Dr.

Carmo Vasconcelos
Oregon State University
 Cinerea Cordifolia

Börner 44-53 Malègue

Riparia Gloire
Riparia 3309 Couderc, 101-14 Mgt, Schwarzman Rupestris

SO 4 Gravesac 99 Richter
Teleki 8B 110 Richter
Kobber 5BB 1103 Paulsen
1616C Teleki 5C
SORI Berlandieri 140 Ruggeri
Kober 125 AA
420 Mgt 41 B Mgt Rotundifolia
161-49 C 333 EM
Fercal VR O39-16
VR O43-43 AXR #1
Vinifera 1202 C
1613C
196-17 Castel
4010 Castel Ramsey, Dog Ridge
Solonis
Labrusca Harmony, Freedom Champinii
(rupestris x candicans)
 Phylloxera resistance (Viala and Ravaz, 1892)
20: Absolute imunity (?)
19: V. rotundifolia
18: V. riparia, V. rupestris, V. cordifolia, riparia x rupestris,
cordifolia x riparia, cordifolia x rupestris
17: V. Berlandieri, riparia x Berlandieri, Berlandieri x rupestris
16: Rupestris St. George, candicans x riparia
15: V. cinerea, V. aestivalis, V. candicans
14: Solonis, V. champini glabrous
12: V. champini tomenteuse (hairy)
Below 10: Concord, Labrusca, Othello, Catawba, etc.
The hybrids of vinifera x rupestris (1202 C and AxR1) vary between 7
and 15
 Phylloxera resistance (Viala and Ravaz, 1892)

16-20: sufficient resistance to all soils

14-15: resistance sufficient for sandy and deep soils

13 and under: SHLOUD BE TOTALLY DISCARDED

FOR VINEYARDS
 Phylloxera resistance (Viala and Ravaz, 1892)
20: Absolute imunity (?)
19: V. rotundifolia
18: V. riparia, V. rupestris, V. cordifolia, riparia x rupestris,
cordifolia x riparia, cordifolia x rupestris
17: V. Berlandieri, riparia x Berlandieri, Berlandieri x rupestris
16: Rupestris St. George, candicans x riparia
15: V. cinerea, V. aestivalis, V. candicans
14: Solonis, V. champini glabrous
12: V. champini tomenteuse (hairy)
Below 10: Concord, Labrusca, Othello, Catawba, etc.
The hybrids of vinifera x rupestris (1202 C and AxR1) vary between 7
and 15
Grows in dry sunny sites which have
periodic rain

Principal traits
•High resistance to phylloxera
•Resistance to drought
•Very long vegetative cycle
•Very high vigor

Distribution of Vitis rupestris

Southern US
Vitis rupestris
Found in moist and shady environments
Roots grow mostly laterally

Principal traits
•High resistance to phylloxera
•Resistance to humidity
•Short vegetative cycle adapted to cold climates
•Low to moderate vigor

Distribution of Vitis riparia

Northeast region of the United States
Found in calcareous and dry soils
Has strong plunging roots

Principal traits
•High resistance to phylloxera
•Resistance to limestone
•Resistance to drought
•Long vegetative cycle
•High vigor

Distribution of Vitis Berlandieri

Texas and Mexico
Principal traits
•Moderate resistance to phylloxera
•Resistance to saline soils
•Resistance to humidity
•Resistance to nematodes

Distribution of Vitis solonis

North of Texas
 Vitis rotundifolia
Native habitat: Atlantic coast of southern US
• Grows in deep moist soils

Principal trait
• Immune to phylloxera

Problem
• 2 extra chromosomes (2n=40)
Vitis rotundifolia
 Cinerea Cordifolia

Börner 44-53 Malègue

Riparia Gloire
Riparia 3309 Couderc, 101-14 Mgt, Schwarzman Rupestris

SO 4 Gravesac 99 Richter
Teleki 8B 110 Richter
Kobber 5BB 1103 Paulsen
1616C Teleki 5C Berlandieri 140 Ruggeri
Kober 125 AA
420 Mgt 41 B Mgt Rotundifolia
161-49 C 333 EM
Fercal VR O39-16
VR O43-43 AXR #1
Vinifera 1202 C
1613C
196-17 Castel
4010 Castel
Solonis
Labrusca Harmony, Freedom Champinii
 Vigor Conferred to the Scion
High
140Ru
99R
125AA
Rupestris Saint George
Dog Ridge
Salt Creek (Ramsey)
Freedom
Vigor Conferred to the Scion
Moderate
1103P 44-53 Malègue
Gravesac 5C
110R 8B
Schwarzmann 5BB
Harmony SO4
196-17 Castel 161-49C
 Vigor Conferred to the Scion

Moderate to low Low

3309C
101-14 Riparia Gloire
420A
1616C
 Rootstock effect on maturity
Advance maturity Delay maturity
Riparia Gloire Rupestris Saint George
5C 420A
44-53 Malègue 5BB
3309C 99R
101-14 110R
1616C 1103P
196-17 Castel 140Ru
SO4
 Degree-days to bud burst, full
bloom, and véraison
Bud burst Full Bloom V raison
420A 71 350 1051
Harmony 70 349 1050
5C 67 350 1050
3309C 72 351 1045
101-14 69 349 1044
Ungrafted 70 348 1042
44-53 70 347 1037

Significant F ** ns ***
 Fruit Yield and Composition
Müller-Thurgau
2

1.5
kg/m2
Yield

ab abc a abc c bc
0.5
Juice Soluble Solids

18

17

16
°Brix

c bc c c ab a
15
5BB SO4 8B 5C 3309 RU140
 Cinerea Cordifolia

Börner 44-53 Malègue

Riparia Gloire
Riparia 3309 Couderc, 101-14 Mgt, Schwarzman Rupestris

SO 4 Gravesac 99 Richter
Teleki 8B 110 Richter
Kobber 5BB 1103 Paulsen
1616C Teleki 5C Berlandieri 140 Ruggeri
Kober 125 AA
420 Mgt 41 B Mgt Rotundifolia
161-49 C 333 EM
Fercal VR O39-16
VR O43-43 AXR #1
Vinifera 1202 C
1613C
196-17 Castel
4010 Castel
Solonis
Labrusca Harmony, Freedom Champinii
Rootstocks and Nutrition
Tolerance to Lime
• Poor
IPC
Riparia Gloire 5
3309 C 10
101-14 10
Ru. St. Georges 20

Iron Chlorosis
 Tolerance to Lime
• Intermediate

IPC
99 Richter 30
110 Richter 30
1103 Paulsen30
SO 4 30
5 BB 40
420 A 40
 Tolerance to Lime
High
IPC
169-49 60
140 Ruggeri 60
41 B > 60
333 EM > 60
Fercal 120
?
 Aminoacids in the Xylem Sap

500

400
Glutamine

300
mg/L

200

100
a ab ab b b ab
0

10
Glutamic acid

8
mg/L

2
a a a a a a
0
5BB SO4 8B 5C 3309 RU140
Rootstock
 Nutrition Problems Associated with
Rootstocks
Magnesium Potassium
Deficiency Deficiency

• SO 4 • 3309 C
• 99 Richter • 5BB Kober
• 110 Richter • 420 A Mgt
• 44-53 Malègue • 110 Richter
• 1103 Paulsen
• 140 Ruggeri
 Newberg Lafayette Umpqua Eagle Point
3 3.75 1.75 1.75
44-53
3.5 5C 44-53
2.75
Petiole Potassium (% dry weight)

3309 44-53 1.5 1.5

3.25

2.5 Harmony 101-14 3

Harmony 3309 1.25 101-14
1.25
2.75 3309 Ungrafted
5C
2.25
420A 44-53
2.5
5C 1 Harmony 1 101-14
2 2.25 101-14
420A
420A 3309
2 Ungrafted
Ungrafted 0.75 0.75
1.75 Harmony 420A
1.75
Ungrafted 5C
1.5 1.5 0.5 0.5
Significance * *** *** ***
Soil K (ppm) 141 209 175 125
L M M L
 Cultivars and Mineral Uptake
Varieties with high magnesium demand
• Chasselas
• Cabernet-Sauvignon
• Merlot should not be grafted
onto rootstocks
• Cardinal susceptible to magnesium
• Gewürtztraminer deficiency in soils with a
• Ugni blanc poor supply of
• Sauvignon magnesium
• Syrah
 Cultivars and Mineral Uptake
Varieties with high potassium demand

• Cabernet Sauvignon
• Merlot should not be grafted to
rootstocks prone to
• Aramon potassium deficiency if the
levels of potassium in the
• Cinsaut soil are low
• Syrah
• Müller-Thurgau
 Petiole Phosphorus and Boron
Woodhall Vineyard, Alpine

SO4 bc ab

5BB b b

3309C cd a

101-14 c a

Riparia d ab

Ungrafted a ab

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0 10 20 30

P (% dry Wt) B (ppm)
 Nutrition problems associated
with rootstocks: Boron

45
Petiole Boron (ppm)

43

41

39
37

35
Harmony 5C 420A 3309C 101-14 44-53 Ungrafted
 Resistance to nematodes
• Very sensitive:
V. vinfera and rootstoks with vinifera
parentage

• Sensitive:
3309 C, 161-49 C, 196-17 Cl
 Resistance to nematodes
• Somewhat resistant:
101-14, Rupestris St. George, Riparia
gloire, 110R

• Resistant:
Salt Creek, Dog Ridge, SO 4, 44-53 M,
99R, 5 BB, 1616 C, 140 Ru
 Adaptation to dry shallow
clay soil
High
110R

Moderate
1103P, 140Ru, 420A, 5C, 125AA

Moderate to low
5BB, 101-14, 3309C, 44-53 Malègue, 99R,
Rupestris Saint George
 Tolerance to drought
High
V. vinifera, 140Ru, 110R, 1103P, 44-53 M

Moderate
99R, 8B, Gravesac, 196-17 Castel
 Tolerance to drought
Moderate to low
Rupestris Saint George, Schwarzmann,
420A , 125 AA, Harmony, Freedom, Salt
Creek (Ramsey), Dog Ridge

Low
101-14, 3309C, SO4, 5BB, 161-49 C, 5C,
1616C, Riparia Gloire
 Tolerance to “wet feet”
High
Riparia gloire, 110R, 1103P, SO 4, 5BB,
44-53 M, 1616C, 101-14, 3309

Moderate
140Ru, 420 A, 161-49 C, Gravesac, 196-
17 Castel, Salt Creek (Ramsey), Dog
Ridge, Harmony
 Tolerance to “wet feet”

Low
99R
Rupestris Saint George
 Teleki Hybrids
• 10 kg Berlandieri seed 40,000
seedlings
1 Berlandieri
2
3
…

10 riparia x rupestris
 Teleki Hybrids
berlandieri x riparia
4
5 A = Glabrous
6

7
8 B = Hairy
9
 Teleki Hybrids
4A SO 4
5A Kober 5BB
5C
6A
7B
8B Cosmo 10
Teleki-Ferrari
9B
 Take home message
• There is no “best rootstock”
• Rootstock performance is highly site
specific
Do your own rootstock trial

• Block your vineyard in areas of

homogeneous soils and choose the most
appropriate rootstocks for each block