5.

DATA: DISTRIBUTION

> data2

[1] 3 5 7 5 3 2 6 8 5 6 9 4 5 7 3 4

> table(data2)

data2

23456789

13242211

> stem(data2)

The decimal point is at the |

2 | 0000

4 | 000000

6 | 0000

8 | 00

> stem(data2,scale=2)

The decimal point is at the |

2|0

1
 3 | 000

4 | 00

5 | 0000

6 | 00

7 | 00

8|0

9|0

> data4

[1] 23.0 17.0 12.5 11.0 17.0 12.0 14.5 9.0 11.0 9.0 12.5 14.5 17.0 8.0 21.0

> stem(data4)

The decimal point is 1 digit(s) to the right of the |

0 | 899

1 | 11233

1 | 55777

2 | 13

> stem(data4,scale=2)

The decimal point is at the |

8 | 000

2
 10 | 00

12 | 055

14 | 55

16 | 000

18 |

20 | 0

22 | 0

> data2

[1] 3 5 7 5 3 2 6 8 5 6 9 4 5 7 3 4

> hist(data2)

> hist(data2,breaks = 'sturges')

3
> hist(data2,breaks='scott')

> hist(data2,breaks='FD')

4
> hist(data2,breaks=2:9)

5
> hist(data2,breaks=c(2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9))

> hist(data2,breaks=c(2,4,5,6,9))

6
> hist(data2,col='gray75',main=NULL,xlab='size class for
data2',ylim=c(0,0.3),freq=FALSE)

7
> dens=density(data2)

> dens

Call:

density.default(x = data2)

Data: data2 (16 obs.); Bandwidth 'bw' = 0.9644

x y

Min. :-0.8932 Min. :0.0002982

1st Qu.: 2.3034 1st Qu.:0.0134042

Median : 5.5000 Median :0.0694574

Mean : 5.5000 Mean :0.0781187

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3rd Qu.: 8.6966 3rd Qu.:0.1396352

Max. :11.8932 Max. :0.1798531

> names(dens)

[1] "x" "y" "bw" "n" "call" "data.name" "has.na"

> str(dens)

List of 7

$x : num [1:512] -0.893 -0.868 -0.843 -0.818 -0.793 ...

$y : num [1:512] 0.000313 0.000339 0.000367 0.000397 0.000429 ...

$ bw : num 0.964

$n : int 16

$ call : language density.default(x = data2)

$ data.name: chr "data2"

$ has.na : logi FALSE

- attr(*, "class")= chr "density"

> plot(dens$x,dens$y)

9
> plot(density(data2),main="",xlab='size bin classes')

10
> hist(data2,freq=F,col='gray85')

> lines(density(data2),lty=2)

> lines(density(data2,k='rectangular'))

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> rnorm(20,mean=5,sd=1)

[1] 4.079572 5.742426 4.463164 3.954680 4.359709 5.825043 5.649413 3.823335 3.722325
5.145951

[11] 3.862853 4.442077 5.239563 4.148004 5.109675 6.373912 5.599388 5.136036 4.826468
5.324387

> pnorm(5,mean=5,sd=1)

[1] 0.5

> qnorm(0.5,5,1)

[1] 5

> dnorm(c(54,5,6))

[1] 0.000000e+00 1.486720e-06 6.075883e-09

> dnorm(c(54,5,6),mean=5,sd=1)

[1] 0.0000000 0.3989423 0.2419707

> dnorm(c(4,5,6))

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[1] 1.338302e-04 1.486720e-06 6.075883e-09

> qnorm(c(0.05,0.95),mean=5,sd=1)

[1] 3.355146 6.644854

> data2.norm=rnorm(1000,mean(data2),sd(data2))

> hist(data2,freq=FALSE)

> lines(density(data2.norm))

13
> hist(data2.norm,freq=F)

> lines(density(data2))

14
> hist(data2.norm,freq=F,border='gray50',main='comparing two distributions',xlab='data2
size classes')

15
> lines(density(data2),lwd=2)

> rpois(50,lambda=10)

[1] 12 13 11 7 14 5 10 10 6 10 3 9 14 14 6 8 8 8 7 7 9 14 12 11 6 11 15 9 10 10 12 11

[33] 15 15 14 12 6 15 4 6 9 11 13 14 12 8 8 10 6 14

> pbinom(c(3,6,9,12),size=17,prob=0.5)

[1] 0.006362915 0.166152954 0.685470581 0.975479126

> qt(0.975,df=c(5,10,100,Inf))

[1] 2.570582 2.228139 1.983972 1.959964

> (1-pt(c(1.6,1.9,2.2),df=Inf))*2

[1] 0.10959858 0.05743312 0.02780690

> pt(c(1.6,1.9,2.2),Inf)

[1] 0.9452007 0.9712834 0.9860966

> runif(10)

[1] 0.03654488 0.38184345 0.32327513 0.79359610 0.90218825 0.64389728 0.15583453

16
0.32216108

[9] 0.90528344 0.72820431

> punif(6,min=0,max=10)

[1] 0.6

> data2

[1] 3 5 7 5 3 2 6 8 5 6 9 4 5 7 3 4

> sample(data2[data2<5])

[1] 2 3 4 3 4 3

> sample(data2[data2>5],size=3)

[1] 7 7 6

> sample(data2[data2>5])

[1] 7 6 8 9 6 7

> sample(data2[data2>8])

[1] 3 8 9 7 5 1 6 4 2

> data2

[1] 3 5 7 5 3 2 6 8 5 6 9 4 5 7 3 4

> set.seed(4)

> sample(data2,size=3)

[1] 8 9 7

> set.seed(4)

> sample(data2[data2>8])

[1] 8 3 9 7 4 6 2 1 5

> data2

[1] 3 5 7 5 3 2 6 8 5 6 9 4 5 7 3 4

> shapiro.test(data2)

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 Shapiro-Wilk normality test

data: data2

W = 0.96332, p-value = 0.7223

> shapiro.test(rpois(100,lambda=5))

Shapiro-Wilk normality test

data: rpois(100, lambda = 5)

W = 0.9735, p-value = 0.04122

> ks.test(data2,"pnorm",mean=5,sd=2)

One-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test

data: data2

D = 0.125, p-value = 0.9639

alternative hypothesis: two-sided

Warning message:

In ks.test(data2, "pnorm", mean = 5, sd = 2) :

ties should not be present for the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test

> qqnorm(data2)

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> qqnorm(data2,main = 'QQ plot of example data',xlab = 'theoretical',ylab='quantiles for data2')

> qqline(data2,lwd=2,lty=2)

19
> qqplot(rpois(50,5),rnorm50(,5,1))

> qqplot(data2,data1)

20
> qqp=qqplot(data2,rnorm(50,5,1))

> abline(lm(qqp$y~qqp$x))

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