-APPLICATION OF PSB AND OST PROTECTION FUNCTIONS:

There are a number of options one can select in implementing power-swing protection
in their
system.
1.No Power Swing Detection:
This application does not use any form of power-swing detection and accepts that if
a power swing
occurs a line trip either by Zone 1 or Zone 2 will occur.
But the problems with zone 2 trip is the swing may be stable and the system is
returning to an equilibrium state,
so the unnecessaray tripping may provoke loss of load and generation.
In addition,Zone 1 tripping may occur in the case of an unstable power swing when
the swing is near the 180
degree position that could cause breaker damage and an unsafe condition for utility
personnel.
2.Block All Elements Prone to Operate During Power Swings:
This application applies blocking to all relay elements that may operate for any
power swing and
prevents the relay from issuing a trip signal.
The major disadvantage with this application is once
an unstable swing starts there are no relaying functions to detect it and eliminate
it with potential
damage to machines and loads. In addition, transmission lines in adjacent systems
may trip due to
the swing causing a wide spread loss of load and generation.
This application is not recommended.
3.Block Zone 2 and Higher / Trip with Zone 1:
This application applies a blocking signal to the higher impedance relay zones and
allows Zone 1 to
trip if the swing enters its operating characteristic.
The benefits of this application are the relay detects and blocks the transient
swing minimizing the
equipment removed from service while allowing a trip for a slow swing.
4.Block All Zones / Trip with OST Function:
This application applies a blocking signal to all impedance relay zones and allows
tripping if the
power swing is unstable using the OST function available in modern relays.
This application is the
recommended approach since a controlled separation of the power system can be
achieved at preselected
network locations.
Tripping after the swing is well past the 180 degree position is the
recommended option.