TALE OF TWO BROTHERS

Synopsis
The story centers around two brothers: Anpu (Anubis), who is married, and the
younger Bata. The brothers work together, farming land and raising cattle. One day,
Anpu's wife attempts to seduce Bata. When he strongly rejects her advances, the wife
tells her husband that his brother attempted to seduce her and beat her when she
refused. In response to this, Anpu attempts to kill Bata, who flees and prays to Re-
Harakhti to save him. The god creates a crocodile-infested lake between the two
brothers, across which Bata is finally able to appeal to his brother and share his side of
the events. To emphasize his sincerity, Bata severs his genitalia and throws them into
the water, where a catfish eats them.
Bata states that he is going to the Valley of Cedars, where he will place his heart on the
top of the blossom of a cedar tree, so that if it is cut down Anpu will be able to find it
and allow Bata to become alive again. Bata tells Anpu that if he is ever given a jar of
beer that froths, he should know to seek out his brother. After hearing of his brother's
plan, Anpu returns home and kills his wife. Meanwhile, Bata is establishing a life in the
Valley of the Cedar, building a new home for himself. Bata comes upon the Ennead, or
the principal Egyptian deities, who take pity on him. Khnum, the god frequently
depicted in Egyptian mythology as having fashioned humans on a potters' wheel,
creates a wife for Bata. Because of her divine creation, Bata's wife is sought after by
the pharaoh. When the pharaoh succeeds in bringing her to live with him, she tells him
to cut down the tree in which Bata has put his heart. They do so, and Bata dies.
Anpu then receives a frothy jar of beer and sets off to the Valley of the Cedar. He
searches for his brother's heart for more than three years, finding it at the beginning
of the fourth year. He follows Bata's instructions and puts the heart in a bowl of cold
water. As predicted, Bata is resurrected.
Bata then takes the form of a bull and goes to see his wife and the pharaoh. His wife,
aware of his presence as a bull, asks the pharaoh if she may eat its liver. The bull is then
sacrificed, and two drops of Bata's blood fall, from which grow two Persea trees. Bata,
now in the form of a tree, again addresses his wife, and she appeals to the pharaoh to
cut down the Persea trees and use them to make furniture. As this is happening, a
splinter ends up in the wife's mouth, impregnating her. She eventually gives birth to a
son, whom the pharaoh ultimately makes crown prince. When the pharaoh dies, the
crown prince (a resurrected Bata) becomes king, and he appoints his elder brother
Anpu as crown prince. The story ends happily, with the brothers at peace with one
another and in control of their country.
Context and themes

There are several themes present in the Tale of Two Brothers that are significant to ancient Egyptian culture. One of
these is kingship. The second half of the tale deals largely with Egyptian ideas of kingship and the connection between
divinity and the pharaoh. That Bata's wife ultimately ends up pregnant with him is a reference the duality of the role
of women in pharaonic succession; the roles of wife and mother were often simultaneous. Also, the divine aspect of
his wife's creation could be seen to serve as legitimacy for the kingship of Bata, especially since he was not actually
the child of the pharaoh. Beyond this, Bata's closeness with the Ennead in the middle of the story also serves to
legitimize his rule; the gods bestowed divine favor upon Bata in his time of need.

There are also several references to the separation of Egypt into two lands. Throughout ancient Egyptian history, even
when the country is politically unified and stable, it is acknowledged that there are two areas: Lower Egypt, the area
in the north including the Nile Delta, and Upper Egypt, the area to the south. In the beginning of the story, Bata is
referred to as unique because there was "none like him in the entire land, for a god's virility was in him."[4] Additionally,
whenever one of the brothers becomes angry, they are said to behave like an "Upper Egyptian panther," or, in another
translation, like "a cheetah of the south."[5]

Interpretation and analysis

There are several issues to consider when analyzing ancient Egyptian literature in general, and the Tale of Two
Brothers is no different. One difficulty of analyzing the literature of ancient Egypt is that "such scarcity of sources gives
to the observation of any kind of historical development within Ancient Egyptian literature a highly hypothetical status
and makes the reconstruction of any intertextual networks perhaps simply impossible."[6] Loprieno notes that
the euhemeristic theory is often successfully employed in the analysis of ancient Egyptian literature; this the
historiocentric method of analyzing literature as it pertained to political events.[7]

With relation to the Tale of Two Brothers, Susan Tower Hollis also advocates this approach, saying that the story might
"contain reflexes of an actual historical situation."[8] Specifically, Hollis speculates that the story might have had its
origins in the succession dispute following Merneptah's reign at the end of the 13th century BC. When Merneptah
died, Seti II was undoubtedly the rightful heir to the throne, but he was challenged by Amenmesse, who ruled for at
least a few years in Upper Egypt, although Seti II ultimately ruled for six full years.[9]