Mechanical

1
 Topics
• Vibration
• Valves
• Steam Traps
• Flow sheets

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Vibration

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 Definitions
• Amplitude
• Frequency
• Natural Frequency
• Forcing Frequency
• Damping
• Resonance
• Critical Speed

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Amplitude & Frequency

Displacement

Maximum upper
position

Amplitude
Equilibrium
position 0 Time

Maximum lower Period

position

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 Natural Frequency

Displacem en t

P ea k a ccelera tio n

M a ximu m Pe ak velo city

up per po sitio n

Equ ilibrium
p osition
Time
0
M a ximu m
lo wer p osition

Per iod

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 Types of Vibration

Lateral

Axial
Torsional

θ 7
 Modes of Vibration
Stiff Shaft in Flexible Shaft in
Loose Bearings Stiff Bearings

2 Nodes

3 Nodes

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 Natural Frequency
Amplitude
Small
damping

Large
damping

Exciting
Frequency

Natural
frequencies

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Factors Affecting Natural
Frequencies

Inertia Frequency

Rigidity Frequency

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 Damping
• Internal friction
• Friction between object and its
surroundings
• Friction between object and surrounding
fluid

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 Resonance

When a forcing frequency is equal to a natural frequency

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 Critical Speed
• Every rotating machine has them
• The speed of rotation is equal to a resonant
frequency of the support structures
• Vibrations are high
• Don’t leave machine spinning at critical
speeds

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 Vibration Damage
• Fatigue
• Rubbing or Fretting
• Impact
• Loosening of parts

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 Sources of Vibration
• Mass Unbalance
• Misalignment
• Eccentricity

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 Mass Unbalance
Rotating Shaft
unbalanced centre of
centrifugal force gravity

Unbalance

Axis of rotation Shaft mass center line

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Coupling Misalignment
Parallel Misalignment

I II

Angular Misalignment

III IV
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 Eccentricity

Eccentricity Shaft position

transducer after a 180 turn

Eccentricity Shaft

Bearing Bearing

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 You
• Read the section titled Vibration
• Answer the questions page 22

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