* PAMAHALAAN
- isang organisasyon na may kakayanan na gumawa at
magpatupad ng batas sa isang nasasakupang teritoryo. Ito rin
ay may kapangyarihan na magbigay ng mga pangangailangan
ng mga mamamayan ng nasasakupang teritoryo.
* 3 SANGAY NG PAMAHALAAN
1. EHEKUTIBO (TAGAPAGPAGANAP)
- nagpapatupad ng mga batas at alituntunin na ginawa ng
sangay lehislatibo (Pres., V.Pres & Cabinaet)
2. LEHISLATIBO (TAGAPAGBATAS)
- isang asembliyang pang-pamahalaan kasama ang
kapangyarihang magpatibay ng mga batas. (Senate &
Congress)
3. HUDIKATURA (HUDISYAL)
- isang sistema ng mga hukuman na namamahala sa hustisya
sa ngalan ng soberanya ng estado, isang mekanismo upang
maayos ang mga hindi pagkakasunduan, sigalot o gulo.
* SOBERANYA
- ang likas at kataas-taasan at ganap na kapangyarihan ng
estado na mag-utos at magpatupad ng kagustuhan nito na
nangangailangan ng pagtupad ng tao.
* 2 URI/ ASPEKTO NG SOBERANYA
1. INTERNAL O PANLOOB NA SOBERANYA
- kapangyarihan na mag-utos at pamunuan ang lahat ng tao sa
loob ng teritoryo o hangganan ng bansa.
2. EKSTERNAL O PANLABAS NA SOBERANYA
- kalayaan ng estado mula sa kontrol o panghihimasok ng
dayuhang estado.
* TREATY
- kasunduan ng dalawang panig o bansa.
BIAK NA BATO (1897)
* Emilio Aguinaldo (leader)
* Bulacan province (cave)
* July 1, 1897 (established)
* Nov. 1, 1897 (signed)
* Felix Ferrer & Isabelo Artacho (drafted)
* Dec. 27, 1897 E.A left with Uranus Ship (going to HK)
* McCulloch (going back to PH)
* Cuban Constitution also known as “Consitution de
Jimaguayi”
* May 1, 1898 (Battle of Manila Bay)
* Commodore George Dewey (leader)
* Dec. 10, 1898 (Treaty of Paris)
* Felipe Agoncillo (representative)
* Diego De los Rios (huling gobernador-heneral)
* Pedro Paterno (negotiator ng Pilipinas at Espanya)
* Gov. Primo De Rivera (representative of Spain)
* Emilio Aguinaldo (representative of the Philippines)
* Dec. 15, 1897 signed the Pact as the representative of the
revolutionaries.
* Dec. 23, 1897 General Celestino Tejero and General
Ricardo Monet of the Spanish army became the hostages.
MALOLOS CONSTITUTION (1899-1901)
* Emilio Aguinaldo (leader)
* Bulacan province
* Felipe Calderon y Roca and Felipe Buencamino (author)
* May 1, 1898 (Battle of Manila Bay)
* Aug. 13, 1898 (pekeng labanan)
* Sept. 15, 1898 itinipon ni EA sa simbahan ng Barasoain.
* Jan, 21, 1899 (established)
* Jan. 23, 1899 (official: 1st republic of the PH)
* June 18, 1899 (halalan)
* June 12, 1899 (war against Estados Unidos)
* Mar. 3, 1901 (napawalang bisa ang 1st republic)
COMMONWEALTH CONSTITUTION (1935-1946)
* Manuel Luis Molina Quezon (leader)
- Father of Philippine Independence
- tackled about the landless peasants in the countryside.
* Nov. 15, 1935 penultimate step to Independence with the
inauguration of the Commonwealth of the Philippines.
* Sept. 16, 1935 trooped to the polls to elect their two highest
officials.
- Executive Office (1935)
- Court of Appeals (1935)
- POSO
- Komisyon ng wikang Filipino (1936)
- NBI (1936)
- DBM (1936)
- GSIS (1936)
- New Bilibid Prison (1940)
1973 MARCOS CONSTITUTION
* Ferdinand Marcos (leader)
* Sept. 21, 1972 (marshall law)
* Jan. 17, 1973 (proclaimed no. 1102)
* Apr. 10, 1973 (passed the bill)
* Aug. 14, 1973 (came into force)
* Protection against communist and Muslim insurgencies.
* Pertains to national language.
1987 FREEDOM CONSTITUTION/INSULAR GOV.
* Corazon Aquino (leader)
* April 1986 created through proclamation no. 9 – the 1986
constitutional commission (ConCon)
- Responsible for the replacement of 1973 constitution
- Composed of 48 individuals.
* June 2, 1986 1st session with Cecilia Munoz Palma.
* Oct. 12, 1986 (draft constitution was passed)
* Feb. 2, 1987 (National Plebiscite/Constitution Day)
* Feb. 11, 1987 (proclaimed no.58)
* Proclamation no. 211 of 1988 to mark the new 1987
constitution.
3 WAYS OF CHANGING THE CONSTITUTION
1. Constitution Assembly (ConAss)
- Congress
- House of representatives
(Kapulungan ng Kongreso)
- Single body vote
- 100% vote but most of the time it only gets 51:49
2. Constitutional Convention (ConCon) * AGRARIAN REFORM
- Congress 1. PHILIPPINE BILL OF 1902
- 2/3 of the votes of the majority - Set the ceilings on the hectare of private individuals and
corporations may acquire 16hecatres for an individual and
3. People’s Initiative (P.I) 1.024hectares for a corporation.
- mass/tao
- 12% votes of the total registered voters 2. TORRENS SYSTEM
- 400,000 native farmers who don’t have titles.
* 1995 (Pres. Fidel V. Ramos) - Land Registration Act of 1902 (Act No. 496) provided for a
- Secretary of Security Council “Jose Almonte” comprehensive registration of lands under the Torrens System
- He drafted the 1987 Constitution
- was exposed in media. 3. CADASTRAL ACT
- speed up of issuance of Torrens title by surveying the
* 1997 municipality.
- No to CHACHA (Charter Change)
- PIRMA (group by the P.I) 4. HOMESTEAD PROGRAM
- Mirriam Santiago was against CHACHA - A mode of acquiring alienable and disposable lands of the
- went to Supreme Justice to file a case for CHACHA public domain for agricultural purposes conditioned upon
- She won the case actual cultivation and residence.
- 16 hectares to cultivate by the farmers.
* ERAP
- sued by graft and corruption with jueteng by the People’s 5. SOCIAL JUSTICE PROGRAM
Initiative. - to ensure the well-being and economic security of all people
should be concern of the state.
* Pres. GMA
- House Speaker “Jose de Venecia” 6. 4 PARAAN PARA MAGKARON NG LUPAIN SA
- endorsed the Constitutional Change through ConAss by the PANAHON NG ESPANYOL
2/3 votes. - Pari/Prayle (religious order)
- To amend the constitutional controversies: - Repartamientos
^ Election - Spanish Encomienda
^ Graft and corruption - Hacienda system
^ ZTE
- Congress was divided in half. 7. PROBLEM OF OWNERSHIP (AMERICAN TIME)
- no limits to the size of land ownings
* Pres. Noynoy Aquino - tenancy
- House Speaker “Feliciano Del Monte Jr.” - not all friars lands are distributed
- He raised amendments and revisions regarding to the
economic policies in the PH Constitution. 8. AGRARIAN REFORM
- You can only revise/amend the Constitution once every 5yrs - Giving land for the farmers.
- Economically viable.
* Pres. Rodrigo Duterte
- Federalism 9. LAND REFORM
- Government before Duterte was in Unitary form. - Transfer of land from one person to another.
- Kung ano ang naitalang batas ng kongreso ay susundin ng - Applicable only to plantations, agribusiness plots and large
lahat. (Unitary) ranch.
- Budget for Agriculture, Education, Health, Industry, - Communism
DPWH, DSWD, DND, Environment, Information, - Self-reliant
Transportation, etc.
NATIONAL REGIONAL (Primary * Pres. Quezon (1935-1944)
Responsibilities: - National Rice and Corn Corporation (NARIC), 1936
1. National Interest 1. Industry development established the price of rice and corns thereby help poor
2. Foreign policy defense 2. Public safety and tenants as well as consumers.
instructions
3. Education * Pres. Roxas (1946-1948)
4. Healthcare - R.A No. 34 established the 70-30 sharing arrangements and
5. Transportation regulating share-tenancy contracts.
* Finance
* Plans for development * Pres. Quirino (1948-1953)
* Laws exclusive area - Executive Order No. 335 replaced the National Land
Settlement Administration with Land Settlement
Development Corporation (LASEDECO) which takes over
the responsibilities of the Agricultural Machinery Equipment
Corporation and the Rice and Corn Production
Administration.

* Pres. Magsaysay (1953-1957)

- R.A No. 1160 abolished the LASEDECO and established
the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration
(NARRA) to resettle dissidents and landless farmers.

* Pres. Macapagal (1961-1965)

- R.A No. 3844 (Agricultural Land Reform Code) abolished
share tenancy, institutionalized leasehold, set retention limit
at 75hectares, invested rights of preemption and redemption
for tenant farmers...

* Pres. Marcos (1965-1986)

- Presidential Decree No.2 declared the country under land
reform program. It enjoined all agencies and offices of the
government to extend full cooperation and assistance to the
DAR.

* Pres. Aquino, C. (1986-1992)

- 1987 Constitution affirmed that “the state shall promote
comprehensive rural development and agrarian reform”
(article 2, section 21)

* Pres. Ramos (1992-1998)

- R.A No. 7905 strengthened the implementation of the
CARP.

* Pres. ERAP (1998-2000)

- Executive Order N0. 15 (Farmer’s Trust Fund) – Allowed
the voluntary consolidation of small farm operation into
medium and large scale integrated enterprise that can access
long-term capital.

* Pres. Arroyo (2000-2010)

- Land Tenure Improvement- DAR will remain vigorous in
implementing land acquisition and distribution component of
CARP.

* Pres. Aquino, N. (2010-2016)

- Agrarian Reform Community Connectivity and Economic
Support Services (ARCCESS) project was created to
contribute to the overall goal of rural poverty reduction
especially in agrarian reform areas.