new interactions
• Many system changes will require transient
studies prior to approving final system plans
• Additional system upgrades may be necessary
to supplement the HVDC and FACTS projects
44
Applications
• Chateauguay
– Asynchronous interconnection between NY and Quebec
– Weak AC system need for special stability controls
• Phase I/II
– Asynchronous interconnection between NY and Quebec
– Long distance – over 900 miles long
• Cross Sound Cable
– Merchant HVdc facility between CT and LI
• Highgate
– Asynchronous interconnection between New England and
Quebec
– Refurbishment
45
Chateauguay
• Field tests and system events demonstrated need to:
– Remain mindful of DC/AC system interactions
– Fully understand system controls
– Continue monitoring performance
– Have proper models
– Modify controls
– Coordinate the planning and operation of the facility
• Controls have since been replaced with the same
functionality
46
Sandy Pond
Phase II HVDC Interconnection
47
System Inertia Results in Power Swing
towards New England for l/o Phase II
HQ Phase II
2000 MW
48
Summary and Conclusions
49
Summary
• HVDC and FACTS Controllers have been applied successfully
– Transient and Dynamic Stability
– Voltage Control
– Asynchronous and Synchronous HVDC interconnections
– Submarine installations
– Over long distances and in areas with limited rights-of-way (ROW)
• Compare costs and performance of HVDC and FACTS with conventional solutions
• Many potential future system needs will likely be met with conventional solutions
rather than HVDC and FACTS
– Damp Dynamic Oscillations
– Dynamic Voltage Support
– Steady State MW Control
• HVDC and FACTS Controllers have many potential applications
– HVDC is a likely solution to gain access to renewable resources in Northern New England
and Canada
– HVDC has potential use underground and underwater
– Shunt FACTS solutions are likely to be realized
– Few applications of series FACTS controllers anticipated
50
Conclusions
• Deregulated structure of the electric power industry results in
– Increased variability in network conditions
– Need for robust solutions
– Better use of existing infrastructure
• Apply HVDC when
– Need for control of real power
– Interconnecting asynchronous systems
– Power is transmitted over long distances
– Less expensive option, such as long submarine ties and areas with limited ROWs
• Apply FACTS when
– Dynamic control, typically voltage control, is required
– Cost and performance are favorable compared with conventional options
• Study process
– Feasibility studies
– Detailed modeling of the HVDC and FACTS facility
– Finalize network plan
51
Conclusions, cont.
• Coordination between planning and operating
personnel is critical
– Implement procedures that are as simple as possible
– Maximize the secure and economical operation of the
facility and the overall network
• Account for network, HVDC, and FACTS control
system interactions
• Conduct field tests and continue monitoring of
key parameters
– Confirm models
52
“Prediction is very difficult, especially with
respect to the future!”
Yogi Berra
53
May all of your happy plans be fulfilled!
54
55
1
HVDC Technology
Voltage Source Converters
Neil Kirby – General Electric – IEEE PES T&D Expo, Dallas, May 2016
2
Introduction
• Voltage Source
Converter HVDC
– GE HVDC MaxSine™
– ABB HVDC Light™
– Siemens HVDC Plus™
• Based on Transistor
rather than Thyristor
– IGBT or similar
• Simpler Transformers
– No DC Stress
– Reduced Harmonics
• Simple Buildings
4
~ ~
= =
Bipole
~ ~
= =
VSC-HVDC 2 Basic Approaches
•Series-Connected IGBTs •Multi-level circuit
Conceptually simple circuit Low switching losses
Requires PWM Easily “scaleable”
High switching losses Virtually no harmonics
Harmonic problems from PWM More complex controls
+V +V +V
+V
-V
-V -V
-V = chain link module
+½Udc +½Udc
U U
-½Udc -½Udc
6
V
V
LCC
Valve +Idc
+Idc/3
Winding 0
IGBT1
or D2
I
Voltage IGBT1 IGBT1
I IGBT2
IGBT2
or D1
or D2 or D2 or D1
0
IGBT2
or D1
-Idc
-Idc/3
1
/2IAC(pk) 1
/2IAC(pk) 1
/2IAC(pk)
Idc Îac
I valve sin ( t )
1
/2IAC(pk)
3 2
{
1
{
/2IAC(pk) 1
/2IAC(pk)
AC Current
DC Current
VSC versus LCC HVDC
Line-Commutated Voltage-Sourced
Converter (LCC) HVDC Converter (VSC) HVDC
VDC_A
VDC_B IDC
Clearance of DC Side Faults - Today
Line Commutated
Converters use the power
electronics as the Primary
Protection
(pu)
-0.50
-1.00
DC Current
(kA)
0.00
0.0990 0.1000 0.1010 0.1020 0.1030 0.1040 0.1050 0.1060
1.50
1.00
0.50 DC Pole 1 Voltage
0.00
(pu) -0.50
-1.00 DC Pole 2 Voltage
-1.50
-2.00
20.0
DC Current
2. Fault across the converter
(kA)
ΔV
XLIMB Im
XT I
2
ICONV Vvsc
V Re
VAC VVSC d
Vac
V1 V2
V2
. .
IAC XLIMB IAC XTX
V3 V1
IAC
XTX XLIMB
IAC
Line-to-Ground
Line-to-Ground Line-to-Ground DC
Transformer
AC System Voltage Valve Voltage Voltage
Secondary Voltage
V1 V2 V3
14
Low AC Voltage
High AC Voltage
Constant
MVA
-Q +Q
(inductive) (capacitive)
-P (Rectifier)
15
Main Terminal 1
Capacitor -ve
Main Terminal
Capacitor +ve
Test Connection
Main Terminal 1
Main Terminal 2
Capacitor -ve
Test Terminal
Converter Arrangements
• Modular Flexibility
17
Station Layouts
21
Station Layouts
Multi-terminal HVDC
• South-West Link
(Sweden)
Phase 2:
2 Converters
• 2 x VSC Converter Station in north
• Connection of Barkeryd Converters
2 Converters to North
(Sweden)
Multi-Terminal
• Creating a Future DC Grid
– DC Breakers
– Alternative Converters
• Full Bridge, etc
24
Questions?