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Structure: 1. Plans: Preparation of Drawings Plan, Section, Elevation, With Full
Structure: 1. Plans: Preparation of Drawings Plan, Section, Elevation, With Full
Introduction
Structure
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Definition
1.2 Need for estimation and costing
Learning Objecyives
After studing this unit, student will be able to
• Have an idea of the introduction to estimating and costing.
1.0 Introduction
In the civil engineering field, the construction activity contains the
following three steps.
1. Plans : Preparation of drawings plan, section, elevation, with full
dimension and detailed, specifications meeting the requirements of the proposed
structure.
2. Estimation : Preparation of an estimate is for arriving the cost of
the structure to verify the available funds or to procure the required funds for
completion of the proposed structure.
3. Execution (construction) : It is a grounding the proposed structure,
for construction as per the provision contained in drawings and estimation..
152 Construction Technology
The plans contains size of room and dimensions of the work and the estimate
contains the quantity and quality aspects of the structure.
1.1 Definition
Estimation and costing there are two basic points involved in
construction of structures are :
1. Quantity : The quantity aspects is with reference to the measurement
in the drawings (plan, elevation, section)
2. Quality : The quality aspects is with reference to the specifications,
i.e properties of materials, workmanship etc.
Note : The estimation and costing of any structure is defined as the
process of determination of quantities of items of work, and its cost for
completion.
2. Estimate of a project is therefore, a forecast of its probable cost.
1.2 Need for Estimation and Costing
The object of preparing the estimate for any civil engineering structure is
1. To know the quantities of various items of work, a material and
labour and their source of identification.
2. To decide whether the proposal can match the available funds to
complete the structure.
3. To obtain the administrative and technical sanction of estimate
from the competent authorities to release the funds for construction.
4. To invite tenders or quotations based on the estimate quantities for
entrust of works to the execution.
Short Answer Type Questions
1. What is meant by Estimating and Costing ?
2. State need for Estimation and Costing.
UNIT 2
Measurement of Materials
and Works
Structure
2.0 Introduction
2.1 Units of measurements
2.2 Rules For Measurement
2.3 Different methods of tasking out quantities
Learning Objectives
After the studying this unit student will be able to
• To measure various quantities as per rules.
2.0 Introduction
The units of differents works depends on their nature, size and shape.
.In general, the units of different items of works are based on the following
principle.
1. Massive or volumetric items of work such as earth work, concerete
for foundations, R.R Masonry , Brick Masonry etc. The measurements of
length, breadth , height or depth shall be taken to compute the volume or cubical
contents.
2. Shallow, thin and surface work shall be taken in square unit or in
area. The measurements of length and breadth or height shall be taken to
compute the area, Ex. Plastering, white washing etc.
154 Construction Technology
3. Long and Thin work shall be taken in linear or running units and
linear measurement shall, be taken. Ex : Fencing, Rainwater pipes,
ornamental borders etc.
4. Single units of work are expressed in numbers. Ex. Doors, Windows,
Rafters, Trusses etc.
2.1 Units of measurement for various items of Civil
Engineering Works
Units of measure-
Sl.No Particulars of items Unit of
ments payment
(a) Earth work excavation in all 10.00cum 10.00cum
1.
types of soils except rock re-
quiring blastering.
(b) Earth work excavation in 1.00cum 1.00cum
the soils hard rock requirng
blastering.
(c) Excavation of pipe line 1.00 rmt 1.00rmt
through of specified width and
depth inall types of soils
(d) Earthwork for road for- 10.00cum 10.00cum
mation ,bund formation etc.
cutting , embankment.
(e) Refilling of foundations , 10.00cum 10.00cum
basements, pipe lines, trenches
with excavated soils.
Plain cement concrete for 1.00cum 1.00cum
2.
foundation.
R.R.masonry or brick ma- 1.00cum 1.00cum
3.
sonry for foundation base-
ment, super strucrture, parapet
wall etc.
Filling the basement with 1.00cum
4. 1.00cum
sand.
(a) RCC 1:2: 4 with normal 1.00cum
5. 1.00cum
reinforcement for plinth beam ,
columns, lintels, verandah
beam- T beam etc.
Paper - II Estimating and Costing 155
10.00sqm 10.00sqm
(b) R.C.C 1: 2: 4 for slabs of
specified thickness .
6. Plastering pointing, flooring, 1.0.00sqm1.00sqm 10.00sqm
weather proof coarse, white
washing, colour washing, paint-
ing.
7. Roofing with A.C sheets, tiled 10.00sq m. 10.00sq m.
roofing, Kurnool trerrace, Ma-
dras terrace etc.
8. D.P.C specified width and thick- 1.00Rmt 1.00Rmt
ness
9. Wooden and steel trusses 1.00No 1.00No
10 Doors, windows, ventilators. 1.00 No 1.00No
For long walls add to the center length one breadth of wall, which
gives the length of the wall out-to-out ,multiplying this length by the breadth and
height and get the quantities,. Thus for finding the quantities of earth work in
excavation, for the length of trench out-to-out add to the centre length one
breadth of foundaiton. Adopt the same process for foudation conceret and for
eacth footing. It should be noted that each footing is to be taken separately and
the breadth of the particular footing is to be added to the centre length.
Long wall length out-to-out = centre to centre length + half breadth on
one side + half breadth on the other side = centre to centre length + one breadth.
For short or cross walls sub tract ( instead of adding) from the centre
length one breadth of wall, which gives the length in-to-in, and repeat the same
process as for the long walls, subtracting one breadth instead of adding.
Short wall length in-to-in= Centre to centre length - one breadth.
That is, in case of long wall add one breadth and in case of short wall
substract one breadth from the centre length to get the corresponding lengths.
It will be noticed that by taking dimensions in this ways, the long walls
are gradually decreasing in length from foundation to superstructure, while the
short walls are increasing in length.
This method is simple and accurate and there is no chance of any mistake.
This method may be named as long wall and short wall method, or general
method.
2.3.2 Centre line method
In this method known as centre line method. This method is easy and
quick in calculations. In this method sum total length of centre lines of all walls,
long and short has to be found out. This method is well suitable for walls of
similar cross sections. In this method the total centre line multiplied by breadth
and depth of concerned item gives the total quantity of each item. In this method,
the length will remain same for excavation in foundation for concrete in foundation,
for all footings and for super structure (with slight difference where there are
cross walls or number of junctions). It requires special attention and consideration
at the junctions, meeting points of partition or cross walls, etc.
For rectangular, circular polygonal (hexagonal, octagonal etc) building
having no inter or cross walls, this method is quite simple. For each junction half
breadth of the respective items or footings is to be deducted from the total
centre length. Thus in the case of a building with one partition wall or cross wall
having two junctions, for earthwork in foundation trench and foundation concrete
deduct one breadth of trench or concrete from the total centre length (half breadth
Paper - II Estimating and Costing 159
for one junction and the breadth ( 2 x 1/2 = one) for two junctions. For footings,
similarly deduct one breadth of footing for two junctions from the total centre
length and so on. If two walls come from opposite directions and meet a wall at
the same point, than there will be two junctions.
In the case of a building having different type of walls, suppose the other
(main) walls are of A type and inter cross walls are of B type, then all A type
walls shall be taken jointly first , and then all B type walls should be taken
together separately. In such cases no deductions of any kind need be made for
A type walls, but when B type walls are taken, for each junction deducting of
half breadth of A type wall (main wall) shall have to be made from the total
centre length of walls.
It may be noted that at corners of the building where two walls are
meeting no substraction or addition is required.
Note : Student should practice method I first and when they have become
sufficiently acquainted with method I, then only they should take up the method
II.
Short Answer Type Questions
1. Write the unit of measurements. Earthwork, P.C.C, R.C.C, Masonary,
Plastering, Flooring, Fencing, Ornamental border, Door, Windows,
Trusses etc.
2. Write general rules for measurement.
3. Write different methods of taking out quantities and describe.
160 Construction Technology
UNIT 3
Types of Estimates
Structure
3.0 Introduction
3.1 Detailed estimate
3.2 Preliminary or approximate estimate
3.3 Problems in preliminary estimate
Learning Objectives
After studying this unit student will be able to
• Understand the definition of detailed estimate, stages of preparation
of estimate, Data required for an estimate and types of estimate.
3.0 Introduction
An estimate is a probable cost of a work. It is usually prepared before
the construction is taken up. The primary object of an estimate is to know
beforehand the cost of the work. The actual cost of the work is known after the
completion of the work. If the estimate is prepared carefully and correctly there
will not be much difference in the estimated cost and actual cost. The estimator
should be fully acquainted with the methods of construction, skilled and
experienced for accurate estimating.
Paper - II Estimating and Costing 161
Detailed Estimate
S.no Description of work No Length Breadth Height/Depth Quantity Remarks
Abstract estimate
UNIT 4
Detailed and Abstract
Estimate of Buildings
Structure
4.0 Introduction
4.1 Single roomed building (load bearing structure)
4.2 Two roomed building( load bearing type structure)
4.3 Single storied residential building with number of rooms (load bearing
type structure)
4.4 Single storied residential building with number of rooms (framed
structure type)
4.5 Primary school building with sloped roof
4.6 RCC Dog legged – open well stairs
4.7 Two storied residential building (framed structure type)
4.8 Detailed estimate of compound wall and steps
Learning Objectives
After studying this unit student will be able to
Prepare detailed estimates of single roomed, Building roomed, Double
roomed buildings, for load bearing walls and Framed structures. Detailed Esti-
mate of Primary School Building, Compound walls and steps. Detailed estimate
Dog legged and Open Well STair case. Preparational estimate for ground and
first floor.
Paper - II Estimating and Costing 165
4.0 Introduction
To estimate the cost of any building or a structure, drawings,
specifications and rates are required. Regarding the detailed estimate by long
wall and short wall method and centre line method, the drawings consisting of
plan elevation and section are sufficient. The estimator should be able to take all
the dimensions from the drawings. The length and breadth are taken from the
plan, while the height or depth are taken from the section and elevations. In long
wall and short wall method the walls are taken separately, while in the centre line
method, the centre line lengths of all the walls are combined. The accuracy of
estimate depends upon the skill of the estimator in studying the drawings. The
long wall and short wall method is useful for load bearing type structure, but it
cannot be applied for framed structure.
4.1 Single roomed building (load bearing structure)
There are two steps in estimating the cost of a building or a structure.
1. Taking out quantities and calculation of quantities in detailed estimate.
2. Determining the cost from the abstract estimate.
Long wall and short wall method : This method is also called as
separate or individual wall method. This is simple and it gives accurate values.
The following procedure is adopted.
1. The dimensions of long wall and short wall should be taken separately.
2. Irrespective of its lengths, the wall which is taken first is long wall and
the wall which is taken next is the short wall.
3. The centre line of the wall of the building is considered for determining
the centre to centre line length of long walls and short walls.
4. The centre to centre to centre length of long walls or short walls is
obtained by adding half the width of the wall to the internal length of
either long wall or short wall.
5. Centre to centre length of long wall = internal length of long wall + ½
width of the wall.
6. Centre to centre length of short wall = internal length of short wall +
½ width of the wall.
7. To determine the lengths of different quantities such as earthwork,
c.c. bed in foundation, R.R. masonry etc, length of long wall = centre
166 Construction Technology
3.0
0.5
0.7 0.3
0.9 0.6
1.2 0.3
E L E V A T I O N S E C T I O N
For earth work in excavation Length of Short Wall = 4.3 – 1.2 = 3.1 m.
In cement concrete in foundation the length and width of the long wall
and short wall are the same, but the height is different from that of the foundation
For R.R. masonry First footing Length of long wall = 6.3 + 0.9 = 7.2 m.
Length of Short Wall = 4.3 -0.9 = 3.4 m.
Similarly for second footing & Third footing, Length of Long Walls are
7.0 and 6.8 and for short walls are 3.6 m and 3.8 m respectively.
Detailed estimate of a single roomed building by centre line method
Centre to centre length of long wall = 6.0 + 2x0.3/2 = 6.3 m.
Centre to centre length of short wall = 4.0 + 2x0.3/2 = 4.3 m.
Total centre line length = 2(6.3 + 4.3) = 21.2 m.
Detailed Estimate
168 Construction Technology
12.72
Total R.R. masonry 28.62
of
4 Brick work in super
structure c.m. ( 1:8)
Long Walls 2 6.6 0.3 3 11.88 L=6.3+0.3=6.6
Short Walls 2 4 0.3 3 7.2 L=4.3-
0.3=4.0
19.08
3.0
0.5
0.7 0.3
0.9 0.6
1.2 0.3
E L E V A T I O N S E C T I O N
5m x 5 m 5m x 5m
D D
3.0m
D D
0.3 0.9
0.6 0.9
D D 0.3 1.2m
m m m
m3
5m
4m
5m
4m
5m
4m
5m
4m
Basement
56.43
Basement
174 Construction Technology
1.2 m
G.L G.L
R.C.C. 0.3 m
Footing
0.3 m
6.0 x 4.0 m 5.0 x 4.0 m R.C.C.
1.2 m
P L A N S E C T I O N
10 Internal Plastering
12 mm thick
Rooms 6mx5m 2 22 3 132 L=2(6+5)=22
Rooms5mx4m 2 18 3 108 L=2(5+4)=18
240
11 Sand filling in rooms
Rooms 6mx5m 2 6 5 1.2 72
Paper - II Estimating and Costing 177
Number of junctions = 2.
Height of the sloping roof =1.0 m.
178 Construction Technology
Ti
les
1.5 m
s
Tile
2.0 m
0.9 m 0.9 m
ELEVATION
0.3 m 0.3 m
1.2 m
References
W W
D - Door 1.00 m x 2.00 m
D D S E C T I O N
P L A N
180 Construction Technology
1650
250
1650
150
Floor
E L E V A T I O N S E C T I O N - A A
2500 1000
P L A N
Each Tread
300
300
300
Each Riser
152
152
152
No. of Treads
7
8
Flight No. No. of Risers
SECTION AT ‘AA’
4
8
8
C
A
Note :
1. All dimensions are in Milli meters
2. Follow the written dimensions only
Scale 1:50
DRG. No. 18
Flight No. A
Horizontal distance of treads = 0.3x8=2.4 m.
Height of risers = 0.15x9=1.35 m.
Parpet wall
Weathering
course
Lintel &
3.05 m sunshade
Brick
masonry
Roof slab
3.05 m
C.C. flooring
R.C.C Mix
1:4:1
0.902 Sand filling
Elevation C.C. floring
1:4:8
E L E V A T I O N
Ground floor
Number of columns = 15
Height of columns in ground flo or & first floor =
0.90+0.9+3.05+0.1+3.05+0.1+0.8=8.9 m.
Height of column in ground floor = 0.9+9+3.05+0.1=4.95 m.
Height of column in first floor = 3.05+0.1+0.8=3.95 m.
Length of brickwork, lintels and beams =
4.21x4+4.20x4+3.05x2+3.00x2+2.00x2+4.00x2+3.34x2 = 64.42 m.
Openings – Main door – 1.00mx2.1m -1 No., Door – D 0.9x2.1 – 3
Nos., Door D1 – 0.76x2.1 – 2 Nos.
Windows - W – 1.8mx1.2m – 5 Nos., W1 – 1.2mx1.2m – 2 Nos.
Length of wall 100 mm. thick = 4.21+3.79+1.5= 9.5 m.
Length of sunshade = 2.1x5+1.5x2+1.1x1+1.3x1 = 15.9 m.
186 Construction Technology
0.45 1.0 m
Side View
0.6 0.6 m
0.3 m
0.9 m 0.3
0.23 0.3
0.3
1.0 m
4.0 m Top view
Summary
To estimate the cost of a building or a structure the steps involved are
1. Taking out the measurement of various items and calculate the
quantities as per the detailed estimate.
2. Determining the cost of the calculated quantities as per Abstract
estimate.
The methods of calculating quantities are Long wall and short wall method
and Centre line method.
Length of Long wall = Centre to centre length of the long wall + width
Length of short wall = Centre to centre length of the short wall – width
In centre line method, the length = Total centre line length – (number of
junctions)xwidth/2
For a double room building, the total centre line length = sum of the
centre line lengths of two long walls and three short walls. The number
of junctions = 2.
For a building with number of rooms, the total centre line length = sum
of the centre to centre lengths of three long walls, three short walls of length 5.3
m. and three short walls of length 4.3 m. Number of junctions = 6.
The long wall short wall method and the centre line method are not
applicable. The lengths of the R.R. masonry, Brickwork in superstructure, Plinth
beam, lintels and beams under slab are obtained by adding the internal dimensions
of the rooms.
The roof for the primary school building is a gable roof, having its slope
in two directions. The roof under consideration is the roof having its width = 3.0
m. and its length = 6.0 m.
Length of the gable rafter = square root of [(width/2)2 + (Rise)2]
Number of gable rafters = Length of the roof/ spacing of the rafters.
Area of the tiled surface = 2x(Length of the roof )x Width of the sloping
side.)
Number of risers = Height of the flight/ rise.
Number of treads = Number of risers – 1.
Treads length = Number of treads x Tread.
Paper - II Estimating and Costing 193
UNIT 5
Specifications and Analysis
of Rates
Structure
5.0 Introduction
5.1 Prepare specifications for different items of work.
5.2 Find the cost of materials at source and at site.
5.3 Study of the cost of labor types of labor using standard schedule
of rates
5.4 Concept of lead and lift- leads statement
5.5 Preparation of unit rates for finished items of works
Learning Objectives
After studying this unit student will be able to
• Prepare the unit ratio of various items of works. Find the cost of
materials, specifications of various of various items of works.
5.0 Introduction
To estimate the cost of the building, the quantities of various items of
work are calculated from the drawings. The unit rates of various items of work
are calculated from the specifications of the various types of materials. The rates
are calculated as per the rates in the standard schedule of rates. The unit rates of
various items of work increase considerably with the specifications. The
Paper - II Estimating and Costing 195
specifications indicate the quality of the work while the drawings are used for
the quality of the work.
5.1 Prepare specifications for different items of work
Specifications specifies or describes the nature and the class of work,
materials to be used in the work, workmanship etc. From the study of the
specifications one can easily understand the nature of the work and what the
work shall be.
Detailed specifications : Detailed specifications are written to express
the requirements clearly in a concise form avoiding repetition and ambiguity.
The detailed specifications for various items of work are as follows.
Earthwork excavation of foundation
The following specifications shall be followed in the earthwork in
excavations in foundations.
1. Foundation trench shall be dug to the exact width and depth of
foundation.
2. Excavated earth shall not be placed within 1 m. of the edge of the
foundation.
3. The bottom of the trenches shall be perfectly leveled both
longitudinally and transversely.
4. If water accumulates in the trench, it should be pumped out. Care
should be taken to prevent water from entering the trench.
5. If rocks and boulders are found during excavation, they should be
removed and the bed of the trench should be leveled and
consolidated.
6. Foundation concrete should be laid only after the inspection and
approval by the Engineer in charge.
Cement concrete in foundation (1:5:10)
The following specifications should be followed in cement concrete in
foundation.
1. Course aggregate should be of hard broken stone, free from dust,
dirt and foreign matter.
2. Fine aggregate shall be of coarse sand, consisting of hard, sharp and
angular grains and shall pass through screen of 5 mm. square mesh.
196 Construction Technology
Plastering
The following specifications should be followed in plastering
1. The materials of mortar, cement and sand used in plastering should
be as per specifications.
2. The joints of the brickwork shall be raked for a depth of 18 mm. on
the surface.
3. Ceiling plastering should be completed before the start of wall
plastering.
4. The thickness of the plastering should not be less than 12 mm. for
internal plastering and 20 mm. for external plastering.
5. The plastering work shall be checked for horizontality with a straight
edge and for verticality with a plumb bob.
6. Any defective plastering shall be cut in rectangular shape and replaced.
7. The plastering should be watered for at least 10 days.
5.2 Find the cost of materials at source and at site.
The amount required to purchase the material at the source of its
production is the cost of materials at the source.
Cost of materials at site : The cost of materials at site includes the
cost of materials at source along with the cost of seignories, taxes, royalties,
transport, stacking, loading and unloading etc.
Seignories are collected for materials like sand, stones etc., which are
under the control of respective local agencies under government control.
5.3 Study of the cost of labor types of labor using standard
schedule of rates
Labour rates
Si
No.
Category of worker
S. Rate
For
2012-13
198 Construction Technology
123
Skilled catregory
• 1 Bar bender 330
• 2 Black smith / Tin smith / Rivetor 315
• 3 Blaster ( Licensed ) 355
• 4 Carpenter Cl- I 315
• 5 Electrician ( Licensed ) 355
• 6 Fitter Cl- I 315
• 7 Floor Polisher / Tile Layer 315
• 8 Foreman 355
• 9 Gauge reader 300
• 10
• Maistry / Work Inspector with Non-technical Qualification
• SSLC/SSC/HSC
• 300
• 11 Mason Cl- I / Brick layer Cl- I 315
• 12 Mechanic Cl- I 315
• 13 Operator Air compressor / DG set 315
• 14 Operator Batching plant 355
• 15 Operator Bus/Ambulance/ Lorry/ Tanker 315
• 16 Operator Concrete / Asphalt mixer 315
• 17 Operator Concrete / Asphalt paver 315
• 18 Operator Concrete pump / Placer/ ice plant 315
Common SoR 2012 : 13
280
Sl
No.
Paper - II Estimating and Costing 199
Category of worker
S. Rate
for
2012-13
123
• 19 Operator Core drilling machine 355
• 20 Operator Crane/ Tower crane/ Cable way 355
• 21 Operator Drilling jumbo / Loco / Winch 315
• 22 Operator Grouting/ Guniting/ Shotcreting 315
• 23 Operator Jackhammer/Pneumatic tamper 315
• 24 Operator Pump / Ventilation fan 315
• 25 Operator Lathe/Drilling/Shearing machine 355
• 26 Operator Bending / Planing machine 315
• 27 Operator Road roller 315
• 28 Operator Shovel / Scraper / Dozer 355
• 29 Operator Spillway / Sluice gate 315
• 30 Operator Crusher / Conveyor / Mucker 315
• 31 Operator Tipper / Dumper / Transit mixer 355
• 32 Operator Concrete vibrator 315
• 33 Operator Vibratory plain / pad foot roller 315
• 34 Operator Wagon drill / Drifter 355
• 35 Painter Cl- I 350
• 36 Plumber / Pipe fitter 350
• 37 Sarang / Khalasi 315
• 38 Spun pipe moulder 315
• 39 Stone chiseller CI- I / Stone cutter Cl- l 315
• 40 Struct. steel Fabricator / Marker / Erector 355
200 Construction Technology
283
Sl
No.
Category of worker
S. Rate
for
2012-13
123
• 12 Telephone / Wireless Operator 350
• 13 Typist / Job Typist 350
• 14
• CAD operator with Diploma in Engineering/General degree with
• CAD certificate
• 500
• 15 Jeep Driver 355
• 16 Data Processing Operator 500
• Note : 1. The wage should not be less than the minimum wages of
schedule of employment,
• Subject to out turn. 2. 25% extra over the corresponding labour
rates in respect of the work to be
• Done during night time subject to issue of certificate accordingly by
the concerned estimate.
• Sanctioning authority for providing in the data and by concerned
Executive Engineer in charge of the work for payment. The night time
allowance is applicable only to the works done under Greater
• Hyderabad Municipal Corporation, Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal
Corporation and Vijayawada Municipal Corporation limits only.of
various government agencies.
• Transport cost includes cost of transporting the material from source
to the site. In S.S.R., the cost of transporting on a mettaled road is
204 Construction Technology
0.073
Ad d for wastage 0.00365
5%
0.0767 m3 Rs.1054 Rs.8090.80
86.00/m3
Brass
accessories
Tower bolt 1No. 1 No. Rs.248 Rs. 248.00
30 cm. .00/No.
Tower bolt 1No. 1 No. Rs.121.00/ Rs.121.00
15 cm. No.
Handle 10 2.no 2 Nos. Rs.337.00/ Rs.674.00
cm. No..
Hinges 6.no 6 Nos. Rs.112.00/ Rs. 672.00
No.
Aldrop 30 1 No. 1 No. Rs. Rs. 729.00
cm. 729.00/
No.
Door 1 No. 1 No. Rs.146.00
Rs.
stopper 146.00/
No.
Cost Of accessories Rs.2590.00
Labour
Head 1/15 1/15 No. Rs. 350/ Rs. 23.35
carpenter No. day
Carpenter 4 Nos. 4 Nos. Rs. 315/ Rs.
day 1260.00
Helpers 2 Nos. Rs. 250/ Rs.500.00
day
Rs.
1783.35
Paper - II Estimating and Costing 215
4. Find the unit rate for brick work in cement mortar (1:6) using standard
size of bricks.
5. Find the unit rate of plastering 12 mm. and 20 mm. thick with a
proportion of (1:5) cement mortar.
O.J.T. Questions
1. Prepare a unit rate of brickwork in cement mortar for 1.0 cu m.
using modular bricks.
2. Prepare a unit rate of R.C.C. (1:2:4) for 1.0 cu m. in slabs, beams
and columns.
3. Find the cost of a door (1.00m. x 2.00 m.) in country wood
4. Find the cost of a window (1.2 m x 1.2 m) in Sal wood.
218 Construction Technology
UNIT 6
Earthwork Calculations
Structure
6.0 Introduction
6.1 Trapezoidal, Prismoidal, Mid ordinate
6.2 Taking out quantities from L.S. and C.S. in cutting and embankment
Learning Objectives
After studying this unit student will be able to
• Calcualate the quantities of earth work in banking and cutting by
Trapezoidal and Prismoidal Rule
6.0 Introduction
All types of roads, railways and irrigation works are constructed over
earthwork. To understand the calculation of earthwork involved in these structures,
these methods of calculation have to be studied in detail.
Mean Sectional Area Method : In this method, the area at the ends
of depth d1 and d2 are calculated and the mean area of the section is found.
Sectional are at one end A1 = Bd1+S(d1)2
Sectional area at the other end = Bd2+S(d2)2=A2
The mean sectional area A=(A1+A2)/2
Quantity Q=((A1+A2)/2)xL
The quantities of earthwork may be calculated in a tabular form as follows
B B
1:S
1:S
d1
1:S
d2
1:S
Sd1 Sd1 Sd2 Sd2
d1
L
Fig 6.1
10 2.00 -
Total 3513.6 cu m.
Find the volume of banking and cutting if the formation width is 10 m. and the
side slopes are 2:1 in banking and 11/2 : 1 in cutting.
Chainage distance = 40 m. Let the height of embankment be zero at a
distance of x mts.
• Length of cutting =( 40-x) . (x/0.3) =[(40-x)/0.4] 0.4x=12-
0.3x 0.7x= 12 x=17.14 say 17.0 m.
• Volume of banking : Mean height = (0.3+0.0)/2=0.15 m. Central
area = 10x0.15 = 1.5 sq m.
• Side area = 2x(0.15x0.15)=0.05 sq m. Total area = 1.5+0.05=1.55
sq m.
• Volume of banking = Area x length = 1.55x17=26.35 m3.
• Volume of cutting : Mean depth = (0.0+0.4)/2 = 0.2 m. Central
area = 10x0.2 =2.0 sq m.
• Side areas = 1.5(0.2x0.2) = 0.06 sq m. Total area = 2.0+0.06 =
2.06 sq m.
• Volume of cutting = Area x length = 2.06 x 23 = 47.38 m3.
0.3
0.4
x (40-x)
40
Fig 6.2
Summary
• Earthwork calculations are required for various engineering works as
roads, railways, irrigation and water supply and sanitary works.
• The various methods of calculation of earthworks are Mid sectional
area method, mean sectional area method, trapezoidal rule and
prismoidal rule.
• Prismoidal formula is not applicable for even number of areas.
• Banking : If the earthwork is above the ground level it is banking.
Paper - II Estimating and Costing 225
Formation width of road is 10 m. wide. The side slopes are 2:1 in banking
and 11/2:1 in cutting.
UNIT 7
Detailed Estimates
Structure
7.0 Introduction
7.1 Estimate of gravel roads
7.2 Cement concrete road
7.3 Septic tank with soak pit
Learning Objectives
After studying this unit student will be able to
• Calculate the quantities of material required for gravel and cement
concrete roads. Calculate the quantities of Septic Tank.
7.0 Introduction
A road consists of sub base, base course and wearing course. The sub
base consists of earthwork prepared as per the height of formation. Over this
sub base a base course of stone ballast or brick ballast of 12 cm. Thickness
compacted to 8 cm. is laid. Finally a wearing coat is laid over this base course.
The wearing course may be of cement concrete, bitumen or gravel. Depending
upon the wearing course provided the roads are classified as cement concrete
roads, bituminous roads and gravel roads. Depending upon the cost involved
the appropriate road required is decided. In order to estimate the cost of the
228 Construction Technology
road, we should be able to prepare the detailed estimate of the various types of
roads and calculate the materials required. In the sixth unit we studied about
calculation of earthwork involved in the formation of roads. In this unit we shall
find the quantities of the base course and wearing course.
7.1. Estimate of gravel roads
In a gravel roads, the gravel is generally laid over stone ballast. It is laid
over the entire width of the road. The quantity of stone boulders and gravel
consists of thickness of their respective layers multiplied by its thickness.
Calculate the quantity of metal required for a 3.70 m. wide road for one
kilometer length for one layer of 8 cm. compacted thickness.
Metal of 12 cm. is required for compact thickness of 8 cm. as volume
of loose metal gets reduced on half compaction.
Quantity of metal = 1000 x 3.70 x 0.12 = 444 cu m.
Prepare a detailed estimate for the construction of one kilometer length
W.B.M. road. The formation width of the road is 10.0 m. and the average
height of the bank is 1.0 m. and the side slopes are 2:1. The metal led width is
3.7 m. m. and three coats of metal are to be provided as per cross section.
Soiling coat of 15 cm. thick boulders at the base. Over this soiling coat, inter
coat and top coat of 12 cm. compacted to 8 cm. A gravel coat of 5 cm. thick is
laid over these metal led surface.
Quantity of earth work = [Bd+S(d)2] x L = [10 x 1.0 + 2(1)2] x 1000
=12000 cum.
Length of the soling coat = 3.7 +0.15 + 0.15 = 4.0 m.
Detailed estimate of wbm road with gravel
10.0m
3.15m 3.70m 3.15m
1.0 m 1.0 m
Saeing coat
60 cm 60 cm
10 cm cc
15 cm kankar
90 cm 90 cm
Rammed kankar
3 First class
brickwork in
1:4 c.m. in
septic tank
First step 2.6 0.6 0.94
2 0.3
Long walls
Short wall 0.9 0.6 0.32
2 0.3
2nd step Long 2.4 1.15 1.1
wall 2 0.2
12 mm
7 cement plaster
1:3 in septic
tank
232 Construction Technology
0.4 m
In let 0.9 Out let
2.0 m
Plan
Summary
Structure of a road : The structure of a road from base to the top is as
follows. Earthwork formation , sub base, base course and wearing course.
Types of roads : Gravel road, cement concrete road, bituminous road.
Structure of a gravel road : Soling coat of boulders about 15 cm
thick, inter coat and top coat 8 cm to 10 cm thick and wearing course of gravel
5 cm thick.
Paper - II Estimating and Costing 233