Today’s Lecture

Contents:

 -forms
 Differentials
 Exercise 1.5
 Properties of differentials
 1-forms
Why forms?
 1-forms
Why forms?
Classical differentials:
If is a real-valued function on 𝟑
, then in elementary calculus the differential of
is usually defined as

here calculates the small change in the value of when there is small change
in , and .
 1-forms
Why forms?
Classical differentials:
If is a real-valued function on 𝟑
, then in elementary calculus the differential of
is usually defined as

here calculates the small change in the value of when there is small change
in , and .

𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇
What does means?
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
We will see the meaning of this expression using the notion of -forms.
 1-forms
Definition:
A form on 𝟑 is a real-valued function on the set of all tangent vectors to 𝟑

such that is linear at each point, that is,

For any numbers , and tangent vectors , at the same point of 𝟑.

Sometimes we write instead of for tangent vector to 𝟑 at .

 1-forms
Definition:
A form on 𝟑 is a real-valued function on the set of all tangent vectors to 𝟑

such that is linear at each point, that is,

For any numbers , and tangent vectors at the same point of 𝟑.

Sometimes we write instead of for tangent vector to 𝟑 at .

Fact:
For fix point p in 𝟑 the resulting fucntion 𝟑 is linear.
 1-forms
Sum of two -forms:
Let and be two forms then their sum is defined as:

for all tangent vectors .

 1-forms

Product of a -form with a function

Let 𝟑
be a real valued function and be a one form. Then for any
tangent vector to 𝟑 we define:
 1-forms
Evaluating a -form on a vector form
Let be a vector field, then for any point 𝟑, is a tangent vector to 𝟑 at
point .
So we can evaluate a -form on a vector field in the following way

At each point 𝟑
the value of is the number .
 1-forms
Evaluating a -form on a vector form
Let be a vector field, then for any point 𝟑, is a tangent vector to 𝟑 at
point .
So we can evaluate a -form on a vector field in the following way

At each point 𝟑
the value of is the number .

Differentiable -form
A -form is differentiable if is differentiable whenever is differentiable
then is differentiable .
 1-forms
Properties of
The linearity of and vector field properties imply that:

and

Where and are functions from 𝟑

to .
 Differentials

Definition:
If is a differentiable real-valued function on 𝟑
, the differential of is the
-form such that

For all tangent vectors .

The -form satisfies all the conditions of -form:

 maps every tangent vector to a real number.

 is linear because of the properties of directional derivative.
 Differentials

Definition:
If is a differentiable real-valued function on 𝟑
, the differential of is the
-form such that

For all tangent vectors .

The -form satisfies all the conditions of -form:

 maps every tangent vector to a real number.

 is linear because of the properties of directional derivative.

.
 Differentials

Definition:
If is a differentiable real-valued function on 𝟑
, the differential of is the
-form such that

For all tangent vectors .

The -form satisfies all the conditions of -form:

 maps every tangent vector to a real number.

 is linear because of the properties of directional derivative.

Fact:
For any real-valued function on 𝟑 the differential of knows directional
derivative of in every direction .
 Differentials
Let us consider some examples of -forms on
Example 1 ( Differential of Natural coordinate functions )
Natural coordinate functions: Natural coordinate functions and are
functions from 𝟑
to are defined as:
 Differentials
Let us consider some examples of -forms on
Example 1 ( Differential of Natural coordinate functions )
Natural coordinate functions: Natural coordinate functions and are
functions from 𝟑
to are defined as:

Now we calculate differentials of these natural coordinate functions. Using

definition of we get, for any tangent vector :
 Differentials
Let us consider some examples of -forms on
Example 1 ( Differential of Natural coordinate functions )
Natural coordinate functions: Natural coordinate functions and are
functions from 𝟑 to are defined as:

Now we calculate differentials of these natural coordinate functions. Using

definition of we get, for any tangent vector :

Where is Kronecker delta defined as:

Thus only depends on and not on the point of application .

 Differentials
Example 2 (Linear combination of -forms)
Let , , 𝟑 be three functions. Let

Then is a -form, and for any vector we have

Next: we show that in fact each -form can be written in the form of above.
 Differentials
Euclidean coordinate functions of a -form
Lemma: If is a -form on 𝟑 , then , where .
These functions , , and are called the Euclidean coordinate functions of
Proof:
 Differentials
The classical differentials:
Corollary: Let 𝟑 be a differentiable function. Then

Proof:
 Differentials
The classical differentials:
Corollary: Let 𝟑 be a differentiable function. Then

Proof:

Recall from directional derivatives:

Lemma: If is a tangent vector to
𝟑
, then
 Differentials
The classical differentials:
Corollary: Let 𝟑 be a differentiable function. Then

Proof:
Exercise 1.5
 Exercise 1.5
Q1(a): Let and . Evaluate the following -forms on
the tangent vectors .
(a)
Solution:
 Exercise 1.5
Q2: If and , show that the -form evaluated on the vector
field is the function .
Solution:
 Exercise 1.5
Q2: If and , show that the -form evaluated on the vector
field is the function .
Solution:
 Properties of differentials
Product rule:
Lemma: Let be the product of differentiable functions and on 𝟑. Then

Proof:
 Properties of differentials
Product rule:
Lemma: Let be the product of differentiable functions and on 𝟑. Then

Proof:

Recall:
Corollary: Let 𝟑
be
a differentiable function. Then
 Properties of differentials
Chain rule:
Lemma: Let 𝟑
and be differentiable functions, so the
composite function 𝟑
is also differentiable. Then

Proof: We know that chain rule for is

 Properties of differentials
Chain rule:
Lemma: Let 𝟑
and be differentiable functions, so the
composite function 𝟑
is also differentiable. Then

Proof: We know that chain rule for is

Now
 Properties of differentials
Example: Calculate , where .

Chain rule: Let 𝑓: 𝑹𝟑 → 𝑹 and ℎ: 𝑹 → 𝑹 be differentiable functions, so the composite

function ℎ 𝑓 : 𝑹𝟑 → 𝑹 is also differentiable. Then
𝑑 ℎ 𝑓 = ℎ 𝑓 𝑑𝑓.

Product rule: Let 𝑓𝑔 be the product of differentiable functions 𝑓 and 𝑔 on 𝑹𝟑 . Then

𝑑 𝑓𝑔 = 𝑔𝑑𝑓 + 𝑓𝑑𝑔
 Properties of differentials
Example: Calculate , where .

Chain rule: Let 𝑓: 𝑹𝟑 → 𝑹 and ℎ: 𝑹 → 𝑹 be differentiable functions, so the composite

function ℎ 𝑓 : 𝑹𝟑 → 𝑹 is also differentiable. Then
𝑑 ℎ 𝑓 = ℎ 𝑓 𝑑𝑓.

Product rule: Let 𝑓𝑔 be the product of differentiable functions 𝑓 and 𝑔 on 𝑹𝟑 . Then

𝑑 𝑓𝑔 = 𝑔𝑑𝑓 + 𝑓𝑑𝑔
 Properties of differentials
Example: Calculate , where .

Chain rule: Let 𝑓: 𝑹𝟑 → 𝑹 and ℎ: 𝑹 → 𝑹 be differentiable functions, so the composite

function ℎ 𝑓 : 𝑹𝟑 → 𝑹 is also differentiable. Then
𝑑 ℎ 𝑓 = ℎ 𝑓 𝑑𝑓.

Product rule: Let 𝑓𝑔 be the product of differentiable functions 𝑓 and 𝑔 on 𝑹𝟑 . Then

𝑑 𝑓𝑔 = 𝑔𝑑𝑓 + 𝑓𝑑𝑔
 Properties of differentials
Example: Calculate , where .

Chain rule: Let 𝑓: 𝑹𝟑 → 𝑹 and ℎ: 𝑹 → 𝑹 be differentiable functions, so the composite

function ℎ 𝑓 : 𝑹𝟑 → 𝑹 is also differentiable. Then
𝑑 ℎ 𝑓 = ℎ 𝑓 𝑑𝑓.

Product rule: Let 𝑓𝑔 be the product of differentiable functions 𝑓 and 𝑔 on 𝑹𝟑 . Then

𝑑 𝑓𝑔 = 𝑔𝑑𝑓 + 𝑓𝑑𝑔

Now we evaluate on the tangent vector where and

 Some more questions
Q5 (Exercise 1.5): Express the differentials of the following functions in
the standard form .
(a)-
Solution:
Chain rule: Let 𝑓: 𝑹𝟑 → 𝑹 and ℎ: 𝑹 → 𝑹 be differentiable functions, so the composite
function ℎ 𝑓 : 𝑹𝟑 → 𝑹 is also differentiable. Then
𝑑 ℎ 𝑓 = ℎ 𝑓 𝑑𝑓.
 Some more questions
Q7 (Exercise 1.5): Which of the following are -forms? In each case is the
function on tangent vectors such that the value of on is given :
 Exercise 1.5

Please try the rest of exercise 1.5

 Today we learnt

 -forms
 Differentials
 Exercise 1.5
 Properties of differentials
 Next time
Differential Forms
End of the lecture