12/09/2019

KLASIFIKASI, BENTUK, STRUKTUR

GUNUNG API DAN TIPE ERUPSINYA

I G.B. EDDY SUCIPTA

MOCHAMMAD IQBAL
HAPPY CHRISTIN NATALIA

VOLCANO
A volcano is a vent at the Earth's surface through which magma (molten rock) and
associated gases erupt, and also the cone built by effusive and explosive eruptions

Photograph by E. Klett on 27 January 1994; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Snow-covered Kanaga Volcano in Alaska erupts a small column of tephra, gas, and steam.
Kanaga is a stratovolcano. View is toward the west.

http://volcanoes.usgs.gov

1
 12/09/2019

BENTUK GUNUNG API

Types of volcanoes (Simkin and Siebert, 1994). Schematic profiles are vertically exaggerated by 2:1
(shaded) and 4:1 (dark) from the data of Pike (1987). Relative sizes are only approximate, as
dimensions vary within each group.

http://volcanoes.usgs.gov

Bentuk Gunungapi (Menurut USGS/Lyn Topinka, 1998)

2
 12/09/2019

Bentuk Gunungapi Utama (Menurut USGS/Lyn Topinka, 1998)

Stratovolcano
Steep, conical volcanoes built by the
eruption of viscous lava flows, tephra,
and pyroclastic flows, are called
stratovolcanoes. Usually constructed
over a period of tens to hundreds of
thousands of years, stratovolcanoes
may erupt a variety of magma types,
including basalt, andesite, dacite, and
rhyolite. All but basalt commonly
generate highly explosive eruptions.
A stratovolcanotypically consists of
many separate vents, some of which
may have erupted cinder cones and
domes on the volcano's flanks. A
In Legaspi, Albay, stands the world's most perfect cone-shaped volcano synonym is composite cone.

http://volcanoes.usgs.gov

3
 12/09/2019

Mount Fuji, an active stratovolcano in Japan that last erupted in 1707–08

Gunung Sumbing Volcano

Central Java, Indonesia 7.8 S, 110.05 E
summit elevation 3371 m
Stratovolcano

http://volcanoes.usgs.gov

4
 12/09/2019

Semeru stratovolcano, Java, Indonesia.

A complex volcano, also called a compound volcano, is a volcano with more than one feature. They
form because changes of their eruptive characteristics or the location of multiple vents in an area

Homa Mountain in Kenya

5
 12/09/2019

Mount Shasta and Shastina, California. USGS Photograph taken by Lyn Topinka, 1984

Dieng Plateau. Gunung Kendil

6
 12/09/2019

Shield volcano
Volcanoes with broad, gentle slopes and built by the eruption of fluid basalt lava are called shield volcanoes. Basalt lava
tends to build enormous, low-angle cones because it flows across the ground easily and can form lava tubes that
enable lava to flow tens of kilometers from an erupting vent with very little cooling. The largest volcanoes on Earth are
shield volcanoes. The name comes from a perceived resemblance to the shape of a warrior's shield.

Photograph by D. Little (date unknown)

View of the NNW flank of Mauna Loa Volcano from the south side of Mauna Kea Volcano,
Hawai`i; both are shield volcanoes.
http://volcanoes.usgs.gov

Mauna Kea, a shield volcano on the Big Island of Hawaii

7
 12/09/2019

Caldera
A caldera is a large, usually
circular depression at the
summit of a volcano formed
when magma is withdrawn or
erupted from a shallow
underground magma reservoir.
The removal of large volumes of
magma may result in loss of
structural support for the
Photograph by M. Williams, National Park Service, 1977 overlying rock, thereby leading to
collapse of the ground and
formation of a large depression.
Aniakchak Caldera formed during an enormous explosive Calderas are different from
eruption that expelled more than 50 km3 of magma about craters, which are smaller,
3,450 years ago. The caldera is 10 km in diameter and 500- circular depressions created
1,000 m deep. Subsequent eruptions formed domes, cinder primarily by explosive excavation
cones, and explosion pits on the caldera floor. of rock during eruptions

http://volcanoes.usgs.gov

La Cumbre volcano, Fernandina Island, Galapagos. Photographed from the

International Space Station

8
 12/09/2019

Caldera
Volcanic crater formed by collapse during an eruption

Caldera
Volcanic crater formed by collapse during an eruption Mt Bromo Volcano rises 133 m above the caldera and is
700 m wide.

http://volcanoes.usgs.gov

Landsat image of Lake Toba, on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia.

A resurgent dome formed the island of Samosir. (100 km/62 mile long and 30 km/19 mile wide, a caldera of the world's
largest class

9
 12/09/2019

Vesuvius volcano, Italy

Vesuvius volcano, Italy

10
 12/09/2019

Lava Dome

Volcanic dome
Volcanic domes are rounded,
steep-sided mounds built by
very viscous magma, usually
either daciteor rhyolite. Such
magmas are typically too viscous
(resistant to flow) to move far
from the vent before cooling and
crystallizing. Domes may consist
of one or more individual lava
flows. Volcanic domes are also
referred to as lava domes.

Photograph by T.P. Miller in June 1979

Volcanic dome atop Novarupta vent, Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Katmai National
Park and Preserve, Alaska. The dome was erupted from the same vent that expelled
about 15 km3 of magma in an enormous explosive eruption in 1912.

http://volcanoes.usgs.gov

11
 12/09/2019

Cinder cone
A cinder cone is a steep,
conical hill of volcanic
fragments that
accumulate around and
downwind from a vent.
The rock fragments,
often called cinders or
scoria, are glassy and
contain numerous gas
bubbles "frozen" into
place as magma
exploded into the air
and then cooled quickly.
Cinder cones range in
size from tens to
hundreds of meters tall.

Photograph by J.P. Lockwood on 1 December 1975

This cinder cone (Pu`u ka Pele) was erupted low on the southeast flank of Mauna
Kea Volcano. The cone is 95 m in height, and the diameter of the crater at the top is
400 m. Hualalai Volcano in background.

http://volcanoes.usgs.gov

Cinder or Scoria Cone - Red Hill, California

12
 12/09/2019

Tuff Cone, Oregon

Hverfell Tuff Ring, near Lake Myvatn, Iceland.

Also known as a tephra or ash ring (or cone), this structure is 463m high with a 1040m wide crater

13
 12/09/2019

Tuff Ring - looking toward Namaskard from Hverfell

Maar
A maar is a low-relief, broad volcanic crater formed by shallow explosive eruptions. The explosions are usually
caused by the heating and boiling of groundwater when magma invades the groundwater table. Maars often fill
with water to form a lake.

http://volcanoes.usgs.gov

14
 12/09/2019

Eichholz Maar

Flood or Plateau Basalt

Moses Coulee showing multiple flood basalt flows of the Columbia River Basalt Group. The upper basalt
is Roza Member, while the lower canyon exposes Frenchmen Springs Member basalt.

15
 12/09/2019

BENTUK-BENTUK TEMPAT
KELUARNYA MATERIAL MAGMATIK

FISURE-LIKE (REKAHAN PANJANG SEPERTI PIPA)

CENTRAL (BENTUK MEMUSAT SEPERTI KERUCUT)

BENTUK-BENTUK TEMPAT KELUARNYA MATERIAL MAGMATIK

FISURE-LIKE (REKAHAN PANJANG SEPERTI PIPA)

16
 12/09/2019

BENTUK-BENTUK TEMPAT KELUARNYA MATERIAL MAGMATIK

CENTRAL (BENTUK MEMUSAT SEPERTI KERUCUT)

Erupsi berdasarkan sumber kejadiannya dapat

dikelompokan menjadi :
Erupsi magmatik: produce juvenile clasts during explosive decompression from gas release. They
range in intensity from the relatively small lava fountains on Hawaii to catastrophic Ultra Plinian
eruption columns more than 30 km (19 mi) high, bigger than the AD 79 eruption that buried
Pompeii.
Erupsi preatik: also called a phreatic explosion or ultravulcanian eruption, occurs when rising
magma makes contact with ground or surface water. The extreme temperature of the magma
(anywhere from 600 to 1,170 °C (1,112 to 2,138 °F)) causes near-instantaneous evaporation to
steam, resulting in an explosion of steam, water, ash, rock, and volcanic bombs. At Mount St.
Helens, hundreds of steam explosions preceded a 1980 plinian eruption of the volcano. A less
intense geothermal event may result in a mud volcano. In 1949, Thomas Jaggar described this
type of activity as a steam-blast eruption.
Erupsi preato magmatik: juvenile forming eruptions as a result of interaction between water and
magma. They are different from magmatic and phreatic eruptions. The products of
phreatomagmatic eruptions contain juvenile clasts, unlike phreatic eruptions, and are the result
of interaction between magma and water, unlike magmatic eruptions. It is very common for a
large explosive eruption to have magmatic and phreatomagmatic components.

17
 12/09/2019

Model Hipotetis Kegiatan Erupsi Preatik Yang Diakibatkan Oleh Adanya Magma,
a. Kontak Awal Antara Magma Dengan Air Formasi, b. Uap Terbentuk, c. Magma bercampur Dengan Batuan
Sekitarnya, d. Ekspansi Uap Bertekanan Tinggi Menyebabkan Terjadinya Letusan
(Menurut Sheridan dan Wohletz, 1983, op.cit. Wohletz dan Heiken, 1992)

Index letusan suatu gunungapi diformulasikan dibuat dengan mengkaitkan lava

dan piroklastik. Indeks eksplosif pertama kali diperkenalkan oleh Sapper pada
tahun 1927 (op.cit. Bullard,1977), yaitu:

Jumlah Material Fragmen Yang Dikeluarka n

Indeks Eksplosif 
Jumlah Seluruh Material Yang Dikeluarka n

18
 12/09/2019

Tipe Erupsi
Tipe Hawaiian (Magmatik)
Tipe Strombolian (Magmatik)
Tipe Vulcanian (Magmatik)
Tipe Pelean (Magmatik)
Tipe Plinian (Magmatik)
Tipe Surtseyan (Preatomagmatik)
Tipe Submarine (Preatomagmatik)
Tipe Subglacial (Preatomagmatik)
Tipe Phreatic (Preatik)
Tipe Kombinasi

Erupsi Tipe Hawaiian

Diagram of a Hawaiian eruption. (key: 1. Ash plume

2. Lava fountain 3. Crater 4. Lava lake 5. Fumaroles
6. Lava flow 7. Layers of lava and ash 8. Stratum 9.
Sill 10. Magma conduit 11. Magma chamber 12.
Dike)

19
 12/09/2019

Karakteristik Erupsi Tipe Hawaiian

Hawaiian eruptions are a type of volcanic eruption, named after the Hawaiian volcanoes with which this
eruptive type is hallmark. Hawaiian eruptions are the calmest types of volcanic events, characterized by
the effusive eruption eruption of very fluid basalt-type lavas with low gaseous content. The volume of
ejected material from Hawaiian eruptions is less than half of that found in other eruptive types. Steady
production of small amounts of lava builds up the large, broad form of a shield volcano. Eruptions are
not centralized at the main summit as with other volcanic types, and often occur at vents around the
summit and from fissure vents radiating out of the center.

Hawaiian eruptions often begin as a line of vent eruptions along a fissure vent, a so-called "curtain of
fire." These die down as the lava beings to concentrate at a few of the vents. Central-vent eruptions,
meanwhile, often take the form of large lava fountains (both continuous and sporadic), which can reach
heights of hundreds of meters or more. The particles from lava fountains usually cool in the air before
hitting the ground, resulting in the accumulation of cindery scoria fragments; however, when the air is
especially thick with clasts, they cannot cool off fast enough due to the surrounding heat, and hit the
ground still hot, the accumulation of which forms spatter cones. If eruptive rates are high enough, they
may even form splatter-fed lava flows. Hawaiian eruptions are often extremely long lived; Pu'u O'o, a
cinder cone of Kilauea, has been erupting continuously since 1983. Another Hawaiian volcanic feature is
the formation of active lava lakes, self-maintaining pools of raw lava with a thin crust of semi-cooled
rock; there are currently only 5 such lakes in the world, and the one at Kīlauea's Kupaianaha vent is one
of them.

Erupsi Tipe Hawaiian

Lava fountain
A jet of lava sprayed into the air by
the rapid formation and expansion
of gas bubbles in the molten rock
is called a lava fountain. Lava
fountains typically range from
about 10 to 100 m in height, but
occasionally reach more than 500
m. Lava fountains erupt from
isolated vents, along fissures,
within active lava lakes, and from a
lava tube when water gains access
Photograph by J.D. Griggs on 5 October 1983 to the tube in a confined space
Lava fountain of the Pu`u `O`o cinder and spatter cone
(see type of explosive activity
where lava enters the sea, from
on Kilauea Volcano, Hawai`i.
the USGS Hawaiian Volcano
Observatory).

http://volcanoes.usgs.gov

20
 12/09/2019

Erupsi Tipe Hawaiian

Puu Ōō, a cinder-and-spatter cone on Kīlauea, Hawaii

Erupsi Tipe Hawaiian

Ropy pahoehoe
Ropy pahoehoeis the most common surface
texture of pahoehoeflows. The numerous folds
and wrinkles ("ropes") that are characteristic of
ropy pahoehoeform when the thin, partially
solidified crust of a flow is slowed or halted (for
example, if the crust encounters an obstruction or
slower-moving crust). Because lava beneath the
crust continues to move forward, it tends to drag
the crust along. The crust then behaves like an
accordianthat is squeezed together--the crust is
flexible enough to develop wrinkles or a series of
small ridges and troughs as it is compressed and
driven forward.

Photograph by T.N. Mattox

on 11 June 1995
Close view of ropy texture forming on the surface of a pahoehoe
flow at Kilauea Volcano, Hawai`i

http://volcanoes.usgs.gov

21
 12/09/2019

Erupsi Tipe Strombolian

Diagram of a Strombolian eruption. (key: 1. Ash plume 2. Lapilli 3. Volcanic ash rain 4. Lava fountain 5.
Volcanic bomb 6. Lava flow 7. Layers of lava and ash 8. Stratum 9. Dike 10. Magma conduit 11. Magma
chamber 12. Sill)

Karakteristik Erupsi Tipe Strombolian

Strombolian eruptions are a type of volcanic eruption, named after the volcano Stromboli, which has been
erupting continuously for centuries. Strombolian eruptions are driven by the bursting of gas bubbles within
the magma. These gas bubbles within the magma accumulate and coalesce into large bubbles, called gas
slugs. These grow large enough to rise through the lava column. Upon reaching the surface, the difference
in air pressure causes the bubble to burst with a loud pop, throwing magma in the air in a way similar to a
soap bubble. Because of the high gas pressures associated with the lavas, continued activity is generally in
the form of episodic explosive eruptions accompanied by the distinctive loud blasts.9 During eruptions,
these blasts occur as often as every few minutes

The term "Strombolian" has been used indiscriminately to describe a wide variety of volcanic eruptions,
varying from small volcanic blasts to large eruptive columns. In reality, true Strombolian eruptions are
characterized by short-lived and explosive eruptions of lavas with intermediate viscosity, often ejected high
into the air. Columns can measure hundreds of meters in height. The lavas formed by Strombolian
eruptions are a form of relatively viscous basaltic lava, and its end product is mostly scoria. The relative
passivity of Strombolian eruptions, and its non-damaging nature to its source vent allow Strombolian
eruptions to continue unabated for thousands of years, and also makes it one of the least dangerous
eruptive types.

22
 12/09/2019

Karakteristik Erupsi Tipe Strombolian

Strombolian eruptions eject volcanic bombs and lapilli fragments that travel in parabolic paths before
landing around their source vent. The steady accumulation of small fragments builds cinder cones
composed completely of basaltic pyroclasts. This form of accumulation tends to result in well-ordered rings
of tephra.

Strombolian eruptions are similar to Hawaiian eruptions, but there are differences. Strombolian eruptions
are noisier, produce no sustained eruptive columns, do not produce some volcanic products associated with
Hawaiian volcanism (specifically Pele's tears and Pele's hair), and produce fewer molten lava flows
(although the eruptive material does tend to form small rivulets).

Strombolian eruption
Strombolian eruptions are
characterized by the intermittent
explosion or fountaining of basaltic lava
from a single vent or crater. Each
episode is caused by the release of
volcanic gases, and they typically occur
every few minutes or so, sometimes
rhythmically and sometimes irregularly.
Photograph by B. Chouet in December 1969 The lava fragments generally consist of
partially molten volcanic bombs that
become rounded as they fly through
the air.
Top photo: Close view of
Stromboli Volcano erupting
incandescent molten lava
framgents.
Bottom photo: View of
Stromboli Volcano on the
island of Stromboli in the
Mediterranean.

Photograph by B. Chouet in 1992

http://volcanoes.usgs.gov

23
 12/09/2019

Erupsi Tipe Strombolian

Paricutin, Mexico This slide taken in 1943 shows a spectacular view of an eruption of Paricutin at night. Glowing
projectiles and pyroclastic fragments outline the conical shape of the volcano. The eruption consisted mostly of
spheroidal bombs, lapilli, glassy cinder, and glassy ash formed by disintegration of the cinder

Erupsi Tipe Vulcanian

Diagram of a Vulcanian eruption. (key: 1. Ash plume 2. Lapilli 3. Lava fountain 4. Volcanic ash rain 5.
Volcanic bomb 6. Lava flow 7. Layers of lava and ash 8. Stratum 9. Sill 10. Magma conduit 11. Magma
chamber 12. Dike)

24
 12/09/2019

Karakteristik Erupsi Tipe Vulcanian

Vulcanian eruptions are a type of volcanic eruption, named after the volcano Vulcano, which also gives its
name to the word Volcano. It was named so following Giuseppe Mercalli's observations of its 1888-1890
eruptions. In Vulcanian eruptions, highly viscous magma within the volcano make it difficult for vesiculate
gases to escape. Similar to Strombolian eruptions, this leads to the buildup of high gas pressure, eventually
popping the cap holding the magma down and resulting in an explosive eruption. However, unlike
Strombolian eruptions, ejected lava fragments are not aerodynamical; this is due to the higher viscosity of
Vulcanian magma and the greater incorporation of crystalline material broken off from the former cap.
They are also more explosive than their Strombolian counterparts, with eruptive columns often reaching
between 5 and 10 km (3 and 6 mi) high. Lastly, Vulcanian deposits are andesitic to dacitic rather than
basaltic.

Initial Vulcanian activity is characterized by a series of short-lived explosions, lasting a few minutes to a
few hours and typified by the ejection of volcanic bombs and blocks. These eruptions wear down the lava
dome holding the magma down, and it disintegrates, leading to much more quiet and continuous eruptions.
Thus an early sign of future Vulcanian activity is lava dome growth, and its collapse generates an
outpouring of pyroclastic material down the volcano's slope.

Karakteristik Erupsi Tipe Vulcanian

Deposits near the source vent consist of large volcanic blocks and bombs, with so-called "bread-crust
bombs" being especially common. These deeply cracked volcanic chunks form when the exterior of ejected
lava cools quickly into a glassy or fine-grained shell, but the inside continues to cool and vesiculate. The
center of the fragment expands, cracking the exterior. However the bulk of Vulcanian deposits are fine
grained ash. The ash is only moderately dispersed, and its abundance indicates a high degree of
fragmentation, the result of high gas contents within the magma. In some cases these have been found to be
the result of interaction with meteoric water, suggesting that Vulcanian eruptions are partially
hydrovolcanic

25
 12/09/2019

Erupsi Tipe Vulcanian

Tavurvur in Papua New Guinea erupting

Erupsi Tipe Vulcanian

Eruption of Tavurvur Volcano, Rabaul Caldera,

Papua New Guinea

26
 12/09/2019

Erupsi Tipe Pelean

Diagram of Peléan eruption. (key: 1. Ash plume 2. Volcanic ash rain 3. Lava dome 4. Volcanic bomb 5. Pyroclastic flow 6.
Layers of lava and ash 7. Stratum 8. Magma conduit 9. Magma chamber 10. Dike)

Karakteristik Erupsi Tipe Pelean

Peléan eruptions (or nuée ardente) are a type of volcanic eruption, named after the volcano Mount Pelée in
Martinique, the site of a massive Peléan eruption in 1902 that is one of the worst natural disasters in history.
In Peléan eruptions, a large amount of gas, dust, ash, and lava fragmets are blown out the volcano's central
crater, driven by the collapse of rhyolite, dacite, and andesite lava dome collapses that often create large
eruptive columns. An early sign of a coming eruption is the growth of a so-called Peléan or lava spine, a
bulge in the volcano's summit preempting its total collapse. The material collapses upon itself, forming a
fast-moving pyroclastic flow21 (known as a block-and-ash flow) that moves down the side of the mountain at
tremendous speeds, often over 150 km (93 mi) per hour. These massive landslides make Peléan eruptions one
of the most dangerous in the world, capable of tearing through populated areas and causing massive loss of
life. The 1902 eruption of Mount Pelée caused tremendous destruction, killing more than 30,000 people and
competely destroying the town of St. Pierre, the worst volcanic event in the 20th century.

Peléan eruptions are characterized most prominently by the incandescent pyroclastic flows that they drive.
The mechanics of a Peléan eruption are very similar to that of a Vulcanian eruption, except that in Peléan
eruptions the volcano's structure is able to withstand more pressure, hence the eruption occurs as one large
explosion rather than several smaller ones

27
 12/09/2019

Pyroclastic flow
A pyroclastic flow is a ground-
hugging avalanche of hot ash,
pumice, rock fragments, and
volcanic gas that rushes down
the side of a volcano as fast as
100 km/hour or more. The
temperature within a pyroclastic
flow may be greater than 500°
C, sufficient to burn and
carbonize wood. Once
deposited, the ash, pumice, and
rock fragments may deform
(flatten) and weld together
because of the intense heat and
the weight of the overlying
material.
Photograph by C. Newhall on 15 September 1984

Pyroclastic flow sweeps down the side of

Mayon Volcano, Philippines

Erupsi Tipe Pelean

Pyroclastic flows descend the south-eastern flank of Mayon Volcano, Philippines. Maximum height of the eruption column
was 15 km above sea level, and volcanic ash fell within about 50 km toward the west. There were no casualties from the
1984 eruption because more than 73,000 people evacuated the danger zones as recommended by scientists of the
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology

28
 12/09/2019

Erupsi Tipe Plinian

Diagram of a Plinian eruption. (key: 1. Ash plume 2. Magma conduit 3. Volcanic ash
rain 4. Layers of lava and ash 5. Stratum 6. Magma chamber)

Karakteristik Erupsi Tipe Plinian

Plinian eruptions (or Vesuvian) are a type of volcanic eruption, named for the historical AD 79 eruption of
Mount Vesuvius that buried the Roman towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum, and specifically for its
chronicler Pliny the Younger. The process powering Plinian eruptions starts in the magma chamber, where
dissolved volatile gases are stored in the magma. The gases vesiculate and accumulate as they rise through
the magma conduit. These bubbles agglutinate and once they reach a certain size (about 75% of the total
volume of the magma conduit) they explode. The narrow confines of the conduit force the gases and
associated magma up, forming an eruptive column. Eruption velocity is controlled by the gas contents of the
column, and low-strength surface rocks commonly crack under the pressure of the eruption, forming a
flared outgoing structure that pushes the gases even faster.

These massive eruptive columns are the distinctive feature of a Plinian eruption, and reach up 2 to 45 km (1
to 28 mi) into the atmosphere. The densest part of the plume, directly above the volcano, is driven internally
by gas expansion. As it reaches higher into the air the plume expands and becomes less dense, convection
and thermal expansion of volcanic ash drive it even further up into the stratosphere. At the top of the plume,
powerful prevailing winds drive the plume in a direction away from the volcano.

These highly explosive eruptions are associated with volatile-rich dacitic to rhyolitic lavas, and occur most
typically at stratovolcanoes. Eruptions can last anywhere from hours to days, with longer eruptions being
associated with more felsic volcanoes. Although they are associated with felsic magma, Plinian eruptions can
just as well occur at basaltic volcanoes, given that the magma chamber differentiates and has a structure
rich in silicon dioxide.

29
 12/09/2019

Karakteristik Erupsi Tipe Plinian

Plinian eruptions are similar to both Vulcanian and Strombolian eruptions, except that rather than creating
discrete explosive events, Plinian eruptions form sustained eruptive columns. They are also similar to
Hawaiian lava fountains in that both eruptive types produce sustained eruption columns maintained by the
growth of bubbles that move up at about the same speed as the magma surrounding them.
Regions affected by Plinian eruptions are subjected to heavy pumice airfall affecting an area 0.5 to 50 km3
(0 to 12 cu mi) in size. The material in the ash plume eventually finds its way back to the ground, covering
the landscape in a thick layer of many cubic kilometers of ash.

However the most dangerous eruptive feature are the pyroclastic flows generated by material collapse,
which move down the side of the mountain at extreme speeds28 of up to 700 km (435 mi) per hour and with
the ability to extend the reach of the eruption hundreds of kilometers. The ejection of hot material from the
volcano's summit melts snowbanks and ice deposits on the volcano, which mixes with tephra to form lahars,
fast moving mudslides with the consistency of wet concrete that move at the speed of a river rapid.

According to the Smithsonian Institution's Volcanic Explosivity Index, a VEI of 6 to 8 is classified as "Ultra
Plinian." They are defined by ash plumes over 25 km (16 mi) high and a volume of erupted material 10 km3
(2 cu mi) to 1,000 km3 (200 cu mi) in size. Eruptions in the "Ultra Plinian" category include Lake Toba (74
ka), Tambora (1815), and Krakatoa (1883)

Erupsi Tipe Plinian/Peret (Krakatau)

1882 artist rendition of the eruption of Vesuvius, depicting what the AD 79 eruption may have looked like

30
 12/09/2019

Erupsi Tipe Plinian/Peret (Krakatau)

Computer-generated imagery of the eruption of Vesuvius in

BBC/Discovery Channel's co-production Pompeii.

Erupsi Tipe Plinian/Peret (Krakatau)

An 1888 lithograph of the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa

31
 12/09/2019

Erupsi Tipe Plinian/Peret (Krakatau)

April 21, 1990 eruption cloud from Redoubt Volcano as viewed to the west from the Kenai Peninsula

Erupsi Tipe Surtseyan

Diagram of a Surtseyan eruption. (key: 1. Water vapor cloud 2. Compressed ash 3. Crater 4.
Water 5. Layers of lava and ash 6. Stratum 7. Magma conduit 8. Magma chamber 9. Dike)

32
 12/09/2019

Karakteristik Erupsi Tipe Surtseyan

A Surtseyan eruption (or hydrovolcanic) is a type of volcanic eruption caused by shallow-water interactions
between water and lava, named so after its most famous example, the eruption and formation of the island
of Surtsey off the coast of Iceland in 1963. Surtseyan eruptions are the "wet" equivalent of ground-based
Strombolian eruptions, but because of where they are taking place they are much more explosive. This is
because as water is heated by lava, it flashes in steam and expands violently, fragmenting the magma it is in
contact with into fine-grained ash. Surtseyan eruptions are the hallmark of shallow-water volcanic oceanic
islands, however they are not specifically confined to them. Surtseyan eruptions can happen on land as well,
and are caused by rising magma that comes into contact with an aquifer (water-bearing rock formation) at
shallow levels under the volcano. The products of Surtseyan eruptions are generally oxidized palagonite
basalts (though andesitic eruptions do occur, albeit rarely), and like Strombolian eruptions Surtseyan
eruptions are generally continuous or otherwise rhythmic.

A distinct defining feature of a Surtseyan eruption is the formation of a pyroclastic surge (or base surge), a
ground hugging radial cloud that develops along with the eruption column. Base surges are caused by the
gravitational collapse of a vaperous eruptive column, one that is denser overall then a regular volcanic
column. The densest part of the cloud is nearest to the vent, resulting a wedge shape. Associated with these
laterally moving rings are dune-shaped depositions of rock left behind by the lateral movement. These are
occasionally disrupted by bomb sags, rock that was flung out by the explosive eruption and followed a
ballistic path to the ground. Accumulations of wet, spherical ash known as accretionary lapilli is another
common surge indicator.

Karakteristik Erupsi Tipe Surtseyan

Over time Surtseyan eruptions tend to form maars, broad low-relief volcanic craters dug into the ground,
and tuff rings, circular structures built of rapidly quenched lava. These structures are associated with a
single vent eruption, however if eruptions arise along fracture zones a rift zone may be dug out; these
eruptions tend to be more violent then the ones forming a tuff ring or maars, an example being the 1886
eruption of Mount Tarawera.534 Littoral cones are another hydrovolcanic feature, generated by the
explosive deposition of basaltic tephra (although they are not truly volcanic vents). They form when lava
accumulates within cracks in lava, superheats and explodes in a steam explosion, breaking the rock apart
and depositing it on the volcano's flank. Consecutive explosions of this type eventually generate the cone.

33
 12/09/2019

Erupsi Tipe Surtseyan

Surtsey on November 30, 1963, 16 days after the beginning of the eruption. Image: Howell Williams. Image source: NOAA

Erupsi Tipe Submarine

Diagram of a Submarine eruption. (key: 1. Water vapor cloud 2. Water 3. Stratum 4. Lava flow 5.
Magma conduit 6. Magma chamber 7. Dike 8. Pillow lava)

34
 12/09/2019

Karakteristik Erupsi Tipe Submarine

Submarine eruptions are a type of volcanic eruption that occurs underwater. An estimated 75% of the total
volcanic eruptive volume is generated by submarine eruptions near mid ocean ridges alone, however
because of the problems associated with detecting deep sea volcanics, they remained virtually unknown until
advances in the 1990s made it possible to observe them.

Submarine eruptions are generated by seamounts (underwater volcanoes), and are driven by one of two
processes. Volcanoes near plate boundaries and mid-ocean ridges are built by the decompression melting of
mantle rock that floats up to the crustal surface. Eruptions near subducting zones, meanwhile, are driven by
subducting plates that adds volatiles to the rising plate, raising its melting point. Each process generates
different rock; mid-ocean ridge volcanics are primarily basaltic, whereas subduction flows are mostly calc-
alkaline, and more explosive and viscous.

Karakteristik Erupsi Tipe Submarine

Spreading rates along mid-ocean ridges vary widely, from 2 cm (0.8 in) per year at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge,
to up to 16 cm (6 in) along the East Pacific Rise. Higher spreading rates are a probably cause for higher
levels of volcanism. The technology for studying seamount eruptions did not exist until advancements in
hydrophone technology made it possible to "listen" to acoustic waves, known as T-waves, released by
submarine earthquakes associated with submarine volcanic eruptions. The reason for this is that land-based
seismometers cannot detect sea-based earthquakes below a magnitude of 4, but acoustic waves travel well in
water and long periods of time. A system in the North Pacific, maintained by the United States Navy and
originally intended for the detection of submarines, has detected an event on average every 2 to 3 years.

The most common underwater flow is pillow lava, a circular lava flow named after its unusual shape. Less
common are glassy, marginal sheet flows, indicative of larger-scale flows. Volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks
are common in shallow-water environments. As plate movement starts to carry the volcanoes away from
their eruptive source, eruption rates start to die down, and water erosion grinds the volcano down. The final
stages of eruption caps the seamount in alkalic flows. There are about 100,000 deepwater volcanoes in the
world,39 although most are beyond the active stage of their life.38 Some exemplery seamounts are Loihi
Seamount, Bowie Seamount, Cross Seamount, and Denson Seamount.

35
 12/09/2019

Pillow lava rocks on the slope off Hawaii form when magma oozes from below

Cross-section of pillow lava in the cliffs near Oamaru, New Zealand. The central pillow has a
dark skin on its upper edge where it has cooled rapidly in contact with the water. The white rock
between the pillows is limestone

36
 12/09/2019

Erupsi Tipe Subglacial

A diagram of a Subglacial eruption. (key: 1. Water vapor cloud 2. Crater lake 3. Ice 4. Layers of lava
and ash 5. Stratum 6. Pillow lava 7. Magma conduit 8. Magma chamber 9. Dike)

Karakteristik Erupsi Tipe Subglacial

Subglacial eruptions are a type of volcanic eruption characterized by interactions between lava and ice,
often under a glacier. The nature of glaciovolcanism dictates that it occurs at areas of high latitude and high
altitude. It has been suggested that subglacial volcanoes that are not actively erupting often dump heat into
the ice covering them, producing meltwater. This meltwater mix means that subglacial eruptions often
generate dangerous jökulhlaups (floods) and lahars.

The study of glaciovolcanism is still a relatively new field. Early accounts described the unusual flat-topped
steep-sided volcanoes (called tuyas) in Iceland that were suggested to have formed from eruptions below ice.
The first English-language paper on the subject was published in 1947 by William Henry Mathews,
describing the Tuya Butte field in northwest British Columbia, Canada. The eruptive process that builds
these structures, originally inferred in the paper, begins with volcanic growth below the glacier. At first the
eruptions resemble those that occur in the deep sea, forming piles of pillow lava at the base of the volcanic
structure. Some of the lava shatters when it comes in contact with the cold ice, forming a glassy breccia
called hyaloclastite. After a while the ice finally melts into a lake, and the more explosive eruptions of
Surtseyan activity begins, building up flanks made up of mostly hyaloclastite. Eventually the lake boils off
from continued volcanism, and the lava flows become more effusive and thicken as the lava cools much more
slowly, often forming columnar jointing. Well-preserved tuyas show all of these stages, for example
Hjorleifshofdi in Iceland.

37
 12/09/2019

Karakteristik Erupsi Tipe Subglacial

Products of volcano-ice interactions stand as various structures, whose shape is dependent on complex
eruptive and environmental interactions. Glacial volcanism is a good indicator of past ice distribution,
making it an important climatic marker. Since they are imbedded in ice, as ice retracts worldwide there are
concerns that tuyas and other structures may destabalize, resulting in mass landslides. Evidence of volcanic-
glacial interactions are evident in Iceland and parts of British Columbia, and it's even possible that they
play a role in deglaciation.

Glaciovolcanic products have been identified in Iceland, the Canadian province of British Columbia, the
U.S. states of Hawaii and Alaska, the Cascade Range of western North America, South America and even on
the planet Mars.

The mountain Herðubreið, interior of Iceland, viewed from the southeast

38
 12/09/2019

The satellite image of mountain interior in Iceland

Erupsi Tipe Phreatic

Diagram of a Phreatic eruption. (key: 1. Water vapor cloud 2. Volcanic bomb 3. Magma conduit 4.
Layers of lava and ash 5. Stratum 6. Water table 7. Explosion 8. Magma chamber)

39
 12/09/2019

Karakteristik Erupsi Tipe Phreatic

Phreatic eruptions (or steam-blast eruptions) are a type of eruption driven by the expansion of steam. When
cold ground or surface water come into contact with hot rock or magma it superheats and explodes,
fracturing the surrounding rock and thrusting out a mixture of steam, water , ash, volcanic bombs, and
volcanic blocks. The distinguishing feature of phreatic explosions is that they only blast out fragments of
pre-existing solid rock from the volcanic conduit; no new magma is erupted. Because they are driven by the
cracking of rock stata under pressure, Phreatic activity does not always result in an eruption; if the rock
face is strong enough to withstand the explosive force, outright eruptions may not occur, although cracks in
the rock will probably develop and weaken it, furthering future eruptions.

Often a precursor of future volcanic activity, Phreatic eruptions are generally weak, although there have
been exceptions. Some Phreatic events may be triggered by earthquake activity, another volcanic precursor,
and they may also travel along dike lines.46 Phreatic eruptions form base surges, lahars, avalanches, and
volcanic block "rain." They may also release deadly toxic gas able to suffocate anyone in range of the
eruption.

Erupsi Tipe Phreatic

Phreatic eruption at the summit of Mount St.

Helens, Washington, in the spring of 1980

40
 12/09/2019

Volcanic gas
Magma contains dissolved
gases that are released into
the atmosphere during
eruptions. Gases are also
released from magma that
either remains below ground
(for example, as an intrusion)
or rises toward the surface. In
such cases, gases may escape
continuously into the
atmosphere from the soil,
volcanic vents, fumaroles, and
hydrothermal systems. The
Photograph by K.A. McGee on 19 September 1995 most common gas released by
magma is steam (H2O),
Sulfur dioxide and other volcanic gases rise from the Pu`u `O`o vent on followed by CO2 (carbon
Kilauea Volcano, Hawai`i. During periods of sustained eruption from dioxide), SO2 (sulfur dioxide),
(HCl) hydrogen chloride and
Pu`u `O`o between 1986 and 2000, Kilauea emitted about 2,000 to other compounds.
1,000 metric tonnes of irritating sulfur dioxide gas (SO2) gas each day.

http://volcanoes.usgs.gov

Geyser
Most geysers are hot springs that
episodically erupt fountains of
scalding water and steam. Such
eruptions occur as a consequence of
groundwater being heated to its
boiling temperature in a confined
space (for example, a fracture or
conduit). A slight decrease in
pressure or an increase in
temperature will cause some of the
water to boil. The resulting steam
forces overlying water up through
the conduit and onto the ground.
This loss of water further reduces
pressure within the conduit system,
and most of the remaining water
suddenly converts to steam and
erupts at the surface.

Castle Geyser erupts water and

Photograph by S.R. Brantley
in September 1983 steam, Yellowstone National
Park, Wyoming.
http://volcanoes.usgs.gov

41
 12/09/2019

Diagram showing the scale of VEI correlation with total ejecta volume

42
 12/09/2019

Klasifikasi MekanismeErupsi BerdasarkanUkuranButir danPenyebaranEndapan Jatuhan danSkemaDari Erupsi

Gunungapi (MenurutWohletz danHeiken, 1992).

Hubungan Fenomena Erupsi, Tipe Endapan (Menurut Sheridan dan Wohletz, 1983)

43
 12/09/2019

Memperlihatkan Klasifikasi Bahan Piroklastik (Menurut Wohletz dan Heiken, 1992)

Contoh Kasus Erupsi Gunungapi

Sebelum tahun 1982 Gunung Galunggung

hanya terjadi 3 kali erupsi yaitu

 Pada tahun 1822, lahar menewaskan 4000 orang.

 Pada tahun 1894, lahar menghancurkan 50 desa
 Pada tahun 1918, terbentuk kubah lava dengan garis tengah 600 m.

44
 12/09/2019

Galunggungis a stratovolcano on the west side of the island of Java. The caldera of
Galunggungis open to the southeast. Photo by Jack Lockwood, U.S. Geological Survey,
August 17, 1982

The first historic eruption of

Galunggung was in 1822. Since then
the volcano has erupted four times,
most recently in 1984. This photo
shows a column of ash rising above
the summit during the large (VEI=4)
Vulcanian-type eruption. Eruption
columns at Galunggung reached
heights as great as 15 miles (24 km).
Photo by Jack Lockwood, U.S.
Geological Survey, August 16, 1982

45
 12/09/2019

Two eruptions at Galunggung have caused fatalities. During the 1822 eruption (VEI=5), nuee ardentes
and mudflows killed 4,011 people and destroyed 114 villages. The nuee ardentes extended up to 6 miles
(10 km) away from the volcano

http://volcanoes.usgs.gov

Galunggung
View of new cinder cone. As the 1982-1983 eruption waned a crater lake began to form. The
presence of the lake, high rainfall, and the large volume of exposed pyroclastic material on the
volcano have made the hazard associated with secondary lahars very high. The lahar deposits have
been revegitated and a lahar warning system has been established. Photo by Jack Lockwood, U.S.
Geological Survey, October 30, 1982.

http://volcanoes.usgs.gov

46
 12/09/2019

Gunung Galunggung, 03 Desember 1982

http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/

1 KM PROFILES BEFORE
MAJOR PREHISTORIC
COLLEPSE

1000 m
A B

PRESENT DAY PROFILES

2000 m

SITE OF HISTORY
ACTIVITY

1000 m D
C

G. Galunggung dan Penampangnya (Suryo dan Clarke, 1985)

47
 12/09/2019

TUGAS
 Sebutkan dan jelaskan 5 bentuk gunung api.
 Sebutkan dan jelaskan 6 tipe erupsi gunung api.
 Sebutkan dan jelaskan 3 contoh erupsi
berdasarkan tempat kejadiannya.

TERIMAKASIH

48