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Ch01-Phyiscal Layer and Media PDF
Ch01-Phyiscal Layer and Media PDF
Networking
Dr. –Ing. Vo Que Son
Email: sonvq@hcmut.edu.vn
Electrostatic discharge
Switch to switch
Switch to hub
Hub to hub
Router to router
PC to PC
Router to PC
Telecomm. Dept. DCN
12
Faculty of EEE HCMUT
Co-axial Cable
Speed: 10-100 Mbps
Average $ per node:
inexpensive
Media and connector size:
medium
Max cable length: 500m
EMI prevention
Many kinds of intrinsic impedances: co-axial cables
can be used in specific systems
PABX
HOST
Token Ring
2-pairSTP
ATM
1-26
Telecomm. Dept. DCN
26
Faculty of EEE HCMUT
Legacy cable systems
Unstructured.
Each system had a different
kind of transmission
medium (UTP, telephone
cable, STP, Type-1, coax,
signal cable, fiber ...)
Each installed system is
non-compatible with other
applications.
Costly moves and changes.
No overview.
Spaghetti cabling.
WHAT A MESS……
EUROPE INTERNATIONAL
NORTH AMERICA
TIA/EIA EN 50173 IS 11801
568A
CD Campus Distributor BD BD
Building
BD Building Distributor Backbone
Cabling
FD Floor Distributor
CP Consolidation Point FD FD FD FD FD FD
Telecommunication Horizontal
TO
Outlet
Cabling
CP
TO TO TO TO TO TO TO TO TO TO TO TO TO
< 1500 m
Campus
Distributor
< 1500 m
< 1500 m
Telecomm. Dept. DCN
34
Faculty of EEE HCMUT
Telecom Oulet
Applications:
Broadcast, TV
Long-haul telephone system
Private business network
No Parity
Even Parity
Odd Parity
Multi-dropped
Simple implementation
Used in telematics
BFSK coherent
demodulation
BFSK non-coherent
demodulation
Telecomm. Dept. DCN
101
Faculty of EEE HCMUT
BFSK: Example
We have an available bandwidth of 100 kHz which spans from
200 to 300 kHz. What should be the carrier frequency and the
bit rate if we modulated our data by using FSK with d = 1?
Solution: This problem is similar to Example 5.3, but we are
modulating by using FSK. The midpoint of the band is at 250
kHz. We choose 2Δf to be 50 kHz; this means
Noise
This means that the highest bit rate for a telephone line is
34.860 kbps. If we want to send data faster than this, we can
either increase the bandwidth of the line or improve the
signal-to-noise ratio.
Burst Errors
two or more bits in the data unit have been corrupted errors do not have
to occur in consecutive bits
burst errors are typically caused by external noise (environmental noise)
burst errors are more difficult to detect / correct
1
2 2
0.606
x m
2
1 2 2
p x 2 2
e
2 2 0.136 2 2
2 2
0 m x
e 2σ2
-e 2σ2
=0 (v T -A)2 =v 2T v T =A/2
Telecomm. Dept. DCN
134
Faculty of EEE HCMUT
Gaussian noise and BER
Finally, we need to determine Pr(1/0) or Pr(0/1):
using Q(k) function
Q(k) is a normal distribution function
m=0, =1
In this case: VT=A/2(why?)
VT/=A/2
so:
Area is Q(k)
Pe=Q(A/2)
Let k= A/2:
Pe=Q(k)
Telecomm. Dept. DCN
135
Faculty of EEE HCMUT
Gaussian noise and BER
How to determine Q(k)
Q(k) chart for k<=7
Determine:
Threshold voltage levels
Symbol Error Probability
FER if 1 frame has 100 bits, and
the transmission channel only
causes the single-bit errors, 2-bit
burst errors, or 3-bit burst errors